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Infectious Diseases pp 431–496Cite as

Waterborne Parasitic Diseases in Ocean

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Abstract

Several parasites or those in the marine environment as posing no public health risk. Over the last few decades, more and more parasites in different groups have been determined to be zoonotic agents that either are known to infect humans or can serve as a potential public health risk based on experimental infections in nonhuman mammalian hosts or are closely related to known human-infecting agents. These parasites include metazoans and “protozoans” that occur in water or in seafood products. Protozoa occurs in quotation marks because its historic higher taxonomic groups are not necessarily closely related [3] and some include stages with more than one cell. For example, a single myxosporidian spore may develop from a stage consisting of 13 cells, and molecular data demonstrate no relationship between Myxosporea from commercial and subsistence vessels results in increased infections in fishes and marine mammals that feed on the wastes. Alternatively, regulations in some countries are lacking in regard to fishery products or for imported fishery products but not necessarily all meats, leaving consumers with the false impression that the products are safe. (6) Climatic and environmental health conditions are always changing, and, with those changes, infection dynamics of parasites quickly change. For example, during the El Niño of 1997–1998, the junction of the warmwater Kuroshio Current from the south with the cool Oyashio Current from the north moved 3,000 km northward from Kyushu to Hokkaido, Japan. This migration of the current’s junction and its temperature elevation of 3.4°C caused an increase in abundance of krill, the intermediate host of Pseudoterranova azarasi and members of the Anisakis simplex complex. The sea lion final host of P. azarasi occurred in Hokkaido but not Kyushu, and, in addition, protected cetaceans that are the final hosts of A. simplex sensu lato migrated north so as to feed heavily on krill or on fish that ate the krill, acquiring the juvenile nematodes from them. Consequently, the Japanese used to eating nearly parasite-free seafood

This chapter, which has been modified slightly for the purposes of this volume, was originally published as part of the Encyclopedia of Sustainability Science and Technology edited by Robert A. Meyers. DOI:10.1007/978-1-4419-0851-3

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Abbreviations

Autoinfection:

Reinfection of a host by the progeny of a parasite already present in the same host individual without exposure to the external environment.

Cyst/Encapsulation:

A cyst is a structure to aid dissemination or protection of a parasitic stage derived from the parasite and in some cases additionally from the host. A capsule differs by being derived from the host, often as a cellular response.

Erythema:

Abnormal redness of the skin due to local congestion as in inflammation, caused by irritation or injury to the tissue.

Hermaphrodite parasite:

An individual containing both male and female gametes that can be functional concurrently or with one following the other; some able to form zygotes.

Hypersensitivity reaction:

A damaging and sometimes fatal reaction produced by the normal immune system, which requires a pre-sensitized, immune state of the host.

Life cycle of parasite:

The orderly sequence of distinct stages through which the agent progresses in the course of development to maturity or sexual stage.

Life history of parasite:

The life cycle of an agent including facultative paratenic hosts, feedback strategies, interaction with the environment, and other ecological influences.

Paratenic host:

A specific host, also termed “transport host,” which acquires a stage of an agent that does not develop to the subsequent stage and can be either acquired by another paratenic host or by a final host; that host can be critical in completing a life cycle.

Pathogenesis:

The production or development of a disease, specifically the cellular reactions and other pathologic mechanisms occurring in the progression of the disease.

Reservoir host:

A definitive host that serves as an alternant relative to the host of interest for an agent that disseminates infective stages.

Salinity:

An expression of concentration of salts dissolved in water, including primarily chloride, sodium, magnesium, sulfur, calcium, and potassium but with other elements in low concentrations. It is usually expressed as parts per thousand (ppt) or parts per million (ppm) and usually based on the electrical conductivity ratio of the sample to “Copenhagen water,” an artificial seawater manufactured to serve as a world “standard” or more recently in practical salinity units (psu) as the conductivity ratio of a seawater sample to a standard KCl solution. Full strength seawater is considered 35 ppt, or 35 g of salt per liter of solution; salinity in estuaries can fluctuate from 0 to over 35 ppt daily, seasonally, or yearly, depending on winds, rain, currents, temperature, and geography.

Urticaria:

An allergic reaction comprising pale, pink, focal swellings, or wheals, on the skin that itch, burn, or sting; also referred to as “hives.”

Zoonosis:

An animal disease transmissible to humans under natural conditions or a human disease transmissible to animals.

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Acknowledgments

I thank Janet Wright for help with organization of the literature and Kim Overstreet and Jean Jovonovich for reading the draft. Some of the figured histological sections are from the author’s old photographs taken of slides in the collection of the late Paul C. Beaver at Tulane Medical School. The review is based on work supported by USDC, NOAA, award no. NA08NOS4730322 and subaward no. NA17FU2841, the NSF under grant no. 0529684, and US Wildlife, Fisheries, and Parks, CIAP, award M10AF2015, MS.R. 798.

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  1. Department of Coastal Sciences, Gulf Coast Research Laboratory, University of Southern Mississippi, 703 East Beach Drive, Ocean Springs, MS, 39564, USA

    Robin M. Overstreet

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  1. , Department of Immunology and Infectious, Harvard School of Public Health, Huntington Avenue 651, Boston, 02115, Massachusetts, USA

    Phyllis Kanki

  2. , Department of Coastal Sciences, The University of Southern Mississippi, East Beach Drive 703, Ocean Springs, 39564, Mississippi, USA

    Darrell Jay Grimes

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Overstreet, R.M. (2013). Waterborne Parasitic Diseases in Ocean. In: Kanki, P., Grimes, D. (eds) Infectious Diseases. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-5719-0_15

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  • Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4614-5718-3

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4614-5719-0

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

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