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1994 | Buch

Design Review

Challenging Urban Aesthetic Control

herausgegeben von: Brenda Case Scheer, Wolfgang F. E. Preiser

Verlag: Springer US

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That the topic ofdesign review is somehow trou­ My biases are clearfrom the start: I am among blesome is probably one thing all readers can those who believe that, despite all signals to the contrary, the physical structure of our environ­ agree on. Beyond this, however, I suspect pros­ pects of consensus are dim. Differing opinions ment can be managed, and that controlling it is on the subject likely range from those desiring the key to the ameliorationofnumerous problems control tothosedesiringfreedom. Saysonecamp: confronting society today. I believe that design our physical and natural environments are going can solve a host ofproblems, and that the design to hell in a hand basket. Says the other: design of the physical environment does influence be­ review boards are only as good as their members; havior. more often than not their interventions produce Clearly, this is a perspective that encompasses mediocre architecture. more than one building at a time and demands As a town planner and architect, I am sympa­ that each building understand its place in a larger thetic to the full range of sentiment. Perhaps a context-the city. Indeed, anyone proposing discussion of these two concepts-control and physical solutions to urban problems is designing freedom-and their differences would now be or, as may seem more often the case, destroying useful. But let me instead suggest that both posi­ the city.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

Frontmatter

Introduction: The Debate on Design Review

Introduction: The Debate on Design Review
Abstract
Design review is a procedure, like zoning, used by cities and towns to control the aesthetics and design of development projects. Although it is a new phenomena, its adoption by local jurisdictions is growing at a rate that compares to the rapid adoption of zoning in the 1930s. I have recently completed a national survey of planning agencies in more than 370 cities and towns on the topic of their design review processes; 83 percent of the towns surveyed had some form of design review. My initial assumption—that aesthetic review was primarily restricted to historic districts and structures—proved to be wrong. Only twelve respondents reserved design review exclusively for historic structures or districts. Therefore, we can conclude that more than 85 percent of the cities and towns in this country have moved into the arena of design review of ordinary, nonhistoric development projects. This widespread use of design review is also new: 60 percent of the respondents with design review have introduced it in the last twelve years, 10 percent in the last two years.
Brenda Case Scheer

Issues in Design Review

Frontmatter
1. Democracy and Design
Abstract
Is the design of buildings a fit subject for public policy in a democracy? If so, how is that policy to be articulated and how is it to be implemented? This chapter explores these questions from the perspective of both American and British experience, chiefly the former since the methods used in the U.S. are generally more explicit than those used in Britain, although the objectives or motives may be similar The first part considers the concept of design control. The second part suggests a possible typology, with examples of various approaches to design control. The dilemma is to find a means of control that will serve the public interest while affording the creative designer the freedom of expression that he or she requires. The third part concludes with suggestions for a broader-based approach.
John Delafons
2. Reviewing New Design in Historic Districts
Abstract
One resident described the historic review board meetings in Santa Fe, New Mexico, as “the most democratic forum in town” because “it equalizes everybody. Some big-shot architect from Albuquerque comes strutting in and just gets spit out. It is citizens governing the community at its best.”
Ellen Beasley
3. Can the Process of Architectural Design Review Withstand Constitutional Scrutiny?
Abstract
In his dissent from the majority in City of Los Angeles v. Taxpayers for Vincent (466 U.S. 789, 1984), Supreme Court Justice William J. Brennan, Jr., cited the opening statement of a law review article by New York University law professor John J. Costonis:.
Aesthetic policy, as currently formulated and implemented at the federal, state and local levels, often partakes more of high farce than of the rule of law. Its purposes are seldom accurately or candidly portrayed, let alone understood, by its most vehement champions. Its diversion to dubious or flatly deplorable social ends undermines the credit that it may merit when soundly conceived and executed. Its indiscriminate, often quixotic demands have overwhelmed legal institutions, which all too frequently have compromised the integrity of legislative, administrative, and judicial processes in the name of “beauty” (Costonis, 1982, 356).
Richard Tseng-yu Lai
4. The Abuse of Discretionary Power
Abstract
Perhaps one the most ubiquitous of the various types of advisory bodies found in local communities is the appearance committee. The appearance committee, or commission, with its charge to serve as the aesthetic watchdog for the community, has become a fixture in many communities. Developers find it easier to accommodate this body’s requests than to challenge it.1 The exasperated and resigned shopping center developer whose letter of frustration to the village mayor is quoted above is not alone in feeling that this type of action by an advisory body is an abuse of discretionary authority at the local level.
Brian W. Blaesser
5. Design Review and Conservation in England: Historical Development and Contemporary Relationships
Abstract
Design review, design control, or aesthetic control, as it is conventionally known, has always been an integral part of the development control system in the United Kingdom. It has an eighty-year history, although it only became applied to all parts of the country in 1947. Since the late 1960s in particular it has been a major bone of contention between the public and the development industry, between planners and architects, and between central and local government. Certainly there are many similarities with current controversies in the U. S., and it may be that an examination of the history of control in the U.K. will serve to clarify key issues for debate and resolution in design control at large.
John V. Punter
6. Design Review from the Inside
Abstract
City governments have redefined their relationship to real estate development. Instead of regulating real estate ventures from a distance, many now act as coinvestors or cosponsors with private companies. City redevelopment agencies, for example, assemble land, contribute financing, and build infrastructure for private projects they want to promote. Port authorities, transportation agencies, and public land development corporations also act as codevelopers of private projects that are intended to serve a public purpose.
Bernard J. Frieden

Design Review in Practice

Frontmatter
7. Discovering Suburban Values through Design Review
Abstract
At its October 1988 meeting, the Design Review Commission of Germantown, Tennessee, reached an impasse with the Gulf Oil Company over its proposal to construct a gasoline station and small convenience outlet on a corner site on the rapidly developing eastern edge of the city. This was not the first occasion that the commission had differed with developers over its seventeen-year life, nor was it the first time the board had dealt with the troubling issues of automobile-oriented uses. However, this case came to threaten the very existence of the board.
Gary Hack
8. Design Review Comes to Phoenix
Abstract
Phoenix, Arizona, has recently become one of the largest cities in the United States to enact citywide design review. This chapter examines the events leading up to the enactment and explains the procedural mechanisms used to implement the process, including a format for the design review procedures, which turns on a hierarchy of individual guidelines called “requirements,” “presumptions,” and “considerations.”
Grady Gammage Jr.
9. Santa Fe Styles and Townscapes: The Search for Authenticity
Abstract
Beginning around 1912, historic preservation and the promotion of a regional architecture have been parallel efforts to maintain and encourage a unique appearance to the city of Santa Fe, New Mexico.
Harry Moul
10. Transforming Suburbia: The Case Study of Bellevue, Washington
Abstract
Design review has not commonly been used in suburban communities. However, the city of Bellevue, Washington, instituted a complex approach to design review in the early 1980s that has, in the subsequent years, fundamentally altered the form and organization of its downtown. Previously a collection of one-story strip retail malls, Bellevue’s downtown is now not only a major center in its region for shopping and employment, but for dense residential as well. Furthermore, it is acquiring a setting that is conducive to transit and pedestrian movement.
Mark L. Hinshaw
11. Discretionary Design Review:Shaping Downtown Cincinnati
Abstract
The city of Cincinnati has a long history of urban design review. The city began review of important projects in the mid-1960s, when Fountain Square was developed in the heart of the city. The Urban Design Review Board is composed of three design professionals and one community business leader appointed by the city manager on the recommendation of the director of the Department of Economic Development. The board has enjoyed a relatively stable membership since its initiation. David Niland, Professor of Architecture at the University of Cincinnati, has been one of the design professionals on the board since its inception. Fred Lazarus, respected community business leader, has served as chair of the board for twenty-two years. The other current design professionals are Jayanta Chatterjee, Dean of the College of Design, Art, Architecture and Planning, University of Cincinnati, and Hayden May, Dean of the School of Fine Arts, Miami University.
Hayden May
12. The New England Life: Design Review in Boston
Abstract
The design review process surrounding Phillip Johnson’s proposal for the New England Life Insurance Company’s new headquarters in Boston’s Back Bay marks a transition. Under the administration of Mayor Kevin White, citizen input in the design review process had been achieved through the ad hoc use of citizen advisory committees. The committee appointed for the New England Life project worked hard to win modifications of Johnson’s design. It felt that it had met community concerns only to find itself caught in the middle of intense criticism from neighborhood interests and the Boston Society of Architects.
Allan Wallis

Critical Perspectives of Design Review

Frontmatter
13. Place-Making and Design Review
Abstract
There’s an often-quoted and well-worn adage that the camel is an animal designed by committee. This is clearly a poor description of this beast since it is not only homocentric, but lacks what should be a central ingredient of the design process—organic growth and evolutionary change. From this perspective the (Arabian) camel may be seen to be a creature of elegant design, superbly adapted through evolutionary time to dry desert environments, capable of traveling at speeds of eight to ten miles per hour for eighteen hours, able to go without food or water for weeks, and to flourish on the coarsest of vegetation. Thus, if the design review process could design cities as well as nature has designed the camel, with the same elegance and sense of environmental fit that make for livable urban places with a clear sense of regional identity, then cities would be the ideal places they should be to work and play in. Since this does not seem to be the case, the question of design review requires some examination.
Michael Hough
14. Carbuncles, Columns, and Pyramids: Lay and Expert Evaluations of Contextual Design Strategies
Abstract
The concept of contextual compatibility has in recent years been the focus of highly contentious debates on the merits of various architectural and urban design projects, particularly those of symbolic importance to the public realm. Consider, for example, two projects that were subjected to intense scrutiny and debate within the last decade: the addition to the National Gallery at Trafalgar Square in London and the addition to the Louvre Museum in Paris.
Linda N. Groat
15. Local Architectural Language and Contextualism
Abstract
There is international recognition of the importance of design control and review issues, centered around the intersection of aesthetic preferences, a desire for spatial and temporal continuity, and cultural perceptions of the “meaning” of built form. This chapter speculates on a theoretical framework for design review based on the careful analysis and description of architectural language. It draws from three sources: a discernable movement within the community of those professionally concerned with urban design issues toward accepting a need for greater community control over design of the public realm; a decade of research into formal expression of architectural language as grammars of shapes and designs; and experience of the particular situation in Adelaide, South Australia, a planned city in which local politicians, community groups, and most architects now perceive as having suffered considerably from ineffective design control. The following sections review briefly the concept of architectural language, outline the strategies that have been used by communities to gain control over architectural language, describe the elements of a “shape grammar” as a representation of aspects of architectural language, and describe how a design review process using local architectural language as context might operate.
Anthony D. Radford
16. Disciplinary Society and the Myth of Aesthetic Justice
Abstract
Architectural design review is a social practice and as such cannot avoid being part of a complex network of power structures and relationships. The fact that it impacts upon the production of architecture and the built environment clearly indicates the political implications of aesthetic control. Space is neither innocent nor neutral: it is an instrument of the political. More than a simple container, architecture is a place that shapes beings; it has a performative impact on whoever inhabits it: it works on its occupants. At the micro level; space prohibits, decides what may occur, lays down the law, implies a certain order, commands and locates bodies. At a societal scale, space incorporates social action. Control over space is thus a fundamental and all-persuasive source of power. Buildings formalize the various relations and guarantee the performance demanded by authority. Power is structured by architecture and architecture celebrates and monumentalizes the structural networks of power.
Patrick J. Pouler
17. Private Design Review in Edge City
Abstract
If the aesthetics of the physical environment are to be controlled by design review, who should be responsible—government or private organizations?
David J. Baab
18. Battery Park City: An American Dream of Urbanism
Abstract
The process of creating design guidelines brings into play important existential questions about how we view ourselves as a culture through our architecture and urban form. In some cases, design guidelines are the perpetuation of existing misunderstood value systems or, worse yet, the unwitting perfection of ideologies that are reluctantly understood to be disdainful. The results are comfortable and supportive of the existing socioeconomic conditions, but contain an underlying crisis of meaning, experience, and culture. With this perspective we will examine Battery Park City in Manhattan, which was formulated according to a comprehensive set of design guidelines governing both its urban morphology and architectural expression. Of particular concern is the resultant urban morphology and architectural iconography as it reflects the underlying ideology of the design guidelines themselves. Battery Park City is relevant because of its comprehensive planned structure within one of the world’s most well-defined cities, as well as its manifest ideology, created during this “moment of late consumer or multi-nation capitalism,” as Frederick Jameson labels the end of the twentieth century (Jameson, 1983, 125).
Francis P. Russell
19. Epilogue
Abstract
The old American struggle between gentility and individual liberty has reappeared in the guise of something called “design review,” which centers on the idea that the public should exercise some sort of independent, external control over the appearance of buildings, and that the public good requires some sacrifice of private expression. In other words, just as there are building codes, fire codes, and public health codes, there ought to be architectural codes.
Witold Rybczynski
Backmatter
Metadaten
Titel
Design Review
herausgegeben von
Brenda Case Scheer
Wolfgang F. E. Preiser
Copyright-Jahr
1994
Verlag
Springer US
Electronic ISBN
978-1-4615-2658-2
Print ISBN
978-0-412-99161-5
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-2658-2