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General Aspects of Mycorrhiza

  • Chapter
Mycorrhizal Biology

Abstract

The mycorrhizal association appears to have evolved as survival mechanism for both the fungi and the higher plants, allowing each to survive in the existing environments of low temperatures, soil fertility, periodic drought, diseases, extereme temperatures and other natural stresses. Mycorrhiza appears to be the first line of biological defense against stress, for trees. The following benefits can be derived from this relationship:

  1. (i)

    Increased nutrient and water absorption through improved absorbance area (Boyd, 1987)

  2. (ii)

    Increased nutrient mobilization through biological weathering

  3. (iii)

    Increase in feeder root longevity by provision of biological deterrent to root infection by soil-borne pathogens (Duchesne et al., 1989; Marx, 1973)

  4. (iv)

    Accumulation of elements such as nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium and zinc and their translocation to the host tissue.

  5. (v)

    Ectomycorrhizal hyphae completely permeate the F and H horizons of forest floor and thus minerals mobilized in these zone can be absorbed before they reach the subsoil system

  6. (vi)

    Some EM fungi can degrade complex minerals and organic substances in soil and make essential elements available to the host plant

  7. (vii)

    Mycorrhizal fungi afford protection to delicate root tissue from attack by pathogenic fungi through strategies such as the use of surplus carbohydrates, provision of a physical barrier and secretion of antibiotics (Duchesne et al., 1989; Garrido et al., 1982; Tsantrizos et al., 1991)

  8. (viii)

    Provide host plant with growth hormones like auxins, cytokinins, gibberellins and growth regulators such as B vitamins (Gopinathan and Raman, 1992; Ho, 1987; Kraigher et al., 1991)

  9. (ix)

    Important contributions to organic matter turnover and nutrient cycling in forest ecosystems and mycorrhizal fungal biomass can account for as much as 15% of the net primary production and a majority of it enter the soil organic matter pool annually

  10. (x)

    Increase in the tolerance of the plant to adverse conditions including water stress, pH stress, temperature stress, heavy metal and toxin stress (Dixon et al., 1994; Gardner and Malajczuk. 1988; Marx and Artman, 1979; Osonuki et al., 1991; Peiffer and Bloss, 1988)

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  1. Department of Microbiology, University of Delhi, South Campus, New Delhi, 110021, India

    Vandana Gupta, T. Satyanarayana & Sandeep Garg

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  1. Vandana Gupta
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  1. University of Delhi, Delhi, India

    K. G. Mukerji  & B. P. Chamola  & 

  2. Environmental Buildings Solution, Ltd., Dunstable, UK

    Jagjit Singh

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Gupta, V., Satyanarayana, T., Garg, S. (2000). General Aspects of Mycorrhiza. In: Mukerji, K.G., Chamola, B.P., Singh, J. (eds) Mycorrhizal Biology. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-4265-0_2

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