Abstract
The evolutionary fitness of any predator, whether it is a spider catching insects or a lion hunting buffalo, depends largely on the quality and quantity of its diet. Predatory strategies are shaped and refined by natural selection to maximize nutrient intake within the bounds of a wide range of ecological constraints (e.g., prey density, habitat) that may differ dramatically for the same species at the extremes of its geographical distribution. The basic task of finding and gathering food under these constraints fundamentally affects a species’ spacing patterns and the structure of its social systems.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsPreview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Ackerman, B. B., Lindzey, F. G., and Hemker, T. P. 1986. Predictive energetics model for cougars. In: S. D. Miller & D. D. Everett, eds. Cats of the World: Biology, Conservation and Management, pp. 333–352. Washington, D.C.: National Wildlife Federation.
Alexander, R. D. 1974. The evolution of social behavior. Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 5:325–383.
Anderson, A. E. 1983. A Critical Review of Literature on Puma (Felis concolor). Special Report no. 54. Denver: Colorado Division of Wildlife.
Armitage, K. B. 1986. Marmot polygyny revisited: Determinants of male and female reproductive strategies. In: D. I. Rubenstein & R. W. Wrangham, eds. Ecological Aspects of Social Evolution, pp. 303–331. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton Univ. Press.
Beiden, R. C. and Maehr, D. S. 1986. Florida Panther Food Habits. Annual Performance Report, Tallahassee: Florida Game and Fresh Water Fish Commission.
Bertram, B. C. R. 1973. Lion population regulation. East African Wildl. J. 11:215–225.
Bertram, B. C. R. 1979. Serengeti predators and their social systems. In: A. R. E. Sinclair & M. Norton-Griffiths, eds. Serengeti: Dynamics of an Ecosystem, pp. 221–248. Chicago: Univ. Chicago Press.
Bertram, B. C. R. 1982. Leopard ecology as studied by radio tracking. Symp. Zool. Soc. London 49:341–352.
Bothma, J. Du P., and LeRiche, E. A. N. 1986. Prey preference and hunting efficiency of the Kalahari Desert leopard. In: S. D. Miller & D. D. Everett, eds. Cats of the World: Biology, Conservation and Management, pp. 389–414. Washington, D.C.: National Wildlife Federation.
Bradbury, J. W., and Vehrencamp, S. L. 1976. Social organization and foraging in emballonurid bats. II. A model for determination of group size. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 1:383–404.
Bradbury, J. W., and Vehrencamp, S. L. 1977. Social organization and foraging in emballonurid bats. III. Mating systems. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 2:1–17.
Bragin, A. P. 1986. Territorial behaviour and possible regulatory mechanisms of population density in the Amur tiger (Panthera tigris altaica). Zoologicheskii Zhurhal 65:272–282.
Brown, J. L. 1964. The evolution of diversity in avian territorial systems. Wilson Bull. 76:160–169.
Caro, T. M., and Collins, D. A. 1986. Male cheetahs of the Serengeti. Natl. Geogr. Rep. 2:75–86.
Charnov, E. L. 1976. Optimal foraging: The marginal value theorem. Theoretical Population Biol. 9:129–136.
Charnov, E. L., Orians, G. H., and Hyatt, K. 1976. Ecological implications of resource depression. Amer. Nat. 110:247–259.
Cheney, D., and Wrangham, R. 1986. Predation. In: B. B. Smuts, D. L. Cheney, R. M. Seyfarth, R. W. Wrangham, & T. T. Struhsaker, eds. Primate Societies, pp. 227–239. Chicago: Univ. Chicago Press.
Clutton-Brock, T. H., and Harvey, P. H. 1977. Primate ecology and social organization. J. Zool. (Lond.) 183:1–39.
Clutton-Brock, T. H., and Harvey, P. H. 1983. The functional significance of variation in body size among mammals. In: J. F. Eisenberg & D. G. Kleiman, eds. Advances in the Study of Mammalian Behavior, pp. 632–658. Special Publication no. 7. Lawrence, Kans.: American Society of Mammalogists.
Corbett, J. 1944. The Man-Eaters of Kumaon. London: Penguin Books.
Davies, N. B. 1977. Prey selection and social behavior in wagtails (Aves: Motacillidae). J. Anim. Ecol. 46:37–57.
Davies, N. B., and Houston, A. I. 1984. Territory economics. In: J. R. Krebs & N. B. Davies, eds. Behavioural Ecology: An Evolutionary Approach (2nd ed.), pp. 148–169. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications.
Eisenberg, J. F. 1980. The density and biomass of tropical mammals. In: M. E. Soulé & B. A. Wilcox, eds. Conservation Biology, pp. 35–55. Sunderland, Mass.: Sinauer.
Eisenberg, J. F., and Lockhart, M. 1972. An ecological reconnaissance of Wilpattu National Park. Smithsonian Contrib. Zool. 101:1–118.
Eisenberg, J. F., Muckenhirn, N. A., and Rudran, R. A. 1972. The relation between ecology and social structure in primates. Science 176:863–874.
Elliott, J. P., Cowan, I. M., and Holling, C. S. 1977. Prey capture in the African lion. Canadian J. Zool. 55:1811–1828.
Einer, R. W., and Hughes, R. N. 1978. Energy maximisation in the diet of the shore crab, Carcinus maenas (L.). J. Anim. Ecol. 47:103–116.
Eloff, F. C. 1973. Lion prédation in the Kalahari Gemsbok National Park. J. South African Wildl. Mgt. Assoc. 3:59–63.
Emmons, L. H. 1987. Comparative feeding ecology of felids in a neotropical rainforest. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 20:271–283.
Emmons, L. H., Sherman, P., Bolster, D., Goldizen, A., and Terborg, J. Unpublished ms. Ocelot behavior in moonlight. Available from L. H. Emmons, Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.
Ewer, R. F. 1973. The Carnivores. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell Univ. Press.
Gill, F. B., and Wolf, L. L. 1975. Economics of feeding territoriality in the golden-winged sunbird. Ecology 56:333–345.
Gill, F. B., and Wolf, L. L. 1977. Non-random foraging by sunbirds in a patchy environment. Ecology 58:1284–1296.
Gittleman, J. L. 1985. Carnivore body size: Ecological and taxonomic correlates. Oecologia 67:540–554.
Gittleman, J. L. 1986. Carnivore life history patterns: Allometric, phylogenetic, and ecological associations. Amer. Nat. 127:744–771.
Gittleman, J. L., and Harvey, P. H. 1982. Carnivore home-range size, metabolic needs and ecology. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 10:57–63.
Goss-Custard, J. D. 1977. Optimal foraging and the size selection of worms by redshank Tringa totanus. Anim. Behav. 25:10–29.
Guggisburg, C. A. W. 1975. Wild Cats of the World. New York: Taplinger.
Hamilton, P. H. 1976. The movements of leopards in Tsavo National Park, Kenya, as determined by radio-tracking. M. S. thesis, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya. 256 pp.
Hanby, J. P., Bygott, J. D. 1979. Population changes in lions and other predators. In: A. R. E. Sinclair & M. Norton-Griffiths, eds. Serengeti: Dynamics of an Ecosystem, pp. 249–262. Chicago: Univ. Chicago Press.
Hoppe, B. 1984 Étude du spectre des proies de la panthère, Panthera pardus, dans le Parc National de Tai en Côte d’Ivoire. Mammalia 48:477–487.
Hornocker, M. G. 1970. An analysis of mountain lion predation upon mule deer and elk in the Idaho Primitive Area. Wildl. Monogr. 21:1–39.
Houston, D. C. 1979. The adaptations of scavengers. In: A. R. E. Sinclair & M. Norton-Griffiiths, eds. Serengeti: Dynamics of an Ecosystem, pp. 263–286. Chicago: Univ. Chicago Press.
Jackson, R., and Ahlborn, G. 1984. A preliminary habitat suitability model for the snow leopard, Panthera uncia, in west Nepal. International Pedigree Book of Snow Leopards 4:43–52.
Jackson, R., and Hillard, D. 1986. Tracking the elusive snow leopard. Natl. Geogr. 169:793–809.
Jarman, P. 1974. The social organization of antelope in relation to their ecology. Behaviour 48:215–267.
Jarman, P. 1982. Prospects for interspecific comparison in sociobiology. In: King’s College Sociobiology Group, eds. Current Problems in Sociobiology, pp. 323–342. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press.
Johnsingh, A. J. T. 1983. Large mammalian prey-predators in Bandipur. J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 80:1–57.
Joslin, P. 1973. Factors associated with decline of the Asiatic lion. In: R. L. Eaton, ed. The World’s Cats, 1:127-141. Winston, Ore.: World Wildlife Safari.
Kislalioglu, M., and Gibson, R. N. 1976. Prey handling time and its importance in food selection by the 15-spined stickleback Spinachia spinachia (L.). J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 25:151–158.
Kleiman, D. G., and J. F. Eisenberg. 1973. Comparisons of canid and felid social systems from an evolutionary perspective. Anim. Behav. 21:637–659.
Krebs, J. R., MacRoberts, M. H., and Cullen, J. M. 1972. Flocking and feeding in the Great Tit Parus major—An experimental study. Ibis 114:507–530.
Kruuk, H. 1972. The Spotted Hyena. Chicago: Univ. Chicago Press.
Kruuk, H. 1978. Foraging and spatial organization of the European Badger, Meles meles L. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 4:75–89.
Kruuk, H., and Turner, M. 1967. Comparative notes on predation by lion, leopard, cheetah, and wild dog in the Serengeti Area, East Africa. Mammalia 31:1–27.
Leyhausen, P. 1979. Cat Behavior: The Predatory and Social Behavior of Domestic and Wild Cats. New York: Garland STPM Press.
MacArthur, R. H., and Pianka, E. R. 1966. On the optimal use of a patchy environment. Amer. Nat. 100:603–609.
Macdonald, D. W. 1979. Flexibility of the social organization of the golden jackal, Canis aureus. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 5:17–38.
Macdonald, D. W. 1983. The ecology of carnivore social behavior. Nature 301:379–384.
McDougal, C. 1977. The Face of the Tiger. London: Rivington Books.
Maddock, L. 1979. The “Migration” and grazing succession. In: A. R. E. Sinclair & M. Norton-Griffiths, eds. Serengeti: Dynamics of an Ecosystem, pp. 104–129. Chicago: Univ. Chicago Press.
Makacha, S., and Schaller, G. B. 1969. Observations on lions in the Lake Manyara National Park, Tanzania. East African Wildl. J. 7:99–103.
Matjushkin, E. N., Zhivotchenko, V. I., and Smirnov, E. N. 1977. The Amur tiger in the USSR. Unpublished report of the International Union for Conservation of Nature, Morges, Switzerland.
Mech, L. D. 1977. Wolf-pack buffer zones as prey reservoirs. Science 198:320–321.
Mishra, H. R. 1982. The ecology and behaviour of chital (Axis axis) in royal Chitwan National Park, Nepal. Ph.D. dissert., Univ. Edinburgh. 239 pp.
Mitchell, B. L., Shenton, J. B., and Uys, J. C. M. 1965. Predation on large mammals in the Kafue National Park. Zool. Africana 1:297–318.
Moehlman, P. D. 1986. Ecology of cooperation in canids. In: D. I. Rubenstein & R. W. Wrangham, eds. Ecological Aspects of Social Evolution, pp. 64–86. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton Univ. Press.
Muckenhirn, N. A., and Eisenberg, J. F. 1973. Home ranges and predation of the Ceylon leopard. In: R. L. Eaton, ed. The World’s Cats 1:142–175. Winston, Ore.: Winston Wildlife Safari.
Nelson, M. E., and Mech, L. D. 1981. Deer social organization and wolf predation in northeastern Minnesota. Wildl. Monogr. 77:1–53.
Owens, M., and Owens, D. 1984. Cry of the Kalahari. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
Packer, C. 1986. The ecology of sociality in felids. In: D. I. Rubenstein & R. W. Wrangham, eds. Ecological Aspects of Social Evolution, pp. 429–451. Princeton: Princeton Univ. Press.
Pienaar, U. de V. 1969. Predator-prey relationships amongst the larger mammals of the Kruger National Park. Koedoe 12:108–176.
Pulliam, H. R. 1974. On the theory of optimal diets. Amer. Nat. 108:59–75.
Rabinowitz, A. R., and Nottingham, B. 1986. Ecology and behaviour of the Jaguar, Fanthera onca, in Belize, Central America. J. Zool. 210:149–159.
Robinson, J. G., and Redford, K. H. 1986. Body size, diet and population density of Neotropical forest mammals. Amer. Nat. 128:665–680.
Schaller, G. B. 1967. The Deer and the Tiger: A Study of Wildlife in India. Chicago: Univ. Chicago Press.
Schaller, G. B. 1972. The Serengeti Lion: A Study of Predator-Prey Relations. Chicago: Univ. Chicago Press.
Schaller, G. B., and Crawshaw, P. G. 1980. Movement patterns of jaguar. Biotropica 12:161–168.
Schaller, G. B., and Vasconelos, J. M. C. 1978. Jaguar predation on capybara. Z. Säugetierk. 43:296–301.
Schoener, T. W. 1971. Theory of feeding strategies. Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 2:369–404.
Seidensticker, J. 1976. On the ecological separation between tigers and leopards. Biotropica 8:225–234.
Seidensticker, J. 1977. Notes on early maternal behavior of the leopard. Mammalia 41:111–113.
Seidensticker, J., Hornocker, M. G., Wiles, W. V., and Messick, J. P. 1973. Mountain lion social organization in the Idaho Primitive Area. Wildl. Monogr. 35:1–60.
Smith, J. L. D., McDougal, C. and Sunquist, M. E. 1987. Female land tenure system in tigers. In: R. L. Tilson & U. S. Seal, eds. Tigers of the World: The Biology, Management, and Biopolitics of Conservation of an Endangered Species, pp. 97–109. Park Ridge, N.J.: Noyes Publications.
Smith, R. M. 1978. Movement patterns and feeding behavior of the leopard in Rhodes Matopos National Park, Rhodesia. Carnivore 1:58–69.
Stanley, S. M., Van Valkenburg, B., and Steneck, R. S. 1983. Co-evolution and the fossil record. In: D. J. Futuyma & M. Slatkin, eds. Co-Evolution, pp. 328–349. Sunderland, Mass.: Sinauer.
Sunquist, M. E. 1979. The movements and activities of tigers (Panthera tigris tigris) in Royal Chitawan National Park, Nepal. Ph.D. dissert., Univ. Minnesota, St. Paul. 170 pp.
Sunquist, M. E. 1981. The social organization of tigers (Panthera tigris) in Royal Chitawan National Park, Nepal. Smithsonian Contrib. Zool. 336:1–98.
Taylor, R. J. 1976. Value of clumping to prey and the evolutionary response of ambush predators. Amer. Nat. 110:13–29.
Thapar, V. 1986. Tiger: Portrait of a Predator. London: Collins Sons.
van Orsdol, K. G. 1982. Ranges and food habits of lions in Rwenzori National Park, Uganda. Symp. Zool. Soc. London 49:325–340.
van Orsdol, K. G. 1984. Foraging behaviour and hunting success of lions in Queen Elizabeth National Park, Uganda. African J. Ecol. 22:79–99.
van Orsdol, K. G., Hanby, J. P., and Bygott, J. D. 1985. Ecological correlates of lion social organization (Panthera leo). J. Zool. 206:97–112.
van Valkenburgh, B. 1985. Locomoter diversity within past and present guilds of large predatory mammals. Paleobiol. 11:406–428.
Waser, P. M. 1980. Small nocturnal carnivores: Ecological studies in the Serengeti. African J. Ecol. 18:167–185.
Waser, P. M., and Jones, W. T. 1983. Natal philopatry among solitary mammals. Quart. Rev. Biol. 58:355–390.
Werner, E. E., and Hall, D. J., 1974. Optimal foraging and the size selection of prey by the Bluegill Sunfish (Lepomis macrochirus). Ecology 55:1216–1232.
Wrangham, R. W. 1982. Mutualism, kinship, and social evolution. In: King’s College Sociobiology Group, eds. Current Problems in Sociobiology, pp. 269–290. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press.
Wrangham, R. W., and Rubenstein, D. I. 1986. Social evolution in birds and mammals. In: D. I. Rubenstein & R. W. Wrangham, eds. Ecological Aspects of Social Evolution, pp. 452–470. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton Univ. Press.
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1989 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Sunquist, M.E., Sunquist, F.C. (1989). Ecological Constraints on Predation by Large Felids. In: Gittleman, J.L. (eds) Carnivore Behavior, Ecology, and Evolution. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-4716-4_11
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-4716-4_11
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-0-412-34360-5
Online ISBN: 978-1-4757-4716-4
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive