Abstract
Over recent years there have been numerous attempts to quantify social behavior and to distinguish children who are socially skilled from those who are not. Many definitions of social competence exist, and although these vary in sophistication, almost all focus on the importance of reinforcement and reciprocity in the development of relationships (Gottman, Gonso, & Rasmussen, 1977; Greenwood, Walker, Todd, & Hops, 1981; Keller & Corlson, 1974; Mueller, 1972).
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Allen, K., Hart, B., Buell, J., Harris, F., & Wolf, M. (1964). Effects of social reinforcement on isolate behavior of a nursery school child. Child Development, 35, 511–518.
Argyle, M., & Cooke, M. (1976). Gaze and mutual gaze. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Asher, S., Oden, S., & Gottman, J. (1977). Children’s friendships in school settings. in L. G. Lentz (Ed.), Current topics in early childhood education. Norwood, NJ: Ablex.
Bartak, L., & Rutter, M. (1973). Special educational treatment of autistic children: A comparative study. I: Design of study and characteristics of units. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 14, 161–179.
Bartak, L., & Rutter, M. (1974). The use of personal pronouns by autistic children. Journal of Autism and Childhood Schizophrenia, 4, 217–222.
Bartak, L., Rutter, M., & Cox, A. (1975). A comparative study of infantile autism and specific developmental receptive language disorder. I. The children. British Journal of Psychiatry, 126, 127–145.
Beck, S., Forehand, R., Wells, K., & Quante, A. (1978). Social skills training with children: An examination of generalization from analogue to natural settings. Unpublished manuscript, University of Georgia.
Becker, J. (1977). A learning analysis of the development of peer orientated behavior in 9 month old infants. Developmental Psychology, 13, 481–491.
Bellack, A., & Hersen, M. (1978). Chronic psychiatric patients: Social skills training. in M. Hersen & A. Bellack (Eds.), Behavior therapy in the psychiatric setting (pp. 169–193). Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins.
Bellack, A., Hersen, ML, & Lamparski, D. (1979). Role-play tests for assessing social skills: Are they valid? Are they useful? Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 47, 335–342.
Berger, J., & Cunningham, C. (1981). The development of eye contact between mothers and normal versus Down’s syndrome infants. Developmental Psychology, 17, 678–689.
Berler, E., Gross, A., & Drabman, R. (1982). Social skills training with children: Proceed with caution. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 15, 41–53.
Bettelheim, B. (1967). The empty fortress: Infantile autism and the birth of the self New York: Free Press.
Bornstein, M., Bellack, A., & Hersen, M. (1977). Social skills training for unassertive children: A multiple baseline analysis. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 10, 183–195.
Bruininks, V. (1978). Actual and perceived peer status of learning disabled students in mainstream programs. Journal of Special Education, 12, 51–58.
Bryan, T. (1974). Peer popularity of learning disabled children. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 7, 621–625.
Bryan, T. (1976). Peer popularity of learning disabled children: A replication. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 9, 307–311.
Bryan, T., Donahue, M., & Pearl, R. (1981). Learning disabled children’s communicative competence on referential communicative tasks. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 6, 383–393.
Castell, R. (1970). Physical distance and visual attention as measures of social interaction between child and adult. in S. J. Hutt & C. Hutt (Eds.), Behaviour studies in psychiatry. Oxford: Pergamon Press.
Churchill, D. W., & Bryson, C. (1972). Looking and approach behaviour of psychiatric and normal children as a function of adult attention or preoccupation. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 13, 171–177.
Ciminero, A., & Drabman, R. (1977). Current developments in the behavioral assessment of children. in B. Lahey & E. Kazdin (Eds.), Advances in clinical child psychology (Vol. 1). New York: Plenum Press.
Clark, P., & Rutter, M. (1977). Compliance and resistance in autistic children. Journal of Autism and Childhood Schizophrenia, 7, 33–43.
Clark, P., & Rutter, M. (1979). Task difficulty and task performance in autistic children. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 20, 271–285.
Clark, P., & Rutter, M. (1981). Autistic children’s responses to structure and to interpersonal demands. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 11, 201–217.
Dodge, K., Schlundt, D., Shocken, I., & Delugach, J. (1983). Competence and children’s socio-metric status: The role of peer group entry strategies. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 29, 309–306.
Doyle, A. B., Connolly, J., & Rivest, L. P. (1980). The effect of playmate familiarity on the social interactions of young children. Child Development, 51, 217–223.
Duck, S., Miell, D., & Gaebler, H. (1980). Attraction and communication in children’s interactions. in H. Foot, A. Chapman, & R. Smith (Eds.), Friendship and social relations in children. London: Wiley.
Durlak, J., & Mannarino, A. (1977). The social skills development program: Description of a school based preventative mental health program for high risk children. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 6, 48–52.
Ekman, P., & Friesch, V. (1978). Slides of facial expression. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.
Evers, W., & Schwarz, J. (1973). Modifying social withdrawal in preschoolers: The effects of filmed and teacher praise. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 1, 248–256.
Ferrari, M., & Matthews, S. (1983). Self-recognition deficits in autism: Syndrome-specific or general developmental delay. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 13, 317–325.
Foster, S., & Ritchey, W. (1979). Issues in the assessment of social competence in children. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 12, 625–638.
Gardner, J. (1976). Three aspects of childhood autism. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Leicester.
Gersten, J., Langer, T., Eisenberg, J., Simcha-Fagan, O., & McCarthy, E. (1976). Stability and change in types of behavioral disturbance of children and adolescents. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 4, 111–127.
Goldfarb, W. (1961). Childhood schizophrenia. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Gottman, J. (1977). Towards a definition of social isolation in children. Child Development, 48, 513–517.
Gottman, J., Gonso, J., & Rasmussen, B. (1977). Social interaction, social competence, and friendship in children. Child Development, 46, 709–718.
Greenwood, C, Walker, H., Todd, N., & Hops, H. (1981). Normative and descriptive analysis of preschool free play social interaction rates. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 6, 343–367.
Hartup, W. (1975). The origins of friendship. in M. Lewis & A. Rosenblum (Eds.), Friendship and peer relations. New York: Wiley.
Herjanic, B., Herjanic, M., Brown, F., & Wheatt, T. (1975). Are children reliable reporters? Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 3, 41–48.
Hermelin, B., & O’Connor, N. (1970). Psychological experiments with autistic children. London: Pergamon Press.
Hobson, R. P. (1982, September). The autistic child’s knowledge of persons. Paper presented at the Symposium on Affective and Social Understanding, Durham, NC.
Hobson, R. P. (1983). The autistic child’s recognition of age-related features of people, animals and things. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 1, 343–352.
Hobson, R. P. (1984). Early childhood autism and the question of egocentrism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 14, 85–104.
Holmberg, M. (1980). The development of social interchange patterns for 12 to 24 months. Child Development, 51, 448–456.
Howlin, P. (1978). The assessment of social behavior in autistic children. in M. Rutter & E. Schopler (Eds.), Autism: A reappraisal of concepts and treatment. New York: Plenum Press.
Hutt, S. J., & Hutt, C. (1966). Behaviour studies in psychiatry. Oxford: Pergamon Press.
Hutt, C., & Ounsted, C. (1966). The biological significance of gaze aversion with particular reference to the syndrome of infantile autism. Behavioral Science, 11, 346–356.
Hutt, S., & Vaizey, M. (1966). Differential effects of group density in social behavior. Nature, 209, 1371–1375.
Hymel, S. (1983). Preschool children’s peer relations: Issues in sociometric assessment. Merrill Palmer Quarterly, 29, 237–259.
Hymel, S., & Asher, S. (1977, March). Assessment and training of isolated children’s social skills. Paper presented at the Meeting of the Society for Research in Child Development, New Orleans.
Izard, C. (1971). The face of emotion. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts.
Jaffe, J., Stern, D., & Peery, J. (1973). Conversational coupling of gaze behavior in prelinguistic human development. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research, 2, 321–329.
Johnson, D. (1975). Affective perspective taking and cognitive disposition. Developmental Psychology, 11, 869–870.
Johnson, D., & Mykelbust, H. (1967). Learning disabilities. New York: Grune and Stratton.
Kanner, L. (1943). Autistic disturbances of affective contact. Nervous Child, 2, 217–250.
Kanner, L., Rodriguez, A., & Ashenden, B. (1972). How far can autistic children go in matters of social adaptation? Journal of Autism and Childhood Schizophrenia, 2, 9–33.
Kazdin, A. (1978). Evaluating the generality of findings in analogue therapy research. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 46, 673–686.
Kazdin, A. (1980). Investigating generality of findings from analogue research: A rejoinder. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 48, 772–773.
Keane, S., & Congar, J. (1981). The implications of communication development for social skills training. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 6, 369–381.
Keller, M., & Carlson, P. (1974). The use of symbolic modelling to promote social skills in preschool children with low levels of social responsiveness. Child Development, 45, 912–919.
Koegel, R. L., & Covert, A. (1972). The relationship of self-stimulation to learning in autistic children. Journal of Applied Behavioral Analysis, 5, 381–387.
Ladd, G. W. (1983). Social networks of popular, average, and rejected children in school settings. Merrill Palmer Quarterly, 29, 283–309.
La Greca, A. (1981). Social behavior and social perception in learning disabled children: A review with implications for social skills training. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 6, 395–416.
Langdell, T. (1978). Recognition of faces: An approach to the study of autism. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 19, 255–268.
Lewis, M., & Rosenblum, L. (1977). Introduction. in M. Lewis & L. Rosenblum (Eds.), Friendship and peer relations. New York: Wiley.
Lord, C. (1984). Development of peer relations in children with autism. in F. Morrison, C. Lord, & D. Keating (Eds.), Applied developmental psychology (Vol. 1). New York: Academic Press.
Mahler, M. (1965). An early infantile psychosis. The symbolic and autistic syndrome. Journal of American Academy of Child Psychiatry, 4, 554–568.
Martini, M. (1980). Structures of interaction between autistic children. in T. M. Field, S. Goldberg, D. Stern, & A. Sostek (Eds.), High risk infants and children’s adult and peer interaction. New York: Academic Press.
McHale, S. (1983). Social interactions of autistic and non-handicapped children during free play. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 53, 81–91.
McHale, S., Olley, J., & Marcus, L. (1981). Variations across settings in autistic children’s play. Paper presented at the Biannual Meetings of the Society for Research in Child Development, Boston.
McHale, S., Olley, J., Marcus, L., & Simeonsson, R. (1981). Non-handicapped peers as tutors for autistic children. Exceptional Children, 48, 263–265.
McHale, S., Simeonsson, R., Marcus, L., & Olley, J. (1980). The social and syntactic quality of autistic children’s communications. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 10, 299–314.
Mirenda, P., Donnelan, A., & Yoder, D. (1983). Gaze behavior: A new look at an old problem. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 13, 397–409.
Moreno, J. (1934). Who shall survive? A new approach to the problem of human interrelations. Washington, DC: Nervous and Mental Disease Publications.
Mueller, E. (1972). The maintenance of verbal exchanges between young children. Child Development, 43, 930–938.
Mueller, E., & Brenner, J. (1977). Origins of social interaction in playgroup toddlers. Child Development, 48, 495–506.
O’Connor, R. (1972). Relative efficacy of modeling, shaping and the combined procedures for modification of social withdrawal. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 79, 327–334.
Parten, M. (1932). Social participation among pre-school children. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 27, 243–269.
Piaget, J. (1926). The language and thought of the child. (M. Gabain, Trans.). London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.
Piaget, J., & Inhelder, B. (1969). The psychology of the child. (H. Weaver, Trans.). London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.
Ragland, E., Kerr, M., & Strain, P. (1978). Effects of social imitations on the behavior of withdrawn autistic children. Behavior Modification, 2, 565–578.
Reardon, R., Hersen, M., Bellack, A., & Foley, J. (1978). Measuring social skill in grade school boys. Unpublished manuscript, University of Pittsburgh.
Renshaw, P., & Asher, S. (1983). Children’s goals and strategies for social interaction. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 29, 353–374.
Rheingold, H., & Eckerman, C. (1975). General issues in the study of peer relations: Some proposals for clarifying the study of social development. in M. Lewis & L. Rosenblum (Eds.), Friendships and peer relations. New York: Wiley.
Richer, J. (1976). The social avoidance behavior of autistic children. Animal Behavior, 24, 898–906.
Richer, J. (1978). The partial noncommunication of culture to autistic children—An application of human ethology. in M. Rutter & E. Schopler (Eds.), Autism: A reappraisal of concepts and treatment. New York: Plenum Press.
Richer, J., & Coss, R. (1976). Gaze aversion in autistic and normal children. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 53, 193–210.
Robson, K. (1967). The role of eye-to-eye contact in maternal-infant attachment. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 8, 18–25.
Romanczyk, R., Diamant, C, Goren, E., Trunell, G., & Harris, S. (1975). Increasing isolate and social play in severely disabled children: Intervention and postintervention effectiveness. Journal of Autism and Childhood Schizophrenia, 5, 57–70.
Rumsay, J., & Rapoport, J. (1983, August). Autistic children as adults: Mental and behavioral status. Paper presented at the meeting of the American Psychological Association, Anchern, CA.
Rutter, M. (1966). Prognosis: Psychotic children in adolescence and early adult life. in J. K. Wing (Ed.), Early childhood autism: Clinical, educational and social aspects. London: Pergamon Press.
Rutter, M. (1978). Language disorder and infantile autism. in M. Rutter & E. Schopler (Eds.), Autism: A reappraisal of concepts and treatment. New York: Plenum Press.
Rutter, M. (1980). Attachment and the development of social relationships. in M. Rutter (Ed.), Scientific foundations of developmental psychiatry. London: Heinemann Medical.
Rutter, M. (1983). Cognitive deficits in the pathogenesis of autism. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 24, 513–531.
Rutter, M. (1984). Infantile autism and other pervasive developmental disorders. in M. Rutter & L. Hersov (Eds.), Child and adolescent psychiatry: Modern approaches (Vol. 2). Oxford: Blackwell Scientific.
Rutter, M., & Graham, P. (1968). The reliability and validity of the psychiatric assessment of the child. I. Interview with the child. British Journal of Psychiatry, 114, 563–579.
Scheman, J., & Lockard, J. (1979). Development of gaze aversion in children. Child Development, 50, 594–596.
Seibert, J., & Hogan, A. (1981). Procedures manual for the early social communication scales. Unpublished manuscript, Mailman Center for Child Development, University of Miami.
Sherman, T., Sigman, M., Ungerer, J., & Mundy, P. (1985). Knowledge of categories in autistic children. Manuscript in preparation.
Sigman, M., Ungerer, J., Mundy, P., & Sherman, T. (1984). Cognitive functioning in autistic children. in D. Cohen, A. Donnelan, & R. Paul (Eds.), Handbook of autism and atypical development. New York: Wiley.
Sinson, J., & Wetherick, N. (1981). The behaviour of children with Down’s syndrome in normal play groups. Journal of Mental Deficiency Research, 25, 113–120.
Siperstein, G., Bopp, M., & Bak, J. (1978). Social status of learning disabled children. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 12, 11–14.
Sorosky, A., Ornitz, E., Brown, M., & Ritvo, E. (1968). Systematic observations of autistic behavior. Archives of General Psychiatry, 18, 437–449.
Spiker, D., & Ricks, M. (1983). Visual self recognition in autistic children: Developmental relationships. Child Development, 55, 214–225.
Spiker, D., & Ricks, M. (1985). Developmental relationships in self recognition: A study of 52 autistic children. Child Development.
Stern, D. (1976). Mothers and infants at play: The dyadic interaction involving facial, vocal and gaze behaviors. in M. Lewis & L. Rosenblum (Eds.), The effects of the infant on its caretaker. New York: Wiley.
Strain, P., & Fox, J. (1981). Peer social initiations and the modification of social withdrawal: A review and future perspective. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 6, 417–433.
Strain, P., Kerr, M., & Ragland, E. (1979). Effects of peer-mediated social initiations and prompting/ reinforcement procedures in the social behavior of autistic children. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 9, 41–54.
Tiegerman, E., & Primavera, L. (1984). Imitating the autistic child: Facilitating communicative gaze behavior. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 14, 27–38.
Tinbergen, N., & Tinbergen, E. (1983). “Autistic” children: New hope for a cure. London: Allen and Unwin.
Tremblay, A., Strain, P., Hendrickson, J., & Shores, S. (1981). Social interactions in normal preschool children. Behavior Modification, 5, 237–253.
Trower, P. (1980). Situational analysis of the components and processes of behavior of socially skilled and unskilled patients. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 48, 327–339.
Ungerer, J., & Sigman, M. (1981). Symbolic play and language comprehension in autistic children. Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry, 20, 318–337.
Van Engeland, H., Bodnar, F., & Bolhuis, G. (1984). Some qualitative aspects of the social behavior of autistic children: An ethological approach. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry.
Van Hasselt, V., Hersen, M., Whitehill, M., & Bellack, A. (1979). Social skill assessment and training for children: An evaluative review. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 17, 413–37.
Volkmar, F., & Cohen, D. (1982). A hierarchical analysis of patterns of noncompliance in autistic and behavior-disturbed children. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 12, 35–42.
Volkmar, F., Hoder, E., & Cohen, D. (in press). A naturalistic study of autistic children: I. Effects of treatment structure on behavior. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry.
Volkmar, F., Hoder, E., & Cohen, D. (in press). A naturalistic study of autistic children: II. Compliance in relationship to task demands. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry.
Walker, H., & Hops, M. (1973). The use of group and individual reinforcement contingencies in the modification of social withdrawal. in L. Hamerlynck, L. Hardy, & E. Mash (Eds.), Behavior change: Methodological concepts and practice. Champaign, IL: Research Press.
Weiner, J. (1980). A theoretical model of the acquisition of peer relationships of learning disabled children. Journal of Learning Disorders, 13, 42–53.
Wing, L. (1969). The handicaps of autistic children: A comparative study. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 10, 1–40.
Wing, L. (1976). Early childhood autism (2nd ed.). London: Pergamon Press.
Wing, L. (1978). Social behavioral and cognitive characteristics: An epidemiological approach. in M. Rutter & E. Schopler (Eds.), Autism: A reappraisal of concepts and treatment. New York: Plenum Press.
Wing, L., & Gould, J. (1979). Severe impairments of social interaction and associated abnormalities in children: Epidemiology and classification. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 9, 11–29.
Wolff, S., & Chess, S. (1964). A behavioral study of schizophrenic children. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinav., 40, 438–466.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1986 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Howlin, P. (1986). An Overview of Social Behavior in Autism. In: Schopler, E., Mesibov, G.B. (eds) Social Behavior in Autism. Current Issues in Autism. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-2242-7_6
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-2242-7_6
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4899-2244-1
Online ISBN: 978-1-4899-2242-7
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive