Abstract
This chapter considers the prospects of social referencing research as we move from experimental to more naturalistic and clinical settings. Five topics of theoretical importance are highlighted. These include (1) fundamental strategic issues, (2) early self-development, (3) early moral development, (4) emotional availability and its development, and (5) individual differences and psychopathology.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Ainsworth, M. D. S., Blehar, M., Waters, E., & Wall, S. (1978). Patterns of attachment. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Amsterdam, B. K. (1972). Mirror self-image reactions before age two. Developmental Psychology, 5, 297–305.
Bretherton, I. (1985).Attachment theory: Retrospect and prospect. In I. Bretherton & E. Waters (Eds.), Growing points of attachment theory and research. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 50(1–2, Serial No. 209).
Bretherton, I., McNew, S., & Beeghly-Smith, M. (1981).Early person-knowledge as expressed in gestural and verbal communication: When do infants acquire a “theory of mind”? In M. Lamb & L. Sherrod (Eds.), Infant social cognition (pp. 333–373). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Carr, S. J., Dabbs, J. M., & Carr, T. S. (1975). Mother-infant attachment: The importance of the mother’s visual field. Child Development, 46, 331–338.
Clyman, R. B., Emde, R. N., Kempe, J. E., & Harmon, R. J. (1986). Social referencing and social looking among twelve-month-old infants. In T. B. Brazelton & M. Yogman (Eds.), Affective development in infancy (pp. 75–93). Norwood, NJ: Ablex.
Dunn, J. (1988). The beginnings of social understanding. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Ekman, P., Levinson, R. W., & Friesen, W. V. (1983).Autonomic nervous system activity distinguishes among emotions. Science, 221,1208–1210.
Emde, R. N. (1983). The prepresentational self and its affective core. The Psychoanalytic Study of the Child, 38, 165–192.
Emde, R. N. (1988). Development terminable and interminable: I. Innate and motivational factors from infancy. International Journal of Psycho-Analysis, 69, 23–42.
Emde, R. N., Gaensbauer, T., & Harmon, R. J. (1976).Emotional expression in infancy: a biobehavioral study. Psychological Issues, A Monograph Series, Inc. 20(37). New York: International Universities Press.
Emde, R. N., Johnson, W. F., & Easterbrooks, M. A. (1987). The do’s and don’t’s of early moral development: Psychoanalytic tradition and current research. In J. Kagan & S. Lamb (Eds.), The emergence of morality in young children (pp. 245–276). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Erikson, E. (1950). Childhood and society. New York: Norton.
Feinman, S. (1982). Social referencing in infancy. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 28, 445–470.
Hinde, R. A. (1985). Expression and negotiation. In G. Zivin (Ed.), The development of expressive behavior: biology-environment interactions (pp. 103–116). Orlando, FL: Academic Press.
Kagan, J. (1981). The second year: The emergence of self-awareness. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Kaye, K. (1982). The mental and social life of babies: How parents create persons. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Klein, G. S. (1976). The resolution of experienced incompatibility in psychological development. In G. S. Klein (Ed.), Psychoanalytic theory: An exploration of essentials (pp. 163–209). New York: International University Press.
Klinnert, M. D., Campos, J. J., Sorce, J. F., Emde, R. N., & Svejda, M. (1983). Social referencing: Emotional expressions as behavior regulators. In R. Plutchik & H. Kellerman (Eds.), Emotion: Theory, research and experience. Vol. 2: Emotions in early development (pp. 57–86). Orlando, FL: Academic Press.
Klinnert, M. D., Emde, R. N., Butterfield, P., & Campos, J. J. (1986). Social referencing: The infant’s use of emotional signals from a friendly adult with mother present. Developmental Psychology, 22, 427–432.
Kohut, H. (1971).The analysis of the self. New York: International Universities Press.
Kohut, H. (1977).The restoration of the self. New York: International Universities Press.
Lewis, M., & Brooks-Gunn, J. (1979).Social cognition and the acquisition of self. New York: Plenum.
Mahler, M. S., Pine, E., & Bergman, A. (1975). The psychological birth of the human infant. New York: Basic Books.
Papousek, H., & Papousek, M. (1979). Early ontogeny of human social interaction: Its biological roots and social dimensions. In M. von Cranach, K. Foppa, W. Lepines, & D. Ploog (Eds.), Human ethology: Claims and limits of a new discipline (pp. 456–478). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Sameroff, A., & Emde, R. N. (Eds.). (1989). Relationship disturbances in early childhood: A developmental approach. New York: Basic Books.
Sartre, J. P. (1956). Being and nothingness: An essay on phenomenological ontology. Translated and with an introduction by Hazel E. Barnes. New York: Philosophical Library.
Scaife, M., & Bruner, J. S. (1975). The capacity for joint visual attention in the infant. Nature, 253, 265–266.
Schulman, A. H., & Kaplowitz, C. (1977).Mirror-image response during the first two years of life. Developmental Psychobiology, 10,133–142.
Sorce, J. & Emde, R. N. (1981). Mother’s presence is not enough: Effect of emotional availability on infant exploration. Developmental Psychology, 17, 737–745.
Stern, D. N. (1985). The interpersonal world of the infant. New York: Basic Books.
Trevarthen, C., & Hubley, P. (1979). Secondary intersubjectivity: Confidence, confiding, and acts of meaning in the first year. In A. Lock (Ed.), Action, gesture and symbol (pp. 183–229). New York: Academic Press.
Winnicott, D. O. (1971). Playing and reality. New York: Basic Books.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1992 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Emde, R.N. (1992). Social Referencing Research. In: Feinman, S. (eds) Social Referencing and the Social Construction of Reality in Infancy. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-2462-9_4
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-2462-9_4
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4899-2464-3
Online ISBN: 978-1-4899-2462-9
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive