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Erschienen in:
Introduction to Fluid Mechanics Kapitel lesen Erstes Kapitel lesen

2016 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

36. Combustion Characteristics of Materials and Generation of Fire Products

verfasst von : Mohammed M. Khan, Archibald Tewarson, Marcos Chaos

Erschienen in: SFPE Handbook of Fire Protection Engineering

Verlag: Springer New York

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Abstract

Hazards associated with fire are characterized by the generation of calorific energy and products, per unit of time, as a result of the chemical reactions of surfaces and material vapors with oxygen from air. Thermal hazards constitute those scenarios where the release of heat is of major concern. On the other hand, nonthermal hazards are characterized by fire products (smoke, toxic, corrosive, and odorous compounds.) Generation rates of heat and fire products (and their nature) are governed by (1) fire initiation (ignition); (2) fire propagation rate beyond the ignition zone; (3) fire ventilation; (4) external heat sources; (5) presence or absence of fire suppression/extinguishing agents; and (6) materials: (a) their shapes, sizes, and arrangements; (b) their chemical natures; (c) types of additives mixed in; and (d) presence of other materials. In this handbook most of these areas have been discussed from fundamental as well as applied views. For example, the mechanisms of thermal decomposition of polymers, which govern the generation rates of material vapors, are discussed in Chap. 7, generation rate of heat (or heat release rate) from the viewpoint of thermochemistry is discussed in Chap. 5, Flaming ignition of the mixture of material vapors and air is discussed in Chap. 21, and surface flame spread in Chap. 23.

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Vorheriges Kapitel Fire Load Density
Nächstes Kapitel Performance-Based Design
Glossar
Nomenclature
A
total exposed surface area of the material (m2)
a j
mass coefficient for the product yield (g/g)
b j
molar coefficient for the product yield (g/mol)
B cr
critical mass transfer number
CHF
critical heat flux (kW/m2)
Ċ O ″
mass consumption rate of oxygen (g/m2/s)
Ċ stoich,O ″
stoichiometric mass consumption rate of oxygen (g/m2/s)
c O
mass of oxygen consumed per unit mass of fuel (g/g)
c P
specific heat (kJ/g/K)
Δc P
difference between the heat capacities of the extinguishing agent and the fire products (kJ/g/K)
D
optical density (1/m)
E i
total amount of heat generated in the combustion of a material (kJ)
f j
volume fraction of a product
fp
fire property
FPI
Fire Propagation Index
FSP c
convective flame spread parameter
Ġ j ″
mass generation rate of product j (g/m2/s)
Ġ stoich,j ″
stoichiometric mass generation rate of product j (g/m2/s)
ΔH i
heat of combustion per unit mass of fuel vaporized (kJ/g)
ΔH D
heat of dissociation (kJ/g)
ΔH g
heat of gasification at ambient temperature (kJ/g)
ΔH g,con
flame convective energy transfer to the fuel per unit mass of fuel gasified (kJ/g)
ΔH m
heat of melting at the melting temperature (kJ/g)
ΔH T
net heat of complete combustion per unit of fuel vaporized (kJ/g)
ΔH v
heat of vaporization at the vaporization temperature (kJ/g)
ΔH CO *
net heat of complete combustion per unit mass of CO generated (kJ/g)
\( \varDelta {H}_{{\mathrm{CO}}_2}^{*} \)
net heat of complete combustion per unit mass of CO2 generated (kJ/g)
ΔH O *
net heat of complete combustion per unit mass of oxygen consumed (kJ/g)
HRP
heat release parameter
h i
mass coefficient for the heat of combustion (kJ/g)
I/I 0
fraction of light transmitted through smoke
j
fire product
k
thermal conductivity (kW/m/K)
L sp
smoke point (m)
l
optical path length (m)
ṁ″
mass loss rate (g/m2/s)
M
molecular weight (g/mol)
m i
molar coefficient for the heat of combustion (kJ/mol)
ṁ air
mass flow rate of air (g/s)
\( {\dot{q}}_e^{{\prime\prime} } \)
external heat flux (kW/m2)
\( {\dot{q}}_f^{{\prime\prime} } \)
flame heat flux (kW/m2)
\( {\dot{Q}}_i^{{\prime\prime} } \)
heat release rate per unit sample surface area (kW/m2)
\( {\dot{Q}}_i^{\prime } \)
heat release rate per unit sample width (kW/m)
S
stoichiometric mass air-to-fuel ratio (g/g)
t
time (s)
t f
time at which there is no more vapor formation (s)
t 0
time at which the sample is exposed to heat (s)
T
temperature (K)
ΔT ig
ignition temperature above ambient (K)
TRP
thermal response parameter (kW⋅s1/2/m2)
u
fire propagation rate (mm/s or m/s)
\( \dot{V} \)
total volumetric flow rate of fire product-air mixture (m3/s)
Ẇ
total mass flow rate of the fire product-air mixture (g/s)
W f
total mass of the material lost in the flaming and nonflaming process (g)
W j
total mass of product j generated in the flaming and nonflaming process (g)
X f
flame height (m or mm)
X p
pyrolysis front (m or mm)
X t
total length available for fire propagation (m or mm)
y j
yield of product j
Y j,ex
mass fraction of extinguishing agent
Y O
mass fraction of oxygen
Greek Letters
α
correlation coefficient (nonflaming fire)
β
correlation coefficient (transition region)
ϕ
kinetic parameter for flame extinction
ξ
correlation coefficient (transition region)
Φ
equivalence ratio
χ ch
combustion efficiency
χ con
convective component of the combustion efficiency
χ rad
radiative component of the combustion efficiency
η j
generation efficiency
κ
ratio between the kinetic parameters for the flame temperature and adiabatic flame temperature
λ
wavelength of light (μm)
σ
Stefan-Boltzmann constant (56.7 × 10−12 kW/m2/K4)
\( \overline{\tau} \)
average specific extinction area (m2/g)
ρ
density (g/m3)
ν j
stoichiometric coefficient of product j
ν O
stoichiometric coefficient of oxygen
Ψ j
stoichiometric yield for the maximum conversion of fuel to product j
ΨO
stoichiometric mass oxygen-to-fuel ratio (g/g)
ζ
ratio of fire properties for ventilation-controlled to well-ventilated combustion
ζ oxid
oxidation zone product generation efficiency ratio
ζ red
reduction zone product generation efficiency ratio
Subscripts
a
air or ambient
ad
adiabatic
asy
asymptotic
ch
chemical
con
convective
cr
critical
e
external
ex
extinguishment
f
flame or fuel
fc
flame convective
fr
flame radiative
g
gas
g,con
flame convective energy for fuel gasification
i
chemical, convective, radiative
ig
ignition
j
fire product
n
net
0
initial
oxid
oxidation zone of a flame
rad
radiation
red
reduction zone of a flame
stoich
stoichiometric for the maximum possible conversion of fuel monomer to a product
rr
surface re-radiation
s
surface, smoke
vc
ventilation-controlled fire
wv
well-ventilated fire
∞
infinite amount of air
Superscripts
.
per unit time (s−1)
′
per unit width (m−1)
ʺ
per unit area (m−2)
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Metadaten
Titel
Combustion Characteristics of Materials and Generation of Fire Products
verfasst von
Mohammed M. Khan
Archibald Tewarson
Marcos Chaos
Copyright-Jahr
2016
Verlag
Springer New York
Buch
SFPE Handbook of Fire Protection Engineering

Print ISBN: 978-1-4939-2564-3

Electronic ISBN: 978-1-4939-2565-0

Copyright-Jahr: 2016

DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-2565-0_36