Skip to main content

2016 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

64. Engineering Data

verfasst von : S. M. V. Gwynne, K. E. Boyce

Erschienen in: SFPE Handbook of Fire Protection Engineering

Verlag: Springer New York

Aktivieren Sie unsere intelligente Suche, um passende Fachinhalte oder Patente zu finden.

search-config
loading …

Abstract

This chapter is an updated version of the previous chapter “Evacuation Timing” that appeared in the fourth edition of the SFPE Handbook. This new version of the chapter represents a significant change to previous versions, moving from a narrative description of important case studies that include data to a tabular representation of a broader range of data-sets. It is hoped that this approach provides a useful reference resource for readers [1, 2].

Sie haben noch keine Lizenz? Dann Informieren Sie sich jetzt über unsere Produkte:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 102.000 Bücher
  • über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
  • Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe




 

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 340 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Versicherung + Risiko




Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Fußnoten
1
It should be noted that Kady and Muhdi in this paragraph refer to the same person.
 
2
where significant differences are evident in the terminology used in this section, the authors have adopted the terms employed in the source material.
 
Literatur
1.
Zurück zum Zitat Littell, JH, Pillai, VK, Corcoran, J (2008), Systematic reviews and meta-analysis, Oxford University Press. Littell, JH, Pillai, VK, Corcoran, J (2008), Systematic reviews and meta-analysis, Oxford University Press.
2.
Zurück zum Zitat Bailey, KD (1994), Typologies and taxonomies: an introduction to classification techniques, Sage Publications. Bailey, KD (1994), Typologies and taxonomies: an introduction to classification techniques, Sage Publications.
3.
Zurück zum Zitat Bryan JL (1957) A study of the survivors’ reports on the panic in the fire at the Arundal Park Hall, Brooklyn, Maryland on January 29, 1956. University of Maryland, College Park, USA. Bryan JL (1957) A study of the survivors’ reports on the panic in the fire at the Arundal Park Hall, Brooklyn, Maryland on January 29, 1956. University of Maryland, College Park, USA.
4.
Zurück zum Zitat Bryan JL (1998) Human behavior in fire: the development and maturity of a scholarly subject area. In: Proceedings of first international symposium human behaviour in fire, Belfast 31 Aug – 2 September 1998. University of Ulster, ISBN 1 85923 103 9. Bryan JL (1998) Human behavior in fire: the development and maturity of a scholarly subject area. In: Proceedings of first international symposium human behaviour in fire, Belfast 31 Aug – 2 September 1998. University of Ulster, ISBN 1 85923 103 9.
5.
Zurück zum Zitat Shields TJ, Proulx G (1999) The science of human behaviour: past research endeavours, current developments and fashioning a research agenda. In: Curtat M (ed) Fire safety science – proceedings of the 6th international symposium. International Association for Fire Safety Science, pp. 95–114. Shields TJ, Proulx G (1999) The science of human behaviour: past research endeavours, current developments and fashioning a research agenda. In: Curtat M (ed) Fire safety science – proceedings of the 6th international symposium. International Association for Fire Safety Science, pp. 95–114.
6.
Zurück zum Zitat Gwynne SM, Kuligowski ED (2010) The faults with defaults. In: Proceedings of 12th Interflam conference, University of Nottingham, UK. Interscience communications, pp 1473–1478. Gwynne SM, Kuligowski ED (2010) The faults with defaults. In: Proceedings of 12th Interflam conference, University of Nottingham, UK. Interscience communications, pp 1473–1478.
7.
Zurück zum Zitat British Standards Institution (2004) PD 7974–6:2004, The application of fire safety engineering principles to fire safety design of buildings. Human factors. Life safety strategies. Occupant Evacuation, behaviour and condition (Sub-system 6). British Standards Institution, London, UK. British Standards Institution (2004) PD 7974–6:2004, The application of fire safety engineering principles to fire safety design of buildings. Human factors. Life safety strategies. Occupant Evacuation, behaviour and condition (Sub-system 6). British Standards Institution, London, UK.
8.
Zurück zum Zitat NFPA 101A, Alternative approaches to life safety, 2013 edition. National Fire Protection Association, Quincy, MA, USA. ISBN: 978-145590419-8. NFPA 101A, Alternative approaches to life safety, 2013 edition. National Fire Protection Association, Quincy, MA, USA. ISBN: 978-145590419-8.
9.
Zurück zum Zitat Gwynne SMV (2010) Conventions in the collection and use of human performance data. NIST GCR 10-928, National Institute of Standards and Technology, February 2010. Gwynne SMV (2010) Conventions in the collection and use of human performance data. NIST GCR 10-928, National Institute of Standards and Technology, February 2010.
10.
Zurück zum Zitat Purser DA, Bensilum M (1999) Quantification of escape behavior during experimental evacuations. Building Research Establishment Report CR 30/99. Building Research Establishment Ltd, Garston, Watford, UK. Purser DA, Bensilum M (1999) Quantification of escape behavior during experimental evacuations. Building Research Establishment Report CR 30/99. Building Research Establishment Ltd, Garston, Watford, UK.
11.
Zurück zum Zitat Gwynne S, Kuligowski E, Nilsson D (2012) Representing evacuation behavior in engineering terms. J.Fire Protect. Eng. 22(2): 133–150, Sage.CrossRef Gwynne S, Kuligowski E, Nilsson D (2012) Representing evacuation behavior in engineering terms. J.Fire Protect. Eng. 22(2): 133–150, Sage.CrossRef
12.
Zurück zum Zitat Gwynne SMV, Purser DA, Boswell DL, Sekizawa A (2012) Understanding and representing staff pre-warning delay. J. Fire Prot. Eng. 22(2), 77–99, Sage.CrossRef Gwynne SMV, Purser DA, Boswell DL, Sekizawa A (2012) Understanding and representing staff pre-warning delay. J. Fire Prot. Eng. 22(2), 77–99, Sage.CrossRef
18.
Zurück zum Zitat Sime J (1984) Escape behaviour in fire: ‘panic’ or affiliation?. PhD Dissertation, Department of Psychology, University of Surrey, UK. Sime J (1984) Escape behaviour in fire: ‘panic’ or affiliation?. PhD Dissertation, Department of Psychology, University of Surrey, UK.
19.
Zurück zum Zitat Lindell MK, Perry RW (2004) Communicating environmental risk in multiethnic communities. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications. Lindell MK, Perry RW (2004) Communicating environmental risk in multiethnic communities. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
20.
Zurück zum Zitat Kuligowski ED (2011) Terror defeated: occupant sense making, decision-making and protective action in the 2001 World Trade Centre disaster. Phd Dissertation, University of Colorado, Boulder, USA. Kuligowski ED (2011) Terror defeated: occupant sense making, decision-making and protective action in the 2001 World Trade Centre disaster. Phd Dissertation, University of Colorado, Boulder, USA.
21.
Zurück zum Zitat Kuligowski E, Hoskins B, Peacock R (2012), Evacuation of people with disabilities on stairs. In: Proceedings of the fifth international symposium human behaviour in fire, Cambridge, England, 19–21 September 2012. Interscience Communications, pp 315–327. Kuligowski E, Hoskins B, Peacock R (2012), Evacuation of people with disabilities on stairs. In: Proceedings of the fifth international symposium human behaviour in fire, Cambridge, England, 19–21 September 2012. Interscience Communications, pp 315–327.
22.
Zurück zum Zitat Gwynne SMV (2012) Translating behavioral theory of human response into modeling Practice. NISTGCR – 12–972, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 2012. Gwynne SMV (2012) Translating behavioral theory of human response into modeling Practice. NISTGCR – 12–972, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 2012.
23.
Zurück zum Zitat SFPE (2003) Engineering Guide on Human Behavior in Fire, Society of Fire Protection Engineers, Bethesda, MD. SFPE (2003) Engineering Guide on Human Behavior in Fire, Society of Fire Protection Engineers, Bethesda, MD.
24.
Zurück zum Zitat Au Z, Gwynne SMV, Purser D (2011) Pre-warning delays: staff response in emergency incidents. In: Proceedings of EMEVAC (Emergency Evacuation of People from Buildings), Warsaw, Poland, pp 43–52. Au Z, Gwynne SMV, Purser D (2011) Pre-warning delays: staff response in emergency incidents. In: Proceedings of EMEVAC (Emergency Evacuation of People from Buildings), Warsaw, Poland, pp 43–52.
25.
Zurück zum Zitat Gwynne SMV, Au SYZ, Purser D, Boswell, D (2011) Accounting for staff response in engineering design. Evacuation and human behavior in emergency situations, University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain, 2011. Gwynne SMV, Au SYZ, Purser D, Boswell, D (2011) Accounting for staff response in engineering design. Evacuation and human behavior in emergency situations, University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain, 2011.
26.
Zurück zum Zitat Purser DA, Bensilum M (2001) Quantification of behaviour for engineering design standards and escape time calculations, Safety Science, 38 (2): 157–182.CrossRef Purser DA, Bensilum M (2001) Quantification of behaviour for engineering design standards and escape time calculations, Safety Science, 38 (2): 157–182.CrossRef
27.
Zurück zum Zitat Gwynne SMV, Kuligowski ED, (2009) Simulating a building as a people movement system. J. Fire Sci. (27):343–368.CrossRef Gwynne SMV, Kuligowski ED, (2009) Simulating a building as a people movement system. J. Fire Sci. (27):343–368.CrossRef
28.
Zurück zum Zitat Boswell D, Gwynne SMV (2007) Air, fire and ICE: fire & security challenges unique to airports. Fire and Security Today, August 2007. Boswell D, Gwynne SMV (2007) Air, fire and ICE: fire & security challenges unique to airports. Fire and Security Today, August 2007.
29.
Zurück zum Zitat Gwynne SMV, Boswell DL (2009) Pre-evacuation data collected from a mid-rise evacuation exercise. J. Fire Prot. Eng. 19 (1): 5–29.CrossRef Gwynne SMV, Boswell DL (2009) Pre-evacuation data collected from a mid-rise evacuation exercise. J. Fire Prot. Eng. 19 (1): 5–29.CrossRef
30.
Zurück zum Zitat Bryan J (2002) A Selected Historical Review of Human Behavior in Fire, Fire Protection Engineering, 16, Fall. Bryan J (2002) A Selected Historical Review of Human Behavior in Fire, Fire Protection Engineering, 16, Fall.
31.
Zurück zum Zitat Bryan J (1996), Behavioral response to fire and smoke. In: DiNenno PJ, Beyer CL, Custer RLP, Walton WD, Watts JMW, Drysdale D, Hall JR (eds), The SFPE, handbook of fire protection engineering (2nd Edition). National Fire Protection Association, Quincy, MA, pp (1-241)-(1-262). Bryan J (1996), Behavioral response to fire and smoke. In: DiNenno PJ, Beyer CL, Custer RLP, Walton WD, Watts JMW, Drysdale D, Hall JR (eds), The SFPE, handbook of fire protection engineering (2nd Edition). National Fire Protection Association, Quincy, MA, pp (1-241)-(1-262).
32.
Zurück zum Zitat Ye J, Chen X, Jian N (2012) Impact analysis of human factors on pedestrian traffic characteristics. Fire Saf. J. 52: 46–34CrossRef Ye J, Chen X, Jian N (2012) Impact analysis of human factors on pedestrian traffic characteristics. Fire Saf. J. 52: 46–34CrossRef
33.
Zurück zum Zitat Pauls J (1996) Movement of people. In: DiNenno PJ, Beyer CL, Custer RLP, Walton WD, Watts JMW, Drysdale D, Hall JR (eds) The SFPE, Handbook Of Fire Protection Engineering (2nd Edition). Society of Fire Protection Engineers, NFPA, pp (3-263)–(3-285). Pauls J (1996) Movement of people. In: DiNenno PJ, Beyer CL, Custer RLP, Walton WD, Watts JMW, Drysdale D, Hall JR (eds) The SFPE, Handbook Of Fire Protection Engineering (2nd Edition). Society of Fire Protection Engineers, NFPA, pp (3-263)–(3-285).
34.
Zurück zum Zitat Fruin JJ (1987) Pedestrian planning and design. Revised Edition. Elevator World Educational Services Division, Mobile, AL. Fruin JJ (1987) Pedestrian planning and design. Revised Edition. Elevator World Educational Services Division, Mobile, AL.
35.
Zurück zum Zitat Pauls J (1980) Building evacuation research methods and case studies. In: Canter D (ed) Fires and human behaviour, Fulton, pp 227–249. Pauls J (1980) Building evacuation research methods and case studies. In: Canter D (ed) Fires and human behaviour, Fulton, pp 227–249.
36.
Zurück zum Zitat Proulx G. (2002) Movement of people: the evacuation timing In: DiNenno et al. (eds.), SFPE Handbook of Fire Protection Engineering (third ed., pp. 3-341–3-366). Society of Fire Protection Engineers, Bethesda MD Proulx G. (2002) Movement of people: the evacuation timing In: DiNenno et al. (eds.), SFPE Handbook of Fire Protection Engineering (third ed., pp. 3-341–3-366). Society of Fire Protection Engineers, Bethesda MD
37.
Zurück zum Zitat Fahy RF, Proulx G (2001) Towards creating a database on delay times to start evacuation and walking speeds for use in evacuation modeling. In: Proceedings of the second international symposium on human behavior in fire, 26/28 March 2001, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, USA. Interscience Communications (London, UK), pp175 – 179. Fahy RF, Proulx G (2001) Towards creating a database on delay times to start evacuation and walking speeds for use in evacuation modeling. In: Proceedings of the second international symposium on human behavior in fire, 26/28 March 2001, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, USA. Interscience Communications (London, UK), pp175 – 179.
38.
Zurück zum Zitat Shi L, Xie Q, Cheng X, Chen L, Zhou Y, Zhang R (2009) Developing a database for emergency evacuation model. Build. Environ. 44:1724–1729.CrossRef Shi L, Xie Q, Cheng X, Chen L, Zhou Y, Zhang R (2009) Developing a database for emergency evacuation model. Build. Environ. 44:1724–1729.CrossRef
39.
Zurück zum Zitat Bruck D (2001) The who, what, where and why of waking to fire alarms: a review. Fire Saf. J. 36 (7): 623–639.CrossRef Bruck D (2001) The who, what, where and why of waking to fire alarms: a review. Fire Saf. J. 36 (7): 623–639.CrossRef
40.
Zurück zum Zitat Bruck D, Thomas I (2007) Waking effectiveness of alarms (auditory, visual and tactile) for adults who are hard of Hearing. Fire Protection Foundation, National Fire Protection Association, June 2007. Bruck D, Thomas I (2007) Waking effectiveness of alarms (auditory, visual and tactile) for adults who are hard of Hearing. Fire Protection Foundation, National Fire Protection Association, June 2007.
41.
Zurück zum Zitat Bruck D, Thomas I, Ball M (2007) Waking Effectiveness of alarms (auditory, visual and tactile) for adults who are alcohol impaired. Fire Protection Foundation, National Fire Protection Association, June 2007. Bruck D, Thomas I, Ball M (2007) Waking Effectiveness of alarms (auditory, visual and tactile) for adults who are alcohol impaired. Fire Protection Foundation, National Fire Protection Association, June 2007.
42.
Zurück zum Zitat Proulx P McQueen C (1994) Evacuation timing in apartment buildings. National Fire Laboratory, Institute for Research in Construction, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Canada. Proulx P McQueen C (1994) Evacuation timing in apartment buildings. National Fire Laboratory, Institute for Research in Construction, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Canada.
43.
Zurück zum Zitat Gwynne SMV (2007) Optimising fire alarm notification for high risk groups: summary report. The Fire Protection Research Foundation, Quincy, MA, USA, pp 127. Gwynne SMV (2007) Optimising fire alarm notification for high risk groups: summary report. The Fire Protection Research Foundation, Quincy, MA, USA, pp 127.
44.
Zurück zum Zitat Gwynne SMV (2007) Optimising fire alarm notification for high risk groups: notification effectiveness for large groups. The Fire Protection Research Foundation, Quincy, MA, USA, pp132. Gwynne SMV (2007) Optimising fire alarm notification for high risk groups: notification effectiveness for large groups. The Fire Protection Research Foundation, Quincy, MA, USA, pp132.
45.
Zurück zum Zitat Peacock RD Hoskins BL, Kuligowski ED (2012) Overall and local movement speeds during fire drill evacuations in buildings up to 31 stories. Saf. Sci. 50:1655–1664.CrossRef Peacock RD Hoskins BL, Kuligowski ED (2012) Overall and local movement speeds during fire drill evacuations in buildings up to 31 stories. Saf. Sci. 50:1655–1664.CrossRef
46.
Zurück zum Zitat Peacock RD, Hoskins BL, Kuligowski ED (2011) Overall and local movement speeds during fire drill evacuations in buildings up to 31 stories. In: Peacock RD et al (eds) Pedestrian and evacuation dynamics. Springer Science and Business Media, DOI 10.1007/978-1-44-19-9725-8+3, pp 25–35. Peacock RD, Hoskins BL, Kuligowski ED (2011) Overall and local movement speeds during fire drill evacuations in buildings up to 31 stories. In: Peacock RD et al (eds) Pedestrian and evacuation dynamics. Springer Science and Business Media, DOI 10.​1007/​978-1-44-19-9725-8+3, pp 25–35.
47.
Zurück zum Zitat Gwynne SMV, Boswell DL, Proulx G (2009) Understanding the effectiveness of notification technologies in assisting vulnerable populations. J. Fire Prot. Eng. 19 (1): 31–49.CrossRef Gwynne SMV, Boswell DL, Proulx G (2009) Understanding the effectiveness of notification technologies in assisting vulnerable populations. J. Fire Prot. Eng. 19 (1): 31–49.CrossRef
48.
Zurück zum Zitat Sharma SB, Tabak V, Brocklehurst D, Sagun A, Bouchlaghem D (2009) A comprehensive modern approach to developing evacuation data capture/analysis and simulation tools for real world fire engineering. In: Proceedings of fourth international symposium on human behaviour in fire, Cambridge England, 2009. Interscience Communications, pp 195–206. ISBN 978-0-9556548-3-1. Sharma SB, Tabak V, Brocklehurst D, Sagun A, Bouchlaghem D (2009) A comprehensive modern approach to developing evacuation data capture/analysis and simulation tools for real world fire engineering. In: Proceedings of fourth international symposium on human behaviour in fire, Cambridge England, 2009. Interscience Communications, pp 195–206. ISBN 978-0-9556548-3-1.
49.
Zurück zum Zitat Christoffersen B, Sӧderlind C (2009) Comparison of two egress models and a full-scale experiment. In: Proceedings of the fourth international symposium on human behaviour in fire, Cambridge, England, 2009. Interscience Communications, pp 573–578, ISBN 978-0-9556548-3-1. Christoffersen B, Sӧderlind C (2009) Comparison of two egress models and a full-scale experiment. In: Proceedings of the fourth international symposium on human behaviour in fire, Cambridge, England, 2009. Interscience Communications, pp 573–578, ISBN 978-0-9556548-3-1.
50.
Zurück zum Zitat Sime JD, Gartshore PJ (1987) Evacuating a wheelchair user down a stairway: a case study of assisted escape. In: Harvey J, Henning D (eds) Proceedings Environmental Design Research Association Conference, Ottawa, Canada, pp 128–133. Sime JD, Gartshore PJ (1987) Evacuating a wheelchair user down a stairway: a case study of assisted escape. In: Harvey J, Henning D (eds) Proceedings Environmental Design Research Association Conference, Ottawa, Canada, pp 128–133.
51.
Zurück zum Zitat Proulx G, Bénichou N (2008) Evacuation movement in photoluminescent stairwells. In: Kingsch WWF, Rogsch C, Schadschneider A, Schreckenberg M (eds) Pedestrian and evacuation dynamics. ISBN 978-3-632-04503-5 (print) 978-3-642-04504-2 (on-line), pp 25–42. Proulx G, Bénichou N (2008) Evacuation movement in photoluminescent stairwells. In: Kingsch WWF, Rogsch C, Schadschneider A, Schreckenberg M (eds) Pedestrian and evacuation dynamics. ISBN 978-3-632-04503-5 (print) 978-3-642-04504-2 (on-line), pp 25–42.
52.
Zurück zum Zitat Purser D (2008) Comparison of evacuation efficiency and pre-travel activity times in response to a sounder and two different voice alarm messages. In: Kingsch WWF, Rogsch C, Schadschneider A, Schreckenberg M (eds) Pedestrian and evacuation dynamics. ISBN 978-3-632-04503-5 (print) 978-3-642-04504-2 (on-line), pp 121–134. Purser D (2008) Comparison of evacuation efficiency and pre-travel activity times in response to a sounder and two different voice alarm messages. In: Kingsch WWF, Rogsch C, Schadschneider A, Schreckenberg M (eds) Pedestrian and evacuation dynamics. ISBN 978-3-632-04503-5 (print) 978-3-642-04504-2 (on-line), pp 121–134.
53.
Zurück zum Zitat Peacock RD, Averill JD, Kuligowski ED (2008) Stairwell evacuation from buildings: what we know we don’t know. In: Kingsch WWF, Rogsch, Schadschneider A, Schreckenberg M (eds) Pedestrian and evacuation dynamics. ISBN 978-3-632-04503-5 (print) 978-3-642-04504-2 (on-line), pp 55–66. Peacock RD, Averill JD, Kuligowski ED (2008) Stairwell evacuation from buildings: what we know we don’t know. In: Kingsch WWF, Rogsch, Schadschneider A, Schreckenberg M (eds) Pedestrian and evacuation dynamics. ISBN 978-3-632-04503-5 (print) 978-3-642-04504-2 (on-line), pp 55–66.
54.
Zurück zum Zitat Purser DA, Raggio AJT (1995) Behaviour of crowds when subjected to fire intelligence, Building Research Establishment Report CR 143/95. Building Research Establishment Ltd, Garston, Watford, UK. Purser DA, Raggio AJT (1995) Behaviour of crowds when subjected to fire intelligence, Building Research Establishment Report CR 143/95. Building Research Establishment Ltd, Garston, Watford, UK.
55.
Zurück zum Zitat Fahy R, Proulx G (1997) Human behavior in the World Trade Center evacuation. In: Hasemi Y (ed) Fire safety science – proceedings of the fifth international symposium. International Association Fire Safety Science, pp 713–724. Fahy R, Proulx G (1997) Human behavior in the World Trade Center evacuation. In: Hasemi Y (ed) Fire safety science – proceedings of the fifth international symposium. International Association Fire Safety Science, pp 713–724.
56.
Zurück zum Zitat Brennan P (1997) Timing human response in real fires. In: Hasemi Y (ed) Fire safety science – proceedings of the fifth international symposium. International Association Fire Safety Science, pp 807–818. Brennan P (1997) Timing human response in real fires. In: Hasemi Y (ed) Fire safety science – proceedings of the fifth international symposium. International Association Fire Safety Science, pp 807–818.
57.
Zurück zum Zitat Proulx G, Fahy R (1997) The time delay to start evacuation: review of five case studies. In: Hasemi Y (ed) Fire safety science – proceedings of the fifth international symposium. International Association Fire Safety Science, pp 783–94. Proulx G, Fahy R (1997) The time delay to start evacuation: review of five case studies. In: Hasemi Y (ed) Fire safety science – proceedings of the fifth international symposium. International Association Fire Safety Science, pp 783–94.
58.
Zurück zum Zitat Proulx G, Kaufmann A, Pineau J (1996) Evacuation time and movement in office Buildings. Internal Report IRC-IR 711, Institute for Research in Construction, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, Canada, 74 pp. Proulx G, Kaufmann A, Pineau J (1996) Evacuation time and movement in office Buildings. Internal Report IRC-IR 711, Institute for Research in Construction, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, Canada, 74 pp.
59.
Zurück zum Zitat Shields TJ, Smyth B, Boyce KE, Silcock GWH (1998) Evacuation behaviours of occupants with learning difficulties in residential homes. In: Proceedings of the first international symposium on human behaviour in fire, Belfast 1998. University of Ulster, pp 369–377. ISBN 1 85923 103 9. Shields TJ, Smyth B, Boyce KE, Silcock GWH (1998) Evacuation behaviours of occupants with learning difficulties in residential homes. In: Proceedings of the first international symposium on human behaviour in fire, Belfast 1998. University of Ulster, pp 369–377. ISBN 1 85923 103 9.
60.
Zurück zum Zitat Proulx G (1995) Evacuation time and movement in apartment buildings, Fire Saf. J. 24(3), pp. 229–246.CrossRef Proulx G (1995) Evacuation time and movement in apartment buildings, Fire Saf. J. 24(3), pp. 229–246.CrossRef
61.
Zurück zum Zitat Proulx, G. (1994a), The Time Delay to Start Evacuating Upon Hearing a Fire Alarm, Proceedings of Human Factors and Ergonomics Society, 38th Annual Meeting. Proulx, G. (1994a), The Time Delay to Start Evacuating Upon Hearing a Fire Alarm, Proceedings of Human Factors and Ergonomics Society, 38th Annual Meeting.
62.
Zurück zum Zitat Nilsson D, Frantzich H (2008) Design of voice alarms – the benefit of mentioning fire and the use of a synthetic voice. In: Kingsch WWF, Rogsch C, Schadschneider A, Schreckenberg M (eds) Pedestrian and Evacuation Dynamics. ISBN 978-3-632-04503-5 (print) 978-3-642-04504-2 (on-line), pp 135–144. Nilsson D, Frantzich H (2008) Design of voice alarms – the benefit of mentioning fire and the use of a synthetic voice. In: Kingsch WWF, Rogsch C, Schadschneider A, Schreckenberg M (eds) Pedestrian and Evacuation Dynamics. ISBN 978-3-632-04503-5 (print) 978-3-642-04504-2 (on-line), pp 135–144.
63.
Zurück zum Zitat Samochine DA, Boyce K, Shields J (2005) An investigation into staff behaviour in unannounced evacuations of retail stores – implications for training and fire safety engineering. In: Gottuk DT, Lattimer BY (eds) Fire safety science – proceedings of the eight international symposium. International Association Fire Safety Science, pp 519–530. Samochine DA, Boyce K, Shields J (2005) An investigation into staff behaviour in unannounced evacuations of retail stores – implications for training and fire safety engineering. In: Gottuk DT, Lattimer BY (eds) Fire safety science – proceedings of the eight international symposium. International Association Fire Safety Science, pp 519–530.
64.
Zurück zum Zitat Frantzich H (2001) Occupant behaviour and response time – results from evacuation experiments. In: Proceedings of the second international symposium on human behaviour in fire, 2001, Massachusettes. Interscience Communications, 2001, pp 159–166. ISBN 0 9 5 3 2312 6 7. Frantzich H (2001) Occupant behaviour and response time – results from evacuation experiments. In: Proceedings of the second international symposium on human behaviour in fire, 2001, Massachusettes. Interscience Communications, 2001, pp 159–166. ISBN 0 9 5 3 2312 6 7.
65.
Zurück zum Zitat Shields TJ, Boyce KE (2000) A study of evacuation from large retail stores. Fire Saf. J. 35 (1): 25–49.CrossRef Shields TJ, Boyce KE (2000) A study of evacuation from large retail stores. Fire Saf. J. 35 (1): 25–49.CrossRef
66.
Zurück zum Zitat Frantzich H, Nilsson D (2009) Evacuation in complex environments – an analysis of evacuation conditions in a nuclear power plant and a tunnel construction site. In: Proceedings of the fourth international symposium on human behaviour in fire, Cambridge England, 2009. Interscience Communications, pp 207–218. ISBN 978-0-9556548-3-1. Frantzich H, Nilsson D (2009) Evacuation in complex environments – an analysis of evacuation conditions in a nuclear power plant and a tunnel construction site. In: Proceedings of the fourth international symposium on human behaviour in fire, Cambridge England, 2009. Interscience Communications, pp 207–218. ISBN 978-0-9556548-3-1.
67.
Zurück zum Zitat Kholshevnikov VV, Samoshin DA, Parfyonenko AP, Belosokov IP (2012) Study of children evacuation from pre-school education institutions. Fire Mater. 36: 349–366. DOI: 10.1002/fam.2152, John Wiley and Sons Ltd. Kholshevnikov VV, Samoshin DA, Parfyonenko AP, Belosokov IP (2012) Study of children evacuation from pre-school education institutions. Fire Mater. 36: 349–366. DOI: 10.​1002/​fam.​2152, John Wiley and Sons Ltd.
68.
Zurück zum Zitat Galea, E.R., Filippidis, L.,Sharp, G.,Deere, S.,and Sauter,M. (2012) Investigating the impact of culture on evacuation response phase behaviour – the project BeSeCu evacuation experiments (2nd Edition). CMS Press, 12/IM/160,978-1-904521-78-5. Galea, E.R., Filippidis, L.,Sharp, G.,Deere, S.,and Sauter,M. (2012) Investigating the impact of culture on evacuation response phase behaviour – the project BeSeCu evacuation experiments (2nd Edition). CMS Press, 12/IM/160,978-1-904521-78-5.
69.
Zurück zum Zitat Capote JA, Alvear D, Abreu O, Cuesta A, Hernando J (2012) Children evacuation: empirical data and egress modeling. In: Proceedings of fifth international symposium human behaviour in fire, Downing College Cambridge, 19th – 21st September 2012. Interscience Communications, pp 109–119. Capote JA, Alvear D, Abreu O, Cuesta A, Hernando J (2012) Children evacuation: empirical data and egress modeling. In: Proceedings of fifth international symposium human behaviour in fire, Downing College Cambridge, 19th – 21st September 2012. Interscience Communications, pp 109–119.
70.
Zurück zum Zitat Galea ER, Sharp G, Sauter M, Deere S, Filippidis L (2012) Investigating the impact of culture on evacuation behaviour – a Polish data set. In: Proceedings of fifth international symposium human behaviour in fire, Downing College Cambridge 19–21 September 2012. Interscience Communications, pp 62–73. Galea ER, Sharp G, Sauter M, Deere S, Filippidis L (2012) Investigating the impact of culture on evacuation behaviour – a Polish data set. In: Proceedings of fifth international symposium human behaviour in fire, Downing College Cambridge 19–21 September 2012. Interscience Communications, pp 62–73.
71.
Zurück zum Zitat Galea ER, Saute M, Deere SJ, Filippidis L (2011) Investing the impact of culture on evacuation behaviour – A Turkish data set. In: Spearpoint M (ed) Fire science – proceedings of the tenth international symposium, International Association Fire Safety Science, pp 709–722. Galea ER, Saute M, Deere SJ, Filippidis L (2011) Investing the impact of culture on evacuation behaviour – A Turkish data set. In: Spearpoint M (ed) Fire science – proceedings of the tenth international symposium, International Association Fire Safety Science, pp 709–722.
72.
Zurück zum Zitat Galea ER, Deere S, Sharp G, Filippidis L, Hulse L (2010) Investigating the impact of culture on evacuation behavior. In: Proceedings of the twelfth international conference Interflam 2010, Vol 1, pp 879–892. Interscience Communications, ISBN 978-0-9541216-5-5. Galea ER, Deere S, Sharp G, Filippidis L, Hulse L (2010) Investigating the impact of culture on evacuation behavior. In: Proceedings of the twelfth international conference Interflam 2010, Vol 1, pp 879–892. Interscience Communications, ISBN 978-0-9541216-5-5.
73.
Zurück zum Zitat Kholshevnikov VV, Samoshin DA, Parfenenko A P (2009) Pre-school and school children building evacuation. In: Proceedings of the fourth international symposium on human behaviour in fire, Cambridge England, 2009. Interscience Communications, pp 243–254. ISBN 978-0-9556548-3-1. Kholshevnikov VV, Samoshin DA, Parfenenko A P (2009) Pre-school and school children building evacuation. In: Proceedings of the fourth international symposium on human behaviour in fire, Cambridge England, 2009. Interscience Communications, pp 243–254. ISBN 978-0-9556548-3-1.
74.
Zurück zum Zitat Tavares RM, Gwynne S, Galea ER (2006) Collection and analysis of pre-evacuation time data collected from evacuation trials conducted in library facilities in Brazil. J App. Fire Sci. 15 (1): 23–40.CrossRef Tavares RM, Gwynne S, Galea ER (2006) Collection and analysis of pre-evacuation time data collected from evacuation trials conducted in library facilities in Brazil. J App. Fire Sci. 15 (1): 23–40.CrossRef
75.
Zurück zum Zitat Gwynne, S, Galea, ER, Parke J, Hickson J (2003) The collection and analysis of pre-evacuation times derived from evacuation trials and their application to evacuation modeling. Fire Tech. 39 (2):173–195.CrossRef Gwynne, S, Galea, ER, Parke J, Hickson J (2003) The collection and analysis of pre-evacuation times derived from evacuation trials and their application to evacuation modeling. Fire Tech. 39 (2):173–195.CrossRef
76.
Zurück zum Zitat Gwynne S, Galea ER, Parke J, Hickson J (2002) The collection of pre-evacuation times from evacuation trials involving a hospital outpatient facility. In: Evans DD (ed) Proceedings of the seventh international symposium fire safety science. International Association Fire Safety Science, pp 877–888. Gwynne S, Galea ER, Parke J, Hickson J (2002) The collection of pre-evacuation times from evacuation trials involving a hospital outpatient facility. In: Evans DD (ed) Proceedings of the seventh international symposium fire safety science. International Association Fire Safety Science, pp 877–888.
77.
Zurück zum Zitat Olsson PÅ, Regan MA (1998), A comparison between actual and predicated evacuation times. In: Proceedings of the first international symposium on human behaviour in fire. University of Ulster, pp 461–468. ISBN 1 85923 103 9. Olsson PÅ, Regan MA (1998), A comparison between actual and predicated evacuation times. In: Proceedings of the first international symposium on human behaviour in fire. University of Ulster, pp 461–468. ISBN 1 85923 103 9.
78.
Zurück zum Zitat Olsson PÅ, Regan MA (2001) A comparison between actual and predicted evacuation times Saf. Sci. 38 (2) pp. 139–145. Olsson PÅ, Regan MA (2001) A comparison between actual and predicted evacuation times Saf. Sci. 38 (2) pp. 139–145.
79.
Zurück zum Zitat Tancogne-Dejean M, Colina H, Ilsbrock D, Van Niel K (2009) Evacuation drills of a cinema auditorium. In: Proceedings of the fourth international symposium on human behaviour in fire, Cambridge England, 2009. Interscience Communications, pp 645–657. ISBN 978-0-9556548-3- Tancogne-Dejean M, Colina H, Ilsbrock D, Van Niel K (2009) Evacuation drills of a cinema auditorium. In: Proceedings of the fourth international symposium on human behaviour in fire, Cambridge England, 2009. Interscience Communications, pp 645–657. ISBN 978-0-9556548-3-
80.
Zurück zum Zitat Brown R, Galea E, Deere S, Filippidis L (2012) Response time data for large passenger ferries and cruise ships. In: Proceedings of fifth international symposium human behaviour in fire, Downing College Cambridge 19–21 September 2012. Interscience Communications, pp 460–471. Brown R, Galea E, Deere S, Filippidis L (2012) Response time data for large passenger ferries and cruise ships. In: Proceedings of fifth international symposium human behaviour in fire, Downing College Cambridge 19–21 September 2012. Interscience Communications, pp 460–471.
81.
Zurück zum Zitat Proulx G, Sime JD (1991) To Prevent ‘Panic’ in an Underground Emergency: Why Not Tell People the Truth? In: Cox G, Langford B (eds) Fire safety science – proceedings of the third international symposium. International Association Fire Safety Science, pp 843–852. Proulx G, Sime JD (1991) To Prevent ‘Panic’ in an Underground Emergency: Why Not Tell People the Truth? In: Cox G, Langford B (eds) Fire safety science – proceedings of the third international symposium. International Association Fire Safety Science, pp 843–852.
82.
Zurück zum Zitat Gwynne S (2006) Emergency show and tell: the use of audible and visual notification systems. Int. Fire Prot. Mag. November 2006. Gwynne S (2006) Emergency show and tell: the use of audible and visual notification systems. Int. Fire Prot. Mag. November 2006.
83.
Zurück zum Zitat Gwynne SMV, Boswell D (2007) Integrating fire safety and security into movement management. Fire and Secur. Today, January/February 2007, pp. 38–45. Gwynne SMV, Boswell D (2007) Integrating fire safety and security into movement management. Fire and Secur. Today, January/February 2007, pp. 38–45.
84.
Zurück zum Zitat Latane B, Darley J (1970) The unresponsive bystander: why doesn’t he help? New York, NY: Appleton-Century Crofts. Latane B, Darley J (1970) The unresponsive bystander: why doesn’t he help? New York, NY: Appleton-Century Crofts.
85.
Zurück zum Zitat Deutsch M, Gerard HB (1955) A study of normative and informational social influences upon individual judgment. J. Abnorm. Soc. Psychol. 51(3): 629–636.CrossRef Deutsch M, Gerard HB (1955) A study of normative and informational social influences upon individual judgment. J. Abnorm. Soc. Psychol. 51(3): 629–636.CrossRef
86.
Zurück zum Zitat Bruck D, Ball M (2005) Sleep and fire: who is at risk and can the risk be reduced? In: Gottuk DT, Latimer BY (eds) Fire safety science – proceedings of the eighth international symposium. International Association of Fire Safety Science, pp 37–51. Bruck D, Ball M (2005) Sleep and fire: who is at risk and can the risk be reduced? In: Gottuk DT, Latimer BY (eds) Fire safety science – proceedings of the eighth international symposium. International Association of Fire Safety Science, pp 37–51.
87.
Zurück zum Zitat Thomas I, Bruck D (2008a) Strobe lights, pillow shakers and bed shakers as smoke alarm signals. In: Karlsson B (ed) Fire safety science – proceedings of the ninth international symposium fire safety science. International Association for Fire Safety Science, pp 415–424. Thomas I, Bruck D (2008a) Strobe lights, pillow shakers and bed shakers as smoke alarm signals. In: Karlsson B (ed) Fire safety science – proceedings of the ninth international symposium fire safety science. International Association for Fire Safety Science, pp 415–424.
88.
Zurück zum Zitat Bruck D, Thomas IR (2009) Community based research on the effectiveness of the home smoke alarm in waking children. In: Proceedings of the fourth human behavior in fire symposium, Cambridge. Interscience Communications, pp 335–344. Bruck D, Thomas IR (2009) Community based research on the effectiveness of the home smoke alarm in waking children. In: Proceedings of the fourth human behavior in fire symposium, Cambridge. Interscience Communications, pp 335–344.
89.
Zurück zum Zitat Bruck D, Thomas I (2008) Comparison of the effectiveness of different fire notification signals in sleeping older adults. Fire Technol. 44 (1): 15–38.CrossRef Bruck D, Thomas I (2008) Comparison of the effectiveness of different fire notification signals in sleeping older adults. Fire Technol. 44 (1): 15–38.CrossRef
90.
Zurück zum Zitat Thomas I, Bruck D (2010) Awakening of sleeping people: a decade of research. Fire Technol. 46 (3): 743–761.CrossRef Thomas I, Bruck D (2010) Awakening of sleeping people: a decade of research. Fire Technol. 46 (3): 743–761.CrossRef
91.
Zurück zum Zitat Smith G, Splaingard M, Hayes J, Xiang H (2006) Comparison of a personalized parent voice smoke alarm with conventional residential tone smoke alarm for awakening children. Pediatr. 118:1623–1632. Doi:10.1542/peds.2006-0125. Smith G, Splaingard M, Hayes J, Xiang H (2006) Comparison of a personalized parent voice smoke alarm with conventional residential tone smoke alarm for awakening children. Pediatr. 118:1623–1632. Doi:10.​1542/​peds.​2006-0125.
92.
Zurück zum Zitat Ashley E, Du Bois J, Klassen M, Roby R (2005) Waking effectiveness of audible, visual and vibratory emergency alarms across all hearing levels. In: Gottuk DT, Lattimer BY (eds) Fire safety science – proceedings of the eighth international symposium. International Association for Fire Safety Science, (poster presentation). Ashley E, Du Bois J, Klassen M, Roby R (2005) Waking effectiveness of audible, visual and vibratory emergency alarms across all hearing levels. In: Gottuk DT, Lattimer BY (eds) Fire safety science – proceedings of the eighth international symposium. International Association for Fire Safety Science, (poster presentation).
93.
Zurück zum Zitat Du Bois J, Ashley E, Klassen M, Roby R (2005) Waking effectiveness of audible, visual and vibratory emergency alarms on people of all hearing abilities. Paper presented at Accessible Emergency Notification and Communication: State of the Science Conference, Gallaudet University Washington DC, November 2–3 2005. Accessed online 18 September 2012 <http://www.silentcall.com/strobe-vs-shaker.pdf.> Du Bois J, Ashley E, Klassen M, Roby R (2005) Waking effectiveness of audible, visual and vibratory emergency alarms on people of all hearing abilities. Paper presented at Accessible Emergency Notification and Communication: State of the Science Conference, Gallaudet University Washington DC, November 2–3 2005. Accessed online 18 September 2012 <http://​www.​silentcall.​com/​strobe-vs-shaker.​pdf.>
94.
Zurück zum Zitat Ball M, Bruck D (2004a) The salience of fire alarm signals for sleeping individuals. In: Proceedings of the third human behavior in fire symposium (Belfast), Interscience Communications, London pp 303–314. Ball M, Bruck D (2004a) The salience of fire alarm signals for sleeping individuals. In: Proceedings of the third human behavior in fire symposium (Belfast), Interscience Communications, London pp 303–314.
95.
Zurück zum Zitat Bruck D, Reid S, Kouzma J, Ball M (2004) The effectiveness of different alarms in waking sleeping children. In: Proceedings of the third international symposium human behavior in fire (Belfast), Interscience Communications, London pp 279–290. Bruck D, Reid S, Kouzma J, Ball M (2004) The effectiveness of different alarms in waking sleeping children. In: Proceedings of the third international symposium human behavior in fire (Belfast), Interscience Communications, London pp 279–290.
96.
Zurück zum Zitat Ball M, Bruck D (2004b) The effect of alcohol upon response to different fire alarm signals. In: Proceedings of the Third Human Behavior in Fire Conference (Belfast), Interscience Communications, London pp 291–302. Ball M, Bruck D (2004b) The effect of alcohol upon response to different fire alarm signals. In: Proceedings of the Third Human Behavior in Fire Conference (Belfast), Interscience Communications, London pp 291–302.
97.
Zurück zum Zitat Bruck D, Bliss RA (2000) Sleeping children and smoke alarms, In: Yamada T (ed) Proceedings of the fourth Asia-Oceania symposium on fire science and technology, Asia-Oceania Association for Fire and Technology, Tokyo, pp 602–613. Bruck D, Bliss RA (2000) Sleeping children and smoke alarms, In: Yamada T (ed) Proceedings of the fourth Asia-Oceania symposium on fire science and technology, Asia-Oceania Association for Fire and Technology, Tokyo, pp 602–613.
98.
Zurück zum Zitat Bruck D (1999) Non-awakening in children in response to a smoke detector alarm. Fire Saf. J. 32(4): 369–376.CrossRef Bruck D (1999) Non-awakening in children in response to a smoke detector alarm. Fire Saf. J. 32(4): 369–376.CrossRef
99.
Zurück zum Zitat Bruck D, Horasan M (1995) Non-arousal and non-action of normal sleepers in response to a smoke detector alarm, Fire Saf. J. 25(2):125–139.CrossRef Bruck D, Horasan M (1995) Non-arousal and non-action of normal sleepers in response to a smoke detector alarm, Fire Saf. J. 25(2):125–139.CrossRef
100.
Zurück zum Zitat Kahn MJ (1984) Human awakening and subsequent identification of fire-related cues. Fire Technol. 20 (1): 20–26.CrossRef Kahn MJ (1984) Human awakening and subsequent identification of fire-related cues. Fire Technol. 20 (1): 20–26.CrossRef
101.
Zurück zum Zitat Zepelin H, McDonald CS, Zammit GK (1984) Effects of age on auditory awakening. J Gerontol. 39(3): 294–300.CrossRef Zepelin H, McDonald CS, Zammit GK (1984) Effects of age on auditory awakening. J Gerontol. 39(3): 294–300.CrossRef
102.
Zurück zum Zitat Nober EH, Peirce H, Well A (1983) Waking effectiveness of household smoke and fire detection devices, Fire J. 75: 86–91. Nober EH, Peirce H, Well A (1983) Waking effectiveness of household smoke and fire detection devices, Fire J. 75: 86–91.
103.
Zurück zum Zitat Pearson RG, Joost MG (1983) Egress behaviour response times of handicapped and elderly subjects to simulated residential fire situations. Report No PB83-222695. National Bureau of Standards, Department of Commerce, Washington D.C. Pearson RG, Joost MG (1983) Egress behaviour response times of handicapped and elderly subjects to simulated residential fire situations. Report No PB83-222695. National Bureau of Standards, Department of Commerce, Washington D.C.
104.
Zurück zum Zitat Shields TJ (1993) Fire and disabled people in buildings. Building Research Establishment Report BR231, ISBN 0 85125 546 9. Shields TJ (1993) Fire and disabled people in buildings. Building Research Establishment Report BR231, ISBN 0 85125 546 9.
106.
Zurück zum Zitat Predtechenskii VM, Milinskii AI (1978), Planning for foot traffic in buildings, Stroizdat Publishers, Moscow (1969). English translation published for the National Bureau of Standards and the National Science Foundation, Amerind Publishing Co., New Delhi, India. Predtechenskii VM, Milinskii AI (1978), Planning for foot traffic in buildings, Stroizdat Publishers, Moscow (1969). English translation published for the National Bureau of Standards and the National Science Foundation, Amerind Publishing Co., New Delhi, India.
107.
Zurück zum Zitat Nelson HE, MacLennan HA (1996) Emergency Movement. In: DiNenno PJ et al (eds) The SFPE Handbook of Fire Protection Engineering, 2nd ed. National Fire Protection Association, Quincy, MA, pp. 3-286–3-295. Nelson HE, MacLennan HA (1996) Emergency Movement. In: DiNenno PJ et al (eds) The SFPE Handbook of Fire Protection Engineering, 2nd ed. National Fire Protection Association, Quincy, MA, pp. 3-286–3-295.
108.
Zurück zum Zitat Pretorius M (2012) Personal Communication. Pretorius M (2012) Personal Communication.
109.
Zurück zum Zitat Kholshevnikov VV, Shields TJ, Boyce KE, Samoshin DA (2008) Recent developments in pedestrian flow theory and research in Russia. Fire Saf. J. 43(2):108–118.CrossRef Kholshevnikov VV, Shields TJ, Boyce KE, Samoshin DA (2008) Recent developments in pedestrian flow theory and research in Russia. Fire Saf. J. 43(2):108–118.CrossRef
110.
Zurück zum Zitat Still K (2000) Crowd dynamics. PhD Dissertation, University of Warwick, United Kingdom. Still K (2000) Crowd dynamics. PhD Dissertation, University of Warwick, United Kingdom.
111.
Zurück zum Zitat Smith R A (1993) Volume flow rates of densely packed crowds. In: Smith RA, Dickie JF (eds) Engineering for crowd safety. Elsevier, pp313–319. ISBN 0444899200. Smith R A (1993) Volume flow rates of densely packed crowds. In: Smith RA, Dickie JF (eds) Engineering for crowd safety. Elsevier, pp313–319. ISBN 0444899200.
112.
Zurück zum Zitat Tubbs J, Meacham B (2007) Egress design solutions: a guide to evacuation and crowd management planning. Wiley. Tubbs J, Meacham B (2007) Egress design solutions: a guide to evacuation and crowd management planning. Wiley.
113.
Zurück zum Zitat Thompson PA (1994) Developing new techniques for modelling crowd movement. Phd Dissertation, University Of Edinburgh, Scotland. Thompson PA (1994) Developing new techniques for modelling crowd movement. Phd Dissertation, University Of Edinburgh, Scotland.
114.
Zurück zum Zitat Graat E, Midden C, Bockholts P (1999) Complex evacuation: effects of motivation level and slope of stairs on emergency egress time in a sports stadium, Safe.Sci. 31:127–141. Graat E, Midden C, Bockholts P (1999) Complex evacuation: effects of motivation level and slope of stairs on emergency egress time in a sports stadium, Safe.Sci. 31:127–141.
115.
Zurück zum Zitat Lord J, Meacham B, Moore A, Fahy RF, Proulx G (2005) Guide for evaluating the predictive capabilities of computer egress models. Report No. NIST GCR 07-886. National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD. Lord J, Meacham B, Moore A, Fahy RF, Proulx G (2005) Guide for evaluating the predictive capabilities of computer egress models. Report No. NIST GCR 07-886. National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD.
116.
Zurück zum Zitat Daamen W (2004) Modelling passenger flows in public transport facilities. Thesis Series, T2004/6, The Netherlands TRAIL Research School, DUP Science. Daamen W (2004) Modelling passenger flows in public transport facilities. Thesis Series, T2004/6, The Netherlands TRAIL Research School, DUP Science.
117.
Zurück zum Zitat Teknomo K (2002) Microscopic pedestrian flow characteristics: development of an image processing data, collection and simulation model. PhD Dissertation, Tohoku University, Japan. Teknomo K (2002) Microscopic pedestrian flow characteristics: development of an image processing data, collection and simulation model. PhD Dissertation, Tohoku University, Japan.
118.
Zurück zum Zitat Helbing D, Johansson A (2010) Pedestrian, crowd and evacuation dynamics. Encyclopedia of Complexity and Systems Science 16, 6476–6495. Helbing D, Johansson A (2010) Pedestrian, crowd and evacuation dynamics. Encyclopedia of Complexity and Systems Science 16, 6476–6495.
119.
Zurück zum Zitat Al-Gadhi SAH (1996) A review study of crowd behavior and movement. j.King Saud University. Eng. Sci. 8(1):77–108 (AH 1416/1996). Al-Gadhi SAH (1996) A review study of crowd behavior and movement. j.King Saud University. Eng. Sci. 8(1):77–108 (AH 1416/1996).
120.
Zurück zum Zitat Brocklehurst D (2005) People flow modeling. Dissertation, Loughborough University, UK. Brocklehurst D (2005) People flow modeling. Dissertation, Loughborough University, UK.
121.
Zurück zum Zitat Daamen W, Hoogendoorn SP (2012) Emergency door capacity: influence of door width, population composition and stress level. Fire Technol. 48:p 55–71. Daamen W, Hoogendoorn SP (2012) Emergency door capacity: influence of door width, population composition and stress level. Fire Technol. 48:p 55–71.
122.
Zurück zum Zitat Schadschneider A, Klingsch W, Klupfel H, Kretz T, Rogsch C, Seyfried A (2008) Evacuation dynamics: empirical results, modeling and applications. Encyclopedia of complexity and system science. Springer, Berlin, 2008. Schadschneider A, Klingsch W, Klupfel H, Kretz T, Rogsch C, Seyfried A (2008) Evacuation dynamics: empirical results, modeling and applications. Encyclopedia of complexity and system science. Springer, Berlin, 2008.
123.
Zurück zum Zitat Brocklehurst D, Green MG, Bouchlaghem D, Pitfield DE, Still K (2004) Capacity flows on stadia stairs; potential for low flow rate systems. In: Proceedings of third international symposium human behaviour in Fire, Belfast, UK, 1–3 September 2004. Interscience Communications, pp 489–494. Brocklehurst D, Green MG, Bouchlaghem D, Pitfield DE, Still K (2004) Capacity flows on stadia stairs; potential for low flow rate systems. In: Proceedings of third international symposium human behaviour in Fire, Belfast, UK, 1–3 September 2004. Interscience Communications, pp 489–494.
124.
Zurück zum Zitat Hostikka S, Paloposki T, Rinne T, Saari J, Korhonen T, Heliövaara S (2007) Evacuation experiments in offices and public buildings. VTT, Working Papers 85. Hostikka S, Paloposki T, Rinne T, Saari J, Korhonen T, Heliövaara S (2007) Evacuation experiments in offices and public buildings. VTT, Working Papers 85.
125.
Zurück zum Zitat Rinne T, Tillander K, Grönberg P (2010) Data collection and analysis of evacuation situations, VTT Tiedotteita Research Notes 2562, VTT, Finland. ISBN 978-951-38-7673-9. Rinne T, Tillander K, Grönberg P (2010) Data collection and analysis of evacuation situations, VTT Tiedotteita Research Notes 2562, VTT, Finland. ISBN 978-951-38-7673-9.
126.
Zurück zum Zitat Helbing D, Johansson A, Al-Abideen H Z (2007) The dynamics of crowd disasters: An empirical study. Phys. Rev. E 75, 046109. Helbing D, Johansson A, Al-Abideen H Z (2007) The dynamics of crowd disasters: An empirical study. Phys. Rev. E 75, 046109.
127.
Zurück zum Zitat Schultz M, Schulz C, Fricke H (2008) Passenger dynamics at airport environment. In: Kingsch WWF, Rogsch C, Schadschneider A, Schreckenberg M (eds) Pedestrian and evacuation dynamics. ISBN 978-3-632-04503-5 (print) 978-3-642-04504-2 (on-line), pp 381–396. Schultz M, Schulz C, Fricke H (2008) Passenger dynamics at airport environment. In: Kingsch WWF, Rogsch C, Schadschneider A, Schreckenberg M (eds) Pedestrian and evacuation dynamics. ISBN 978-3-632-04503-5 (print) 978-3-642-04504-2 (on-line), pp 381–396.
128.
Zurück zum Zitat Ono R, Valentin M, Vittorino F (2012) Walking speed data of fire drills at an elementary school. In: Proceedings of fifth international symposium human behaviour in fire, Downing College Cambridge, 19th–21st September 2012. Interscience Communications, pp 98–108. Ono R, Valentin M, Vittorino F (2012) Walking speed data of fire drills at an elementary school. In: Proceedings of fifth international symposium human behaviour in fire, Downing College Cambridge, 19th–21st September 2012. Interscience Communications, pp 98–108.
129.
Zurück zum Zitat Zanlungo F, Chigodo, Y. Ikeda, T. and Kanda, T. (2012) Experimental study and modelling of pedestrian space occupation and motion pattern in a real world environment, Paper presented at 6th Pedestrian and Evacuation Dynamics Symposium, 6th–8th June 2012, Zurich. Zanlungo F, Chigodo, Y. Ikeda, T. and Kanda, T. (2012) Experimental study and modelling of pedestrian space occupation and motion pattern in a real world environment, Paper presented at 6th Pedestrian and Evacuation Dynamics Symposium, 6th–8th June 2012, Zurich.
130.
Zurück zum Zitat Lárusdóttir AR, Dederichs A (2011) A step towards including children’s evacuation parameters and behaviour in fire safe building design. In: Spearpoint M (ed) Proceedings of the tenth international symposium fire safety science. International Association for Fire Safety Science, ISBN 1817-4299, pp 187–185. Lárusdóttir AR, Dederichs A (2011) A step towards including children’s evacuation parameters and behaviour in fire safe building design. In: Spearpoint M (ed) Proceedings of the tenth international symposium fire safety science. International Association for Fire Safety Science, ISBN 1817-4299, pp 187–185.
131.
Zurück zum Zitat Lárusdóttir AR, Dederichs A (2011) Evacuation dynamics of children – walking speeds, flows through doors in day-care centres. In: Peacock et al (eds) Pedestrian and Evacuation Dynamics, Springer Science and Business Media, DOI 10.1007/978-1-44-19-9725-8+3, pp 139–147. Lárusdóttir AR, Dederichs A (2011) Evacuation dynamics of children – walking speeds, flows through doors in day-care centres. In: Peacock et al (eds) Pedestrian and Evacuation Dynamics, Springer Science and Business Media, DOI 10.​1007/​978-1-44-19-9725-8+3, pp 139–147.
132.
Zurück zum Zitat Winkens A, Kingsch W (2011) New data for human performance in planar corridors. In: Peacock RD et al (eds) Pedestrian and evacuation dynamics. Springer Science and Business Media, DOI 10.1007/978-1-44-19-9725-8+3, pp 61–70. Winkens A, Kingsch W (2011) New data for human performance in planar corridors. In: Peacock RD et al (eds) Pedestrian and evacuation dynamics. Springer Science and Business Media, DOI 10.​1007/​978-1-44-19-9725-8+3, pp 61–70.
133.
Zurück zum Zitat Yeo SK, He Y (2009) Commuter characteristics in mass rapid transit stations in Singapore. Fire Saf. J. 44: 183–191.CrossRef Yeo SK, He Y (2009) Commuter characteristics in mass rapid transit stations in Singapore. Fire Saf. J. 44: 183–191.CrossRef
134.
Zurück zum Zitat Fang Z, Yuan JP, Wang YC, Lo SM (2008) Survey of pedestrian movement and development of a crowd dynamics model. Fire Saf. J. 43: 459–465. Fang Z, Yuan JP, Wang YC, Lo SM (2008) Survey of pedestrian movement and development of a crowd dynamics model. Fire Saf. J. 43: 459–465.
135.
Zurück zum Zitat Wong LT, Cheung TF (2006) Evaluating probable risk of evacuees in institutional buildings. Saf. Sci. 44:169–181.CrossRef Wong LT, Cheung TF (2006) Evaluating probable risk of evacuees in institutional buildings. Saf. Sci. 44:169–181.CrossRef
136.
Zurück zum Zitat Lee JYS, Lam WHK (2006) Variation of walking speeds on a unidirectional walkway and on a bidirectional stairway. Transp. Res. Rec. 1982: 122–131.CrossRef Lee JYS, Lam WHK (2006) Variation of walking speeds on a unidirectional walkway and on a bidirectional stairway. Transp. Res. Rec. 1982: 122–131.CrossRef
137.
Zurück zum Zitat Hoskin KJ, Spearpoint M (2004) Crowd characteristics and egress at stadia. In: Proceedings of third international symposium human behaviour in fire, Belfast, UK, 1–3 September 2004. Interscience Communications, pp 367–376. Hoskin KJ, Spearpoint M (2004) Crowd characteristics and egress at stadia. In: Proceedings of third international symposium human behaviour in fire, Belfast, UK, 1–3 September 2004. Interscience Communications, pp 367–376.
138.
Zurück zum Zitat Daamen W, Hoogendoorn SP (2005) Free speed distributions – based on empirical data in different traffic conditions. In: Waldau N et al (eds) Pedestrian and evacuation Dynamics 2005. Springer Science and Business Media, pp 167–181. Daamen W, Hoogendoorn SP (2005) Free speed distributions – based on empirical data in different traffic conditions. In: Waldau N et al (eds) Pedestrian and evacuation Dynamics 2005. Springer Science and Business Media, pp 167–181.
139.
Zurück zum Zitat Berrou JL, Beecham P, Kagarlis MA, Gerodimos A (2005) Calibration and validation of the Legion simulation model using empirical data. In: Waldau N et al (ed) Pedestrian and evacuation dynamics. Springer Science and Business Media, pp 167–181. Berrou JL, Beecham P, Kagarlis MA, Gerodimos A (2005) Calibration and validation of the Legion simulation model using empirical data. In: Waldau N et al (ed) Pedestrian and evacuation dynamics. Springer Science and Business Media, pp 167–181.
140.
Zurück zum Zitat Klüpfel H (2005) The simulation of crowd dynamics at very large events – calibration, empirical data, and validation. In Gattermann P, Waldau N, Schreckenberg M (eds) Proceedings of the 3rd international conference on pedestrian and evacuation dynamics -2005, Berlin. Springer, pp 285–296. Klüpfel H (2005) The simulation of crowd dynamics at very large events – calibration, empirical data, and validation. In Gattermann P, Waldau N, Schreckenberg M (eds) Proceedings of the 3rd international conference on pedestrian and evacuation dynamics -2005, Berlin. Springer, pp 285–296.
142.
Zurück zum Zitat Seyfried A, Boltes M, Kahler J, Klingsch W, Portz A, Rupprecht T, Steffen B Winkens A (2010) Enhanced empirical data for the fundamental diagram and the flow through bottlenecks. In Klingsch et al (eds), Pedestrian and evacuation dynamics 2008, Springer, pp145–156. Seyfried A, Boltes M, Kahler J, Klingsch W, Portz A, Rupprecht T, Steffen B Winkens A (2010) Enhanced empirical data for the fundamental diagram and the flow through bottlenecks. In Klingsch et al (eds), Pedestrian and evacuation dynamics 2008, Springer, pp145–156.
143.
Zurück zum Zitat Tanaboriboon Y, Guyano JA (1991) Analysis of pedestrian movements in Bangkok. Transp. Res. Rec. 1294:52–56. Tanaboriboon Y, Guyano JA (1991) Analysis of pedestrian movements in Bangkok. Transp. Res. Rec. 1294:52–56.
144.
Zurück zum Zitat Irzik M, (2003) Design of pedestrian facilities. In: Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference of Pedestrian Evacuation Dynamics, pp111–119. Irzik M, (2003) Design of pedestrian facilities. In: Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference of Pedestrian Evacuation Dynamics, pp111–119.
145.
Zurück zum Zitat Averill JD, Milleti DS, Peacock RD, Kuligowski ED, Groner N, Proulx G, Reneke AP, Nelson HE (2005) Final report on the collapse of the World Trade Center towers, NIST NCSTAR 1–7 Federal Building and Fire Safety Investigation of the World Trade Center Disaster, Occupant Behavior, Egress and Emergency Communications. National Institute of Standards and Technology. Averill JD, Milleti DS, Peacock RD, Kuligowski ED, Groner N, Proulx G, Reneke AP, Nelson HE (2005) Final report on the collapse of the World Trade Center towers, NIST NCSTAR 1–7 Federal Building and Fire Safety Investigation of the World Trade Center Disaster, Occupant Behavior, Egress and Emergency Communications. National Institute of Standards and Technology.
146.
Zurück zum Zitat Templer J (1995) The staircase: studies of hazards, falls, and safer design. Massachusettes Institute of Technology Press. Templer J (1995) The staircase: studies of hazards, falls, and safer design. Massachusettes Institute of Technology Press.
147.
Zurück zum Zitat Boyce KE, Purser D, Shields TJ (2012) Experimental studies to investigate merging behaviour in a staircase. Fire Mater. 36 (5–6):383–398. Boyce KE, Purser D, Shields TJ (2012) Experimental studies to investigate merging behaviour in a staircase. Fire Mater. 36 (5–6):383–398.
148.
Zurück zum Zitat Kadokura H, Sekisawa A, Sano T, Yajima M, Masuda S (2012) Study of Congestion in Stairs During Phased Evacuation in a High-Rise Building – Analysis based on the Observational Data of a Real Total Evacuation Drill, in Proceeedings 5th International Human Behaviour in Fire Symposium, Cambridge, England, pp 171-181. Kadokura H, Sekisawa A, Sano T, Yajima M, Masuda S (2012) Study of Congestion in Stairs During Phased Evacuation in a High-Rise Building – Analysis based on the Observational Data of a Real Total Evacuation Drill, in Proceeedings 5th International Human Behaviour in Fire Symposium, Cambridge, England, pp 171-181.
149.
Zurück zum Zitat Lárusdóttir AR, Dederichs A (2012a) Behavioural aspects of movement down stairs during elementary school fire drills. In: Proceedings of fifth international symposium human behaviour in fire, Downing College Cambridge, 19th – 21st September 2012. Interscience Communications, pp 120–127. Lárusdóttir AR, Dederichs A (2012a) Behavioural aspects of movement down stairs during elementary school fire drills. In: Proceedings of fifth international symposium human behaviour in fire, Downing College Cambridge, 19th – 21st September 2012. Interscience Communications, pp 120–127.
150.
Zurück zum Zitat Lárusdóttir AR, Dederichs A (2012b) Evacuation of children – movement on stairs and on horizontal plane. Fire Technol. 48 (1):43–53. Lárusdóttir AR, Dederichs A (2012b) Evacuation of children – movement on stairs and on horizontal plane. Fire Technol. 48 (1):43–53.
151.
Zurück zum Zitat Fujiyama T, Tyler T (2011) Free walking speeds on stairs: effects of stair gradients and obesity of pedestrians. In: Peacock et al (eds) Pedestrian and evacuation dynamics. Springer Science and Business Media, DOI 10.1007/978-1-44-19-9725-8+3, pp 95–105. Fujiyama T, Tyler T (2011) Free walking speeds on stairs: effects of stair gradients and obesity of pedestrians. In: Peacock et al (eds) Pedestrian and evacuation dynamics. Springer Science and Business Media, DOI 10.​1007/​978-1-44-19-9725-8+3, pp 95–105.
152.
Zurück zum Zitat Proulx G, Bénichou N (2010) Photoluminescent stairway installation for evacuation in office buildings. Fire Technol. 46: 471–495. Proulx G, Bénichou N (2010) Photoluminescent stairway installation for evacuation in office buildings. Fire Technol. 46: 471–495.
153.
Zurück zum Zitat Proulx G, Bénichou N, Hum JK, Restivo KN (2007) Evaluation of the effectiveness of different photoluminescent stairwell installations for the evacuation of office building occupants. Research Report 232. National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Canada. Proulx G, Bénichou N, Hum JK, Restivo KN (2007) Evaluation of the effectiveness of different photoluminescent stairwell installations for the evacuation of office building occupants. Research Report 232. National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Canada.
154.
Zurück zum Zitat Choi J, Hwang H, Hong W, Choi Y (2009) Analysis of occupants’ escape speed and reason of bottleneck occurrence through the trial evacuation experiment at a high rise apartment housing. In: Proceedings of fourth international symposium human behaviour in fire, Cambridge, UK, 13–15 July 2009. Interscience Communications, pp 123–134. Choi J, Hwang H, Hong W, Choi Y (2009) Analysis of occupants’ escape speed and reason of bottleneck occurrence through the trial evacuation experiment at a high rise apartment housing. In: Proceedings of fourth international symposium human behaviour in fire, Cambridge, UK, 13–15 July 2009. Interscience Communications, pp 123–134.
155.
Zurück zum Zitat Kretz T, Grünebohm A, Kessel A, Klüpfel H, Meyer-König T, Schreckenberg M (2008) Upstairs walking speed distributions on a long stairway. Saf. Sci. 46:72–78.CrossRef Kretz T, Grünebohm A, Kessel A, Klüpfel H, Meyer-König T, Schreckenberg M (2008) Upstairs walking speed distributions on a long stairway. Saf. Sci. 46:72–78.CrossRef
156.
Zurück zum Zitat Daly PN, McGrath F, Annesley TJ (1991) Pedestrian speed/flow relationships for underground stations. Traffic Eng. Control, 32 (2): 75–78. Daly PN, McGrath F, Annesley TJ (1991) Pedestrian speed/flow relationships for underground stations. Traffic Eng. Control, 32 (2): 75–78.
157.
Zurück zum Zitat Kagawa M, Kose S, Morishita Y (1985) Movement of people on stairs during fire evacuation drill-Japanese experience in a high-rise office building. In: Grant CC, Pagni PJ (eds) Fire safety science: proceedings of the first international symposium, Gaithersburg, Maryland. International Association Fire Safety Science, pp. 533–540. Kagawa M, Kose S, Morishita Y (1985) Movement of people on stairs during fire evacuation drill-Japanese experience in a high-rise office building. In: Grant CC, Pagni PJ (eds) Fire safety science: proceedings of the first international symposium, Gaithersburg, Maryland. International Association Fire Safety Science, pp. 533–540.
158.
Zurück zum Zitat Khisty CJ (1985) Pedestrian flow characteristics on stairways during disaster evacuation. Transp. Res. Rec. 1047: 97–102. Khisty CJ (1985) Pedestrian flow characteristics on stairways during disaster evacuation. Transp. Res. Rec. 1047: 97–102.
159.
Zurück zum Zitat Kadokura H, Sekisawa A, Sano T, Yajima M, Masuda S (2012) Study of Congestion in Stairs During Phased Evacuation in a High-Rise Building – Analysis based on the Observational Data of a Real Total Evacuation Drill, in Proceeedings 5th International Human Behaviour in Fire Symposium, Cambridge, England, pp 171–181. Kadokura H, Sekisawa A, Sano T, Yajima M, Masuda S (2012) Study of Congestion in Stairs During Phased Evacuation in a High-Rise Building – Analysis based on the Observational Data of a Real Total Evacuation Drill, in Proceeedings 5th International Human Behaviour in Fire Symposium, Cambridge, England, pp 171–181.
160.
Zurück zum Zitat Seyfried A, Steffen B, Klingsch W, Boltes M (2007) Steps towards the fundamental diagram – empirical results and modeling In: Waldau N et al (eds), Pedestrian and evacuation dynamics – 2005. Springer, pp 377–390. Seyfried A, Steffen B, Klingsch W, Boltes M (2007) Steps towards the fundamental diagram – empirical results and modeling In: Waldau N et al (eds), Pedestrian and evacuation dynamics – 2005. Springer, pp 377–390.
161.
Zurück zum Zitat Seyfried A, Rupprecht T, Winkens A, Passon O, Steffen B, Klingsch W, Boltes M (2007) Capacity estimation for emergency exits and bottlenecks. In: Proceedings 11th Interflam. Interscience Communications, pp 247–258. Seyfried A, Rupprecht T, Winkens A, Passon O, Steffen B, Klingsch W, Boltes M (2007) Capacity estimation for emergency exits and bottlenecks. In: Proceedings 11th Interflam. Interscience Communications, pp 247–258.
162.
Zurück zum Zitat Kendik E (1985) Assessment of escape routes in buildings and a design method for calculating pedestrian movement. SFPE Technology Report 85-4. Society of Fire Protection Engineers, Boston, Massachusetts, 1985. Kendik E (1985) Assessment of escape routes in buildings and a design method for calculating pedestrian movement. SFPE Technology Report 85-4. Society of Fire Protection Engineers, Boston, Massachusetts, 1985.
163.
Zurück zum Zitat Gwynne SMV, Kuligowski ED, Kratchman J, Milke JA (2009) Questioning the linear relationship between doorway width and achievable flow rate. Fire Saf.. J. 44: 80–87. Gwynne SMV, Kuligowski ED, Kratchman J, Milke JA (2009) Questioning the linear relationship between doorway width and achievable flow rate. Fire Saf.. J. 44: 80–87.
164.
Zurück zum Zitat Gwynne S (2000) Mathematical modelling of egress behaviour. Phd Dissertation, University of Greenwich Gwynne S (2000) Mathematical modelling of egress behaviour. Phd Dissertation, University of Greenwich
165.
Zurück zum Zitat Sano T, Jo A, Ikehata Y (2012) Experimental study on crowd flow through an opening connected to a crowded corridor: a comparison of experiment and multi-agent simulation. In: Proceedings of fifth international symposium human behaviour in fire. Interscience Communications, pp 206–217. Sano T, Jo A, Ikehata Y (2012) Experimental study on crowd flow through an opening connected to a crowded corridor: a comparison of experiment and multi-agent simulation. In: Proceedings of fifth international symposium human behaviour in fire. Interscience Communications, pp 206–217.
166.
Zurück zum Zitat Daamen W, Hoogendoorn SP (2011), Emergency door capacity: influence of population composition and stress level. In: Peacock RD et al. (eds), Pedestrian and Evacuation Dynamics, Springer, pp15–24. Daamen W, Hoogendoorn SP (2011), Emergency door capacity: influence of population composition and stress level. In: Peacock RD et al. (eds), Pedestrian and Evacuation Dynamics, Springer, pp15–24.
167.
Zurück zum Zitat Hoogendoorn, SP, Daamen W, Bovy P (2003) Microscopic pedestrian traffic data collection and analysis by walking experiments. In: Proceedings of the 2nd international conference, Pedestrian and Evacuation Dynamics 2003, pp89–100. Hoogendoorn, SP, Daamen W, Bovy P (2003) Microscopic pedestrian traffic data collection and analysis by walking experiments. In: Proceedings of the 2nd international conference, Pedestrian and Evacuation Dynamics 2003, pp89–100.
168.
Zurück zum Zitat Shimada T, Naoi H (2009) An experimental study on the evacuation flow of crowd including wheelchair users. In: Proceedings of fourth international symposium human behaviour in fire, Cambridge, UK, 13–15 July 2009. Interscience Communications, pp 579–584. Shimada T, Naoi H (2009) An experimental study on the evacuation flow of crowd including wheelchair users. In: Proceedings of fourth international symposium human behaviour in fire, Cambridge, UK, 13–15 July 2009. Interscience Communications, pp 579–584.
169.
Zurück zum Zitat Kretz T, Grunebohm A, Schreckenberg M (2006) Experimental study of pedestrian flow through a bottleneck. J. Stat. Mech.: 100–104. Kretz T, Grunebohm A, Schreckenberg M (2006) Experimental study of pedestrian flow through a bottleneck. J. Stat. Mech.: 100–104.
170.
Zurück zum Zitat Nagai R, Fukamachi M, Nagatani T (2006) Evacuation of crawlers and walkers from corridor through an exit. Physica A 367: 449–460.CrossRef Nagai R, Fukamachi M, Nagatani T (2006) Evacuation of crawlers and walkers from corridor through an exit. Physica A 367: 449–460.CrossRef
171.
Zurück zum Zitat Rupprecht T, Klingsch W, Seyfried A (2011) Influence of geometry parameters on pedestrian flow through bottleneck. In: Peacock R et al. (eds.), Pedestrian and evacuation dynamics, pp71–80. Rupprecht T, Klingsch W, Seyfried A (2011) Influence of geometry parameters on pedestrian flow through bottleneck. In: Peacock R et al. (eds.), Pedestrian and evacuation dynamics, pp71–80.
172.
Zurück zum Zitat Müller K (1981) Zur Gestaltung und Bemessung von Fluchtwegen für die Evakuierung von Personen aus Bauwerken auf der Grundlage von Modellversuchen. Dissertation, Technische Hochschule Otto von Guericke Magdeburg, Germany. Müller K (1981) Zur Gestaltung und Bemessung von Fluchtwegen für die Evakuierung von Personen aus Bauwerken auf der Grundlage von Modellversuchen. Dissertation, Technische Hochschule Otto von Guericke Magdeburg, Germany.
173.
Zurück zum Zitat Kinsey MJ (2011) Vertical transport evacuation modeling. PhD Dissertation, University of Greenwich, UK. Kinsey MJ (2011) Vertical transport evacuation modeling. PhD Dissertation, University of Greenwich, UK.
174.
Zurück zum Zitat Kadokura H, Sekizawa A, Takahashi W (2011) Study on availability and issues of evacuation using stopped escalators in a subway station. Fire Mater. Published on-line in Wiley On-line Library, DOI: 10.1002/fam.1097. Kadokura H, Sekizawa A, Takahashi W (2011) Study on availability and issues of evacuation using stopped escalators in a subway station. Fire Mater. Published on-line in Wiley On-line Library, DOI: 10.​1002/​fam.​1097.
175.
Zurück zum Zitat Okada N, Hasemi Y, Moriyama S, Hirakawa K, Takemori K, Hebiishi T, Lu Y (2009) Feasibility of upward evacuation by escalator – an experimental study. In: Proceedings of fourth international symposium human behaviour in fire. Interscience Communications, pp161–172. Okada N, Hasemi Y, Moriyama S, Hirakawa K, Takemori K, Hebiishi T, Lu Y (2009) Feasibility of upward evacuation by escalator – an experimental study. In: Proceedings of fourth international symposium human behaviour in fire. Interscience Communications, pp161–172.
176.
Zurück zum Zitat Cheung C, Lam W (1998) Pedestrian route choices between escalator and stairway in MTR Stations. J. Transp. Eng. 124 (3): 227–285. Cheung C, Lam W (1998) Pedestrian route choices between escalator and stairway in MTR Stations. J. Transp. Eng. 124 (3): 227–285.
177.
Zurück zum Zitat Kinsey MJ, Galea ER, Lawrence PJ (2009) Extended model of pedestrian escalator behaviour based on data collected within a Chinese underground station. In: Proceedings of the fourth international symposium human behaviour in fire Robinson College, University of Cambridge, UK. Interscience Communications, pp173–182. Kinsey MJ, Galea ER, Lawrence PJ (2009) Extended model of pedestrian escalator behaviour based on data collected within a Chinese underground station. In: Proceedings of the fourth international symposium human behaviour in fire Robinson College, University of Cambridge, UK. Interscience Communications, pp173–182.
178.
Zurück zum Zitat Kinsey MJ, Galea ER, Lawrence PJ (2012) Modelling evacuation using escalators: a London underground dataset. In: Proceedings of Pedestrian and Evacuation Dynamics Conference, ETH Zurich, Switzerland, 2012. Kinsey MJ, Galea ER, Lawrence PJ (2012) Modelling evacuation using escalators: a London underground dataset. In: Proceedings of Pedestrian and Evacuation Dynamics Conference, ETH Zurich, Switzerland, 2012.
179.
Zurück zum Zitat Okada N, Hasemi Y, Moriyama S, Hirakawa K, Takemori K, Hebiishi T, Lu Y (2012) Feasibility of upward evacuation by escalator – an experimental study. Fire Mater. 36:429–440. DOI: 10.1002/fam.2152, John Wiley and Sons Ltd. Okada N, Hasemi Y, Moriyama S, Hirakawa K, Takemori K, Hebiishi T, Lu Y (2012) Feasibility of upward evacuation by escalator – an experimental study. Fire Mater. 36:429–440. DOI: 10.​1002/​fam.​2152, John Wiley and Sons Ltd.
180.
Zurück zum Zitat Davis P, Dutta G (2002) Estimation of capacity of escalators in London Underground, No 2002-11-01. IIMA Working Papers from Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad, Research and Publication Department. Davis P, Dutta G (2002) Estimation of capacity of escalators in London Underground, No 2002-11-01. IIMA Working Papers from Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad, Research and Publication Department.
181.
Zurück zum Zitat Al-Sharif L (1996) Escalator handling capacity: standards versus practice, Elevator World. Al-Sharif L (1996) Escalator handling capacity: standards versus practice, Elevator World.
182.
Zurück zum Zitat Xie Hui (2011) Investigation into the interaction of people with signage systems and its implementation within evacuation Models. Phd Dissertation, University of Greenwich, UK. Xie Hui (2011) Investigation into the interaction of people with signage systems and its implementation within evacuation Models. Phd Dissertation, University of Greenwich, UK.
183.
Zurück zum Zitat Ronchi E, Gwynne SMV, Purser DA, Colonna P (2012) Representation of the impact of smoke on agent movement speeds in evacuation models. Fire Technol. 49(2): 411–431.CrossRef Ronchi E, Gwynne SMV, Purser DA, Colonna P (2012) Representation of the impact of smoke on agent movement speeds in evacuation models. Fire Technol. 49(2): 411–431.CrossRef
184.
Zurück zum Zitat Nilsson D (2009) Exit choice in fire emergencies – influencing choice of exit with flashing lights. Doctoral Thesis, Lund University, Sweden. Nilsson D (2009) Exit choice in fire emergencies – influencing choice of exit with flashing lights. Doctoral Thesis, Lund University, Sweden.
185.
Zurück zum Zitat Karlsson M, Eklund B, Lundman P (2011) TVRK Tunnel 11 Trafickverkets tecniska krav Tunnel (In Swedish). TRV publ nr 2011:087, Trafikverket, Sweden. Karlsson M, Eklund B, Lundman P (2011) TVRK Tunnel 11 Trafickverkets tecniska krav Tunnel (In Swedish). TRV publ nr 2011:087, Trafikverket, Sweden.
186.
Zurück zum Zitat Purser DA (2009) Assessment of hazards to occupants from smoke, toxic gases and heat. In: DiNenno PJ (ed) SFPE Handbook of Fire Protection Engineering, 4th Edition. National Fire Protection Association, Quincy, MA, pp 2-96–2-193. Purser DA (2009) Assessment of hazards to occupants from smoke, toxic gases and heat. In: DiNenno PJ (ed) SFPE Handbook of Fire Protection Engineering, 4th Edition. National Fire Protection Association, Quincy, MA, pp 2-96–2-193.
187.
Zurück zum Zitat Kady RA, Davis J (2009) The effect of occupant characteristics on crawling speed in evacuation. Fire Saf. J. 44 (4): 451–457. Kady RA, Davis J (2009) The effect of occupant characteristics on crawling speed in evacuation. Fire Saf. J. 44 (4): 451–457.
188.
Zurück zum Zitat Ronchi E (2012) Evacuation modelling in road tunnel fires. PhD Dissertation, University of Bari, Italy. Ronchi E (2012) Evacuation modelling in road tunnel fires. PhD Dissertation, University of Bari, Italy.
189.
Zurück zum Zitat Jin T (1976) Visibility through fire smoke. Report of Fire Research Institute of Japan2, Fire Research Institute of Japan 33:12–18. Jin T (1976) Visibility through fire smoke. Report of Fire Research Institute of Japan2, Fire Research Institute of Japan 33:12–18.
190.
Zurück zum Zitat Frantzich H, Nilsson D (2004) Evacuation experiments in a smoke filled tunnel. In: Proceedings of the third international symposium on human behaviour in fire. Interscience Communications, pp 229–238. Frantzich H, Nilsson D (2004) Evacuation experiments in a smoke filled tunnel. In: Proceedings of the third international symposium on human behaviour in fire. Interscience Communications, pp 229–238.
191.
Zurück zum Zitat Frantzich H, Nilsson D (2003) Utrymning genom tät rök: beteende och förflyttning [Evacuation in dense smoke: behaviour and movement] (No. 3126). Lund: Department of Fire Safety Engineering and Systems Safety. Frantzich H, Nilsson D (2003) Utrymning genom tät rök: beteende och förflyttning [Evacuation in dense smoke: behaviour and movement] (No. 3126). Lund: Department of Fire Safety Engineering and Systems Safety.
192.
Zurück zum Zitat Wright MS, Cook GK, Webber GMB (2001) The effects of smoke on people’s walking speeds using overhead lighting and way-guidance provision. In: Proceedings of the second international symposium on human behaviour in fire 2011, MIT, Boston, USA. Interscience Communications Ltd, London, pp.275–284. Wright MS, Cook GK, Webber GMB (2001) The effects of smoke on people’s walking speeds using overhead lighting and way-guidance provision. In: Proceedings of the second international symposium on human behaviour in fire 2011, MIT, Boston, USA. Interscience Communications Ltd, London, pp.275–284.
193.
Zurück zum Zitat Galea ER, Gwynne SMV, Blackshields D, Lawrence PJ, Filippidis L (2001) Predicting the evacuation performance of passenger ships using computer simulation. In: Proceedings of the 9th international fire science and engineering conference Interflam 2001, Edinburgh, Scotland. Interscience Communications Ltd: London, Vol. 2, pp.853–864. Galea ER, Gwynne SMV, Blackshields D, Lawrence PJ, Filippidis L (2001) Predicting the evacuation performance of passenger ships using computer simulation. In: Proceedings of the 9th international fire science and engineering conference Interflam 2001, Edinburgh, Scotland. Interscience Communications Ltd: London, Vol. 2, pp.853–864.
194.
Zurück zum Zitat Jin T (1997) Studies on human behavior and tenability in fire smoke. Howard W Emmons invited plenary lecture. In: Hasemi Y (ed) Fire safety science, proceedings of the fifth international symposium. International Association Fire Safety Science, pp 3–21. Jin T (1997) Studies on human behavior and tenability in fire smoke. Howard W Emmons invited plenary lecture. In: Hasemi Y (ed) Fire safety science, proceedings of the fifth international symposium. International Association Fire Safety Science, pp 3–21.
195.
Zurück zum Zitat Jin T (1978) Visibility through fire smoke. J. Fire Flammabl. 9:135–157. Jin T (1978) Visibility through fire smoke. J. Fire Flammabl. 9:135–157.
196.
Zurück zum Zitat Jin T, Yamada T (1985) Experimental study of human behaviour in smoke filled corridors. In: Grant CE, Pagni PJ (eds) Fire safety science – proceedings of the first international symposium. International Association Fire Safety Science, NIST, USA, pp 511–519. Jin T, Yamada T (1985) Experimental study of human behaviour in smoke filled corridors. In: Grant CE, Pagni PJ (eds) Fire safety science – proceedings of the first international symposium. International Association Fire Safety Science, NIST, USA, pp 511–519.
197.
Zurück zum Zitat Korhonen T, Hostikka S (2009) Fire Dynamics Simulator with Evacuation: FDS+Evac, Technical Reference and User’s Guide, (FDS 5.5.0, Evac 2.2.1), VTT, Finland. Korhonen T, Hostikka S (2009) Fire Dynamics Simulator with Evacuation: FDS+Evac, Technical Reference and User’s Guide, (FDS 5.5.0, Evac 2.2.1), VTT, Finland.
198.
Zurück zum Zitat Muhdi R (2008) The development and representation of occupant performance in building evacuation modeling. Phd Thesis, Auburn University, USA. Muhdi R (2008) The development and representation of occupant performance in building evacuation modeling. Phd Thesis, Auburn University, USA.
199.
Zurück zum Zitat Kady RA (2012) The development of a movement–density relationship for people going on four in evacuation. Saf. Sci. Vol. 50, no. 2, pp. 253–258.CrossRef Kady RA (2012) The development of a movement–density relationship for people going on four in evacuation. Saf. Sci. Vol. 50, no. 2, pp. 253–258.CrossRef
200.
Zurück zum Zitat Muhdi R, Davies J, Blackburn T (2006) Improving occupant characteristics in performance based evacuation modeling. In: Proceedings of the HFES 50th Annual meeting, San Francisco, CA pp 1199–2202. Muhdi R, Davies J, Blackburn T (2006) Improving occupant characteristics in performance based evacuation modeling. In: Proceedings of the HFES 50th Annual meeting, San Francisco, CA pp 1199–2202.
201.
Zurück zum Zitat Cott HPV, Kinkade RG (1972) Human engineering guide to equipment design. Rev Ed McGraw Hill, American Institute for Research, Washington D.C. Cott HPV, Kinkade RG (1972) Human engineering guide to equipment design. Rev Ed McGraw Hill, American Institute for Research, Washington D.C.
202.
Zurück zum Zitat World Health Organisation (2011) World Report on Disability, World Health Organisation and World Bank. ISBN 978 92 4 156418 2. World Health Organisation (2011) World Report on Disability, World Health Organisation and World Bank. ISBN 978 92 4 156418 2.
203.
Zurück zum Zitat Boyce KE, Shields TJ, Silcock GWH (1999a), Toward the characterization of building occupancies for fire safety engineering: capabilities of disabled people moving horizontally and on an incline. Fire Technol. 35 (1): 51–67.CrossRef Boyce KE, Shields TJ, Silcock GWH (1999a), Toward the characterization of building occupancies for fire safety engineering: capabilities of disabled people moving horizontally and on an incline. Fire Technol. 35 (1): 51–67.CrossRef
204.
Zurück zum Zitat Boyce KE, Shields TJ, Silcock GWH (1999b) Toward the characterization of building occupancies for fire safety engineering: capability of disabled people to Negotiate Doors. Fire Technol. 35 (1): 68–78.CrossRef Boyce KE, Shields TJ, Silcock GWH (1999b) Toward the characterization of building occupancies for fire safety engineering: capability of disabled people to Negotiate Doors. Fire Technol. 35 (1): 68–78.CrossRef
205.
Zurück zum Zitat Covington SA (1982) Ergonomic Requirements for Building Components and Associated Operating Devices. Building Research Establishment, UK, CP1/82. Covington SA (1982) Ergonomic Requirements for Building Components and Associated Operating Devices. Building Research Establishment, UK, CP1/82.
206.
Zurück zum Zitat Johnson BM (1981) Door use study. National Research Council Canada, Division of Building Research. Johnson BM (1981) Door use study. National Research Council Canada, Division of Building Research.
207.
Zurück zum Zitat Steinfield E, Schroeder S, Bishop M (1979) Accessible buildings for people with walking and reaching limitations. US Department of Housing and Urban Development, Washington DC, USA. Steinfield E, Schroeder S, Bishop M (1979) Accessible buildings for people with walking and reaching limitations. US Department of Housing and Urban Development, Washington DC, USA.
208.
Zurück zum Zitat Shields T J, Boyce KE (2009) The behavior and evacuation experiences of WTC 9/11 evacuees with self-designated mobility impairments. Fire Saf. J. 44 (6): 881–893.CrossRef Shields T J, Boyce KE (2009) The behavior and evacuation experiences of WTC 9/11 evacuees with self-designated mobility impairments. Fire Saf. J. 44 (6): 881–893.CrossRef
209.
210.
Zurück zum Zitat Sørensen JG, Dederichs AS (2012) Evacuation characteristics of blind and visually impaired people: walking speeds on horizontal planes and descending stairs. In: Proceedings of fifth international symposium on human behaviour in fire, Cambridge, England, 19–21 September 2012. Interscience Communications, pp 304–314. Sørensen JG, Dederichs AS (2012) Evacuation characteristics of blind and visually impaired people: walking speeds on horizontal planes and descending stairs. In: Proceedings of fifth international symposium on human behaviour in fire, Cambridge, England, 19–21 September 2012. Interscience Communications, pp 304–314.
211.
Zurück zum Zitat Jiang CS (2009) Study on self-evacuation capability of the disabled as well as its impact on evacuation capability of healthy population. Final Report on Projects Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China. Jiang CS (2009) Study on self-evacuation capability of the disabled as well as its impact on evacuation capability of healthy population. Final Report on Projects Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China.
212.
Zurück zum Zitat Fujiyama T, Tyler N (2004) An explicit study on walking speeds of pedestrians on stairs. In: Proceedings 10th international conference on mobility and transport for elderly and disabled people, 23–26 May 2004, Hamamatsu, Japan. Fujiyama T, Tyler N (2004) An explicit study on walking speeds of pedestrians on stairs. In: Proceedings 10th international conference on mobility and transport for elderly and disabled people, 23–26 May 2004, Hamamatsu, Japan.
213.
Zurück zum Zitat Brand A, Sӧrqvist M, Håkansson P, Johansson JE (2001) Evacuation safety for locomotion disabled people. In: Proceedings of the second international symposium human behaviour in fire, Massachusettes Institute of Technology, USA, 26–28 March 2001. Interscience Communications, pp 445–450. Brand A, Sӧrqvist M, Håkansson P, Johansson JE (2001) Evacuation safety for locomotion disabled people. In: Proceedings of the second international symposium human behaviour in fire, Massachusettes Institute of Technology, USA, 26–28 March 2001. Interscience Communications, pp 445–450.
214.
Zurück zum Zitat Hunt A, Galea E, Lawrence P (2012) An analysis of the performance of trained staff using movement assist devices to evacuate the non-ambulant. In: Proceedings fifth international symposium human behaviour in fire, 19–21 September 2012, Cambridge. Interscience Communications, pp 328–339. Hunt A, Galea E, Lawrence P (2012) An analysis of the performance of trained staff using movement assist devices to evacuate the non-ambulant. In: Proceedings fifth international symposium human behaviour in fire, 19–21 September 2012, Cambridge. Interscience Communications, pp 328–339.
215.
Zurück zum Zitat Adams APM, Galea ER (2011) An experimental evaluation of movement devices used to assist people with reduced mobility in high-rise building evacuations. In: Peacock et al (ed) Proceedings 5th international conference pedestrian and evacuation dynamics, March 8–10 2010. Springer, New York, pp 129–138. Adams APM, Galea ER (2011) An experimental evaluation of movement devices used to assist people with reduced mobility in high-rise building evacuations. In: Peacock et al (ed) Proceedings 5th international conference pedestrian and evacuation dynamics, March 8–10 2010. Springer, New York, pp 129–138.
216.
Zurück zum Zitat Proulx G, Latour JC, McLaurin JW, Pineau J, Hoffman LE, Laroche C (1995) Housing evacuation of mixed abilities occupants in highrise buildings. Internal Report No. 706, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Canada. Proulx G, Latour JC, McLaurin JW, Pineau J, Hoffman LE, Laroche C (1995) Housing evacuation of mixed abilities occupants in highrise buildings. Internal Report No. 706, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Canada.
217.
Zurück zum Zitat Lavender S, Hedman GE, Reichelt PA, Mehta J, Conrad KM, Park S (2012) Ergonomic evaluation of manually carried and track-type stair descent devices used for the evacuation of high rise buildings. In: Proceedings of fifth international symposium human behaviour in fire, Cambridge, England, 19–21 September 2012. Interscience Communications, pp 340–345. Lavender S, Hedman GE, Reichelt PA, Mehta J, Conrad KM, Park S (2012) Ergonomic evaluation of manually carried and track-type stair descent devices used for the evacuation of high rise buildings. In: Proceedings of fifth international symposium human behaviour in fire, Cambridge, England, 19–21 September 2012. Interscience Communications, pp 340–345.
218.
Zurück zum Zitat Sano T, Omiya Y, Hagiwara I (2004) Evacuation from high-rise buildings by using an evacuation chair. In: Proceedings 6th Asia Oceania symposium on fire science and technology, 17–20 March 2004. International Association Fire Safety Science. Sano T, Omiya Y, Hagiwara I (2004) Evacuation from high-rise buildings by using an evacuation chair. In: Proceedings 6th Asia Oceania symposium on fire science and technology, 17–20 March 2004. International Association Fire Safety Science.
219.
Zurück zum Zitat Shields TJ, Boyce KE, Silcock GWH, Dunne B (1997) The impact of a wheelchair bound evacuee on the speed and flow of evacuees in a stairway during an uncontrolled unannounced evacuation. J. App. Fire Sci. Vol 7 (1). Shields TJ, Boyce KE, Silcock GWH, Dunne B (1997) The impact of a wheelchair bound evacuee on the speed and flow of evacuees in a stairway during an uncontrolled unannounced evacuation. J. App. Fire Sci. Vol 7 (1).
220.
Zurück zum Zitat Kuligowski E (2012) Theory building: an examination of the pre-evacuation period of the 2001 WTC disaster. In: Proceedings of the fifth international symposium human behaviour in fire, Cambridge, England, 19–21 September 2012. Interscience Communications, pp 24–36. Kuligowski E (2012) Theory building: an examination of the pre-evacuation period of the 2001 WTC disaster. In: Proceedings of the fifth international symposium human behaviour in fire, Cambridge, England, 19–21 September 2012. Interscience Communications, pp 24–36.
Metadaten
Titel
Engineering Data
verfasst von
S. M. V. Gwynne
K. E. Boyce
Copyright-Jahr
2016
Verlag
Springer New York
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-2565-0_64