Skip to main content

2018 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

Formal Specification for Deep Neural Networks

verfasst von : Sanjit A. Seshia, Ankush Desai, Tommaso Dreossi, Daniel J. Fremont, Shromona Ghosh, Edward Kim, Sumukh Shivakumar, Marcell Vazquez-Chanlatte, Xiangyu Yue

Erschienen in: Automated Technology for Verification and Analysis

Verlag: Springer International Publishing

Aktivieren Sie unsere intelligente Suche, um passende Fachinhalte oder Patente zu finden.

search-config
loading …

Abstract

The increasing use of deep neural networks in a variety of applications, including some safety-critical ones, has brought renewed interest in the topic of verification of neural networks. However, verification is most meaningful when performed with high-quality formal specifications. In this paper, we survey the landscape of formal specification for deep neural networks, and discuss the opportunities and challenges for formal methods for this domain.

Sie haben noch keine Lizenz? Dann Informieren Sie sich jetzt über unsere Produkte:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 102.000 Bücher
  • über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
  • Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe




 

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 340 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Versicherung + Risiko




Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Fußnoten
1
An early version of this paper appeared in [51].
 
Literatur
2.
Zurück zum Zitat Albarghouthi, A., D’Antoni, L., Drews, S., Nori, A.V.: Fairsquare: probabilistic verification of program fairness. In: Proceedings of the ACM on Programming Languages (2017)CrossRef Albarghouthi, A., D’Antoni, L., Drews, S., Nori, A.V.: Fairsquare: probabilistic verification of program fairness. In: Proceedings of the ACM on Programming Languages (2017)CrossRef
3.
Zurück zum Zitat Alipanahi, B., Delong, A., Weirauch, M.T., Frey, B.J.: Predicting the sequence specificities of DNA-and RNA-binding proteins by deep learning. Nat. Biotechnol. 33, 831–838 (2015)CrossRef Alipanahi, B., Delong, A., Weirauch, M.T., Frey, B.J.: Predicting the sequence specificities of DNA-and RNA-binding proteins by deep learning. Nat. Biotechnol. 33, 831–838 (2015)CrossRef
4.
Zurück zum Zitat Amodei, D., Olah, C., Steinhardt, J., Christiano, P.F., Schulman, J., Mané, D.: Concrete problems in AI safety. ArXiV e-prints abs/1606.06565 (2016) Amodei, D., Olah, C., Steinhardt, J., Christiano, P.F., Schulman, J., Mané, D.: Concrete problems in AI safety. ArXiV e-prints abs/​1606.​06565 (2016)
5.
Zurück zum Zitat Bastani, O., Ioannou, Y., Lampropoulos, L., Vytiniotis, D., Nori, A., Criminisi, A.: Measuring neural net robustness with constraints. In: Lee, D.D., Sugiyama, M., Luxburg, U.V., Guyon, I., Garnett, R. (eds.) Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems (NIPS), vol. 29, pp. 2613–2621. MIT Press, Cambridge (2016) Bastani, O., Ioannou, Y., Lampropoulos, L., Vytiniotis, D., Nori, A., Criminisi, A.: Measuring neural net robustness with constraints. In: Lee, D.D., Sugiyama, M., Luxburg, U.V., Guyon, I., Garnett, R. (eds.) Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems (NIPS), vol. 29, pp. 2613–2621. MIT Press, Cambridge (2016)
8.
Zurück zum Zitat Cai, J., Shin, R., Song, D.: Making neural programming architectures generalize via recursion. arXiv preprint arXiv:1704.06611 (2017) Cai, J., Shin, R., Song, D.: Making neural programming architectures generalize via recursion. arXiv preprint arXiv:​1704.​06611 (2017)
9.
Zurück zum Zitat Carlini, N., Wagner, D.: Towards evaluating the robustness of neural networks. In: IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy (SP) (2017) Carlini, N., Wagner, D.: Towards evaluating the robustness of neural networks. In: IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy (SP) (2017)
10.
Zurück zum Zitat Carpenter, B., et al.: Stan: a probabilistic programming language. J. Stat. Softw. 76(1), 1–32 (2017)CrossRef Carpenter, B., et al.: Stan: a probabilistic programming language. J. Stat. Softw. 76(1), 1–32 (2017)CrossRef
12.
Zurück zum Zitat Clarkson, M.R., Schneider, F.B.: Hyperproperties. J. Comput. Secur. 18(6), 1157–1210 (2010)CrossRef Clarkson, M.R., Schneider, F.B.: Hyperproperties. J. Comput. Secur. 18(6), 1157–1210 (2010)CrossRef
13.
Zurück zum Zitat Dahl, G.E., Stokes, J.W., Deng, L., Yu, D.: Large-scale malware classification using random projections and neural networks. In: Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP). pp. 3422–3426. IEEE (2013) Dahl, G.E., Stokes, J.W., Deng, L., Yu, D.: Large-scale malware classification using random projections and neural networks. In: Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP). pp. 3422–3426. IEEE (2013)
14.
Zurück zum Zitat Dai, J., et al.: Deformable convolutional networks. In: IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision (2017) Dai, J., et al.: Deformable convolutional networks. In: IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision (2017)
15.
Zurück zum Zitat Dreossi, T., Donzé, A., Seshia, S.A.: Compositional falsification of cyber-physical systems with machine learning components. In: NASA Formal Methods Symposium (2017) Dreossi, T., Donzé, A., Seshia, S.A.: Compositional falsification of cyber-physical systems with machine learning components. In: NASA Formal Methods Symposium (2017)
17.
Zurück zum Zitat Dreossi, T., Ghosh, S., Yue, X., Keutzer, K., Sangiovanni-Vincentelli, A., Seshia, S.A.: Counterexample-guided data augmentation. In: 27th International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI) (2018) Dreossi, T., Ghosh, S., Yue, X., Keutzer, K., Sangiovanni-Vincentelli, A., Seshia, S.A.: Counterexample-guided data augmentation. In: 27th International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI) (2018)
18.
Zurück zum Zitat Dreossi, T., Jha, S., Seshia, S.A.: Semantic adversarial deep learning. In: 30th International Conference on Computer Aided Verification (CAV) (2018)CrossRef Dreossi, T., Jha, S., Seshia, S.A.: Semantic adversarial deep learning. In: 30th International Conference on Computer Aided Verification (CAV) (2018)CrossRef
19.
20.
Zurück zum Zitat Dvijotham, K., Stanforth, R., Gowal, S., Mann, T., Kohli, P.: A dual approach to scalable verification of deep networks (2018), arXiv:1803.06567 Dvijotham, K., Stanforth, R., Gowal, S., Mann, T., Kohli, P.: A dual approach to scalable verification of deep networks (2018), arXiv:​1803.​06567
23.
24.
Zurück zum Zitat Friedler, S.A., Scheidegger, C., Venkatasubramanian, S., Choudhary, S., Hamilton, E.P., Roth, D.: A comparative study of fairness-enhancing interventions in machine learning (2018), arXiv:1802.04422 Friedler, S.A., Scheidegger, C., Venkatasubramanian, S., Choudhary, S., Hamilton, E.P., Roth, D.: A comparative study of fairness-enhancing interventions in machine learning (2018), arXiv:​1802.​04422
26.
Zurück zum Zitat Goodfellow, I., Lee, H., Le, Q.V., Saxe, A., Ng, A.Y.: Measuring invariances in deep networks. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems (2009) Goodfellow, I., Lee, H., Le, Q.V., Saxe, A., Ng, A.Y.: Measuring invariances in deep networks. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems (2009)
27.
28.
Zurück zum Zitat Goodman, N.D., Mansinghka, V.K., Roy, D., Bonawitz, K., Tenenbaum, J.B.: Church: a language for generative models. In: Proceedings of the Twenty-Fourth Conference on Uncertainty in Artificial Intelligence, pp. 220–229. UAI’08 (2008) Goodman, N.D., Mansinghka, V.K., Roy, D., Bonawitz, K., Tenenbaum, J.B.: Church: a language for generative models. In: Proceedings of the Twenty-Fourth Conference on Uncertainty in Artificial Intelligence, pp. 220–229. UAI’08 (2008)
29.
Zurück zum Zitat Gordon, A.D., Henzinger, T.A., Nori, A.V., Rajamani, S.K.: Probabilistic programming. In: FOSE 2014, pp. 167–181. ACM (2014) Gordon, A.D., Henzinger, T.A., Nori, A.V., Rajamani, S.K.: Probabilistic programming. In: FOSE 2014, pp. 167–181. ACM (2014)
31.
Zurück zum Zitat Hardt, M., Price, E., Srebro, N., et al.: Equality of opportunity in supervised learning. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems (2016) Hardt, M., Price, E., Srebro, N., et al.: Equality of opportunity in supervised learning. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems (2016)
33.
Zurück zum Zitat Kaelbling, L.P., Littman, M.L., Moore, A.W.: Reinforcement learning: a survey. J. Artif. Intell. Res. 4, 237–285 (1996)CrossRef Kaelbling, L.P., Littman, M.L., Moore, A.W.: Reinforcement learning: a survey. J. Artif. Intell. Res. 4, 237–285 (1996)CrossRef
34.
Zurück zum Zitat Kanbak, C., Moosavi-Dezfooli, S.M., Frossard, P.: Geometric robustness of deep networks: analysis and improvement (2017), arXiv:1711.09115 Kanbak, C., Moosavi-Dezfooli, S.M., Frossard, P.: Geometric robustness of deep networks: analysis and improvement (2017), arXiv:​1711.​09115
35.
Zurück zum Zitat Krizhevsky, A., Sutskever, I., Hinton, G.E.: Imagenet classification with deep convolutional neural networks. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, pp. 1097–1105 (2012) Krizhevsky, A., Sutskever, I., Hinton, G.E.: Imagenet classification with deep convolutional neural networks. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, pp. 1097–1105 (2012)
36.
Zurück zum Zitat Kusner, M.J., Loftus, J., Russell, C., Silva, R.: Counterfactual fairness. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems (2017) Kusner, M.J., Loftus, J., Russell, C., Silva, R.: Counterfactual fairness. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems (2017)
37.
Zurück zum Zitat Lowe, D.G.: Object recognition from local scale-invariant features. In: IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision (1999) Lowe, D.G.: Object recognition from local scale-invariant features. In: IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision (1999)
38.
Zurück zum Zitat Madry, A., Makelov, A., Schmidt, L., Tsipras, D., Vladu, A.: Towards deep learning models resistant to adversarial attacks (2017), arXiv:1706.06083 Madry, A., Makelov, A., Schmidt, L., Tsipras, D., Vladu, A.: Towards deep learning models resistant to adversarial attacks (2017), arXiv:​1706.​06083
39.
Zurück zum Zitat Milch, B., Marthi, B., Russell, S.: Blog: Relational modeling with unknown objects. In: ICML 2004 Workshop on Statistical Relational Learning and its Connections to Other Fields, pp. 67–73 (2004) Milch, B., Marthi, B., Russell, S.: Blog: Relational modeling with unknown objects. In: ICML 2004 Workshop on Statistical Relational Learning and its Connections to Other Fields, pp. 67–73 (2004)
40.
Zurück zum Zitat Mnih, V., et al.: Human-level control through deep reinforcement learning. Nature 518(7540), 529 (2015)CrossRef Mnih, V., et al.: Human-level control through deep reinforcement learning. Nature 518(7540), 529 (2015)CrossRef
42.
Zurück zum Zitat Papernot, N., McDaniel, P., Jha, S., Fredrikson, M., Celik, Z.B., Swami, A.: The limitations of deep learning in adversarial settings. In: Proceedings of the 1st IEEE European Symposium on Security and Privacy. arXiv preprint arXiv:1511.07528 (2016) Papernot, N., McDaniel, P., Jha, S., Fredrikson, M., Celik, Z.B., Swami, A.: The limitations of deep learning in adversarial settings. In: Proceedings of the 1st IEEE European Symposium on Security and Privacy. arXiv preprint arXiv:​1511.​07528 (2016)
43.
Zurück zum Zitat Papernot, N., McDaniel, P., Wu, X., Jha, S., Swami, A.: Distillation as a defense to adversarial perturbations against deep neural networks. arXiv preprint arXiv:1511.04508 (2015) Papernot, N., McDaniel, P., Wu, X., Jha, S., Swami, A.: Distillation as a defense to adversarial perturbations against deep neural networks. arXiv preprint arXiv:​1511.​04508 (2015)
44.
Zurück zum Zitat Pei, K., Cao, Y., Yang, J., Jana, S.: Deepxplore: automated whitebox testing of deep learning systems. In: Proceedings of the 26th Symposium on Operating Systems Principles, pp. 1–18. ACM (2017) Pei, K., Cao, Y., Yang, J., Jana, S.: Deepxplore: automated whitebox testing of deep learning systems. In: Proceedings of the 26th Symposium on Operating Systems Principles, pp. 1–18. ACM (2017)
45.
Zurück zum Zitat Pfeffer, A.: Figaro: an object-oriented probabilistic programming language. Technical report, Charles River Analytics (2009) Pfeffer, A.: Figaro: an object-oriented probabilistic programming language. Technical report, Charles River Analytics (2009)
47.
Zurück zum Zitat Russell, S., et al.: Letter to the editor: research priorities for robust and beneficial artif icial intelligence: an open letter. AI Mag. 36(4), 3–4 (2015)CrossRef Russell, S., et al.: Letter to the editor: research priorities for robust and beneficial artif icial intelligence: an open letter. AI Mag. 36(4), 3–4 (2015)CrossRef
48.
Zurück zum Zitat Sadigh, D., Kim, E.S., Coogan, S., Sastry, S., Seshia, S.A.: A learning based approach to control synthesis of markov decision processes for linear temporal logic specifications. In: Proceedings of the 53rd IEEE Conference on Decision and Control (CDC), pp. 1091–1096, December 2014 Sadigh, D., Kim, E.S., Coogan, S., Sastry, S., Seshia, S.A.: A learning based approach to control synthesis of markov decision processes for linear temporal logic specifications. In: Proceedings of the 53rd IEEE Conference on Decision and Control (CDC), pp. 1091–1096, December 2014
49.
Zurück zum Zitat Selsam, D., Liang, P., Dill, D.L.: Developing bug-free machine learning systems with formal mathematics. In: International Conference on Machine Learning, pp. 3047–3056 (2017) Selsam, D., Liang, P., Dill, D.L.: Developing bug-free machine learning systems with formal mathematics. In: International Conference on Machine Learning, pp. 3047–3056 (2017)
52.
Zurück zum Zitat Seshia, S.A., Sadigh, D., Sastry, S.S.: Towards Verified Artificial Intelligence. ArXiv e-prints, July 2016 Seshia, S.A., Sadigh, D., Sastry, S.S.: Towards Verified Artificial Intelligence. ArXiv e-prints, July 2016
53.
Zurück zum Zitat Shin, E.C.R., Song, D., Moazzezi, R.: Recognizing functions in binaries with neural networks. In: 24th USENIX Security Symposium (USENIX Security 15), pp. 611–626 (2015) Shin, E.C.R., Song, D., Moazzezi, R.: Recognizing functions in binaries with neural networks. In: 24th USENIX Security Symposium (USENIX Security 15), pp. 611–626 (2015)
55.
Zurück zum Zitat Taylor, B.J., Darrah, M.A.: Rule extraction as a formal method for the verification and validation of neural networks. In: IEEE International Joint Conference on Neural Networks (IJCNN), vol. 5, pp. 2915–2920. IEEE (2005) Taylor, B.J., Darrah, M.A.: Rule extraction as a formal method for the verification and validation of neural networks. In: IEEE International Joint Conference on Neural Networks (IJCNN), vol. 5, pp. 2915–2920. IEEE (2005)
57.
Zurück zum Zitat Wen, M., Ehlers, R., Topcu, U.: Correct-by-synthesis reinforcement learning with temporal logic constraints. In: 2015 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS), pp. 4983–4990 (2015) Wen, M., Ehlers, R., Topcu, U.: Correct-by-synthesis reinforcement learning with temporal logic constraints. In: 2015 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS), pp. 4983–4990 (2015)
58.
59.
Zurück zum Zitat You, S., Ding, D., Canini, K., Pfeifer, J., Gupta, M.: Deep lattice networks and partial monotonic functions. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems (2017) You, S., Ding, D., Canini, K., Pfeifer, J., Gupta, M.: Deep lattice networks and partial monotonic functions. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems (2017)
Metadaten
Titel
Formal Specification for Deep Neural Networks
verfasst von
Sanjit A. Seshia
Ankush Desai
Tommaso Dreossi
Daniel J. Fremont
Shromona Ghosh
Edward Kim
Sumukh Shivakumar
Marcell Vazquez-Chanlatte
Xiangyu Yue
Copyright-Jahr
2018
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-01090-4_2