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Open Access 2019 | Open Access | Buch

Buchtitelbild

Exploring Resilience

A Scientific Journey from Practice to Theory

herausgegeben von: Siri Wiig, Babette Fahlbruch

Verlag: Springer International Publishing

Buchreihe : SpringerBriefs in Applied Sciences and Technology

Enthalten in: Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" , Springer Professional "Technik" , Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

Inhaltsverzeichnis
insite
SUCHEN

Über dieses Buch

Resilience has become an important topic on the safety research agenda and in organizational practice. Most empirical work on resilience has been descriptive, identifying characteristics of work and organizing activity which allow organizations to cope with unexpected situations. Fewer studies have developed testable models and theories that can be used to support interventions aiming to increase resilience and improve safety. In addition, the absent integration of different system levels from individuals, teams, organizations, regulatory bodies, and policy level in theory and practice imply that mechanisms through which resilience is linked across complex systems are not yet well understood. Scientific efforts have been made to develop constructs and models that present relationships; however, these cannot be characterized as sufficient for theory building. There is a need for taking a broader look at resilience practices as a foundation for developing a theoretical framework that can help improve safety in complex systems.

This book does not advocate for one definition or one field of research when talking about resilience; it does not assume that the use of resilience concepts is necessarily positive for safety. We encourage a broad approach, seeking inspiration across different scientific and practical domains for the purpose of further developing resilience at a theoretical and an operational level of relevance for different high-risk industries. The aim of the book is twofold:

1. To explore different approaches for operationalization of resilience across scientific disciplines and system levels.

2. To create a theoretical foundation for a resilience framework across scientific disciplines and system levels.

By presenting chapters from leading international authors representing different research disciplines and practical fields we develop suggestions and inspiration for the research community and practitioners in high-risk industries.

This book is Open Access under a CC-BY licence.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

Frontmatter
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Open Access

Chapter 1. Exploring Resilience – An Introduction
Abstract
Resilience has become an important topic on the safety research agenda and in organizational practice. In this chapter we give an introduction to the research area and some of the current challenges, before we present the aim of the book.
Siri Wiig, Babette Fahlbruch
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Open Access

Chapter 2. Resilience, Reliability, Safety: Multilevel Research Challenges
Abstract
This chapter contributes to current research on resilience by considering two aspects of this topic. The first describes the popularity of resilience as a product of a shift of era which creates a degree of uncertainty about the future in several domains of concern in a globalised context, and how this notion has also travelled in the field of safety. The second part addresses the cognitive, institutional, methodological, empirical and theoretical challenges of interdisciplinary multilevel safety research.
Jean-Christophe Le Coze
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Open Access

Chapter 3. Moments of Resilience: Time, Space and the Organisation of Safety in Complex Sociotechnical Systems
Abstract
When and where does resilience happen? This is one of the most fundamental issues in the theory and practice of resilience in complex systems. Is resilience primarily a reactive or a proactive organisational property? Does it emerge locally and rapidly, or over longer time periods and at larger scales? This chapter develops a framework that seeks to characterise how resilience unfolds at three different scales of organisational activity: situated, structural and systemic. This analysis highlights the importance of understanding how locally situated activities of adjustment and recovery can trigger more generalised structural reforms, and how these might support wide-ranging systemic reconfigurations across entire industries. This analysis draws on practical examples from aviation, healthcare and finance.
Carl Macrae
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Open Access

Chapter 4. Resilience Engineering as a Quality Improvement Method in Healthcare
Abstract
Current approaches to quality improvement rely on the identification of past problems through incident reporting and audits or the use of Lean principles to eliminate waste, to identify how to improve quality. In contrast, Resilience Engineering (RE) is based on insights from complexity science, and quality results from clinicians’ ability to adapt safely to difficult situations, such as a surge in patient numbers, missing equipment or difficult unforeseen physiological problems. Progress in applying these insights to improve quality has been slow, despite the theoretical developments. In this chapter we describe a study in the Emergency Department of a large hospital in which we used RE principles to identify opportunities for quality improvement interventions. In depth observational fieldwork and interviews with clinicians were used to gather data about the key challenges faced, the misalignments between demand and capacity, adaptations that were required, and the four resilience abilities: responding, monitoring, anticipating and learning. Data were transcribed and used to write extended resilience narratives describing the work system. The narratives were analysed thematically using a combined deductive/inductive approach. A structured process was then used to identify potential interventions to improve quality. We describe one intervention to improve monitoring of patient flow and organisational learning about patient flow interventions. The approach we describe is challenging and requires close collaboration with clinicians to ensure accurate results. We found that using RE principles to improve quality is feasible and results in a focus on strengthening processes and supporting the challenges that clinicians face in their daily work.
Janet E. Anderson, A. J. Ross, J. Back, M. Duncan, P. Jaye
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Chapter 5. Resilience and Essential Public Infrastructure
Abstract
This chapter begins with a commentary on resilience as the meta-concept for organizational preparedness for disruptive events, and the factors that influence the implementation of a resilience agenda. This is followed by an analysis of resilience in the special context of essential public infrastructure wherein priority is given to reliability and continuity of service, and interdependencies between infrastructures must be dealt with. The resilience agenda of a major public water supply system is then presented to illustrate the broad range of initiatives needed to ensure its resilience. Finally, policy issues are discussed regarding adaptations of resilience to meet concerns about security and sustainability.
Michael Baram
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Open Access

Chapter 6. Human Performance, Levels of Service and System Resilience
Abstract
The concept of resilience has spread widely in recent years and is broadly used to examine the dynamic response of critical sectors to disruptions. Resilience is frequently associated with the ability of a system to return to normal operational conditions subsequent to a shock event. Numerous definitions of resilience have been introduced and measures of resilience developed. Yet, the existing literature shows a lack of agreement in operationalising resilience. This chapter expresses resilience in relation to systems performance and levels of service. As people at all levels of an organisation play a significant role on creating (or not) resilience, the human contribution to the resilience of critical infrastructure is discussed. Here, the four resilience cornerstones, i.e., knowing what to do, look for, expect, and has happened, help structure the discussion. This standpoint is found to support a robust operationalisation of resilience.
Miltos Kyriakidis, Vinh N. Dang
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Open Access

Chapter 7. Precursor Resilience in Practice – An Organizational Response to Weak Signals
Abstract
This chapter looks at resilience from the descriptions of organizational strategies and practices in a regional airline operating regular commercial flights at short runway airports. Like many organizations facing environmental changes and intensive operational demands, the airline faces cascades of disturbances and friction in putting plans into place, requiring the ability to extend performance. This study demonstrates that different types of resilience exist and that precursor resilience is more about the organizational expansion of expectancies than individuals or groups managing the unexpected. This clarification adds depth to the understanding of resilience in aviation and similar organizational contexts, and the chapter takes issue in discussing how resilience varies and is different according to level in organizations or systems, place, time, resources, and competencies. This extends ongoing research efforts identifying specific types of resilience and their requirements based on a closer grounding of the concept in empirical studies.
Kenneth Pettersen Gould
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Open Access

Chapter 8. Leadership in Resilient Organizations
Abstract
This chapter focuses on organizations’ ability to change between different modes of operation as a key adaptive capacity that fosters resilience. Four modes are described which represent responses to low versus high demands on stability and flexibility respectively. The operational requirements for leaders both in enacting the different modes of operation and in instigating switches between the modes are detailed. Strategic recommendations are outlined that should help organizations to build the needed leadership abilities and to support organizational change towards better handling fundamental tensions and trade-offs embedded in the requirement to stay in control while facing unexpected uncertainties.
Gudela Grote
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Chapter 9. Modelling the Influence of Safety Management Tools on Resilience
Abstract
Descriptions of new safety management tools or suggestions for modifying existing tools on the basis of the principles of the Resilience Engineering paradigm are rare. This chapter introduces an evaluation checklist for adaptive safety management that can be used in analyzing the influence of safety management tools on resilience. Three commonly used safety management tools are inspected from the Resilience Engineering perspective to understand how they can be utilized for enhancing resilience in safety-critical organizations. The chapter concludes that the traditional tools of safety management focus heavily on constraining activity, but they do have a positive influence on the system’s general adaptive capacity. This effect is often unintentional, but the tools can also be used intentionally for this purpose, which requires becoming aware of both the direct and the indirect effects of the existing methods.
Teemu Reiman, Kaupo Viitanen
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Chapter 10. Resilient Characteristics as Described in Empirical Studies on Health Care
Abstract
The concept of resilience needs greater empirical clarity. The literature on resilience in health care, published between 2006 and 2016, was reviewed with the aim of describing resilient characteristics in empirical studies. The chapter documents resilient characteristics at the individual, team, management, and organizational level. The characteristics were related to four overall conceptual categories: anticipation, sensemaking, trade-offs and adaptation. Based on empirical accounts resilience is described as a set of cognitive and behavioral strategies of individuals who enact resilience within an organizational context. The characteristics represented should be seen as examples of how resilience is described in the applied health care research, thus informing possible operationalization of resilience.
Siv Hilde Berg, Karina Aase
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Chapter 11. Resilience from the United Nations Standpoint: The Challenges of “Vagueness”
Abstract
A United Nations program, at the crossroad between the development and the humanitarian mandate (UNISDR) turned the concept of resilience into a central vehicle for its worldwide program on disaster risk reduction. It is through an ethnographic study of the negotiation process, topped by interviews and text analyses that I suggest various characteristics to describe resilience in an international organization. With the perspective of the sociology of translation, I discuss, on the one hand, the UN’s need to maintain a vague definition of the concept, which hinders operationalization and on the other, I show how the organization manages, with resilience, to legitimize its programs and sustainability.
Leah R. Kimber
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Chapter 12. Building Resilience in Humanitarian Hospital Programs During Protracted Conflicts: Opportunities and Limitations
Abstract
Humanitarian hospital programs supporting health systems during protracted conflicts require a combination of short- and long- term approach. Working in partnership, sharing of knowledge, provision of drugs, equipment and human resources together with a multi-sector and multilevel approach could contribute to build resilience in humanitarian hospital programs during protracted conflicts. However, withdrawal of humanitarian support after two years could lead to a possible decline in the quality of care linked to the end of the delivery of drugs, equipment and human resources if the local and national health authorities are not able to find any solutions to the chronic vulnerability. Continuous conflicts may continue to cause new challenges in these hospitals.
Ingrid Tjoflåt, Britt Sætre Hansen
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Chapter 13. Exploring Resilience at Interconnected System Levels in Air Traffic Management
Abstract
This chapter raises issues and ideas for exploring resilience, stemming from various research disciplines, projected on the domain of air traffic management and aviation at interconnected system levels. Attempts are made to connect micro, meso, and macro levels in the aviation sector identifying corresponding research challenges. Examples of this ongoing research are given on how theory has already been translated into practical methodological use. Some connections between foci from Resilience Engineering, Disaster Resilience, and other research disciplines are projected on the air traffic management domain to explore how practical benefits can be obtained from these theories and which aspects of operational practice these theories connect to. The chapter shows that the concept of resilience from various research disciplines has a potentially wide application to system levels of air traffic management, and suggests resilience to be addressed from an interconnected systems perspective to provide added value to operations.
Rogier Woltjer
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Chapter 14. Resilience in Healthcare: A Modified Stakeholder Analysis
Abstract
Resilient healthcare embraces complexity, performance variability and acknowledgement of when things go right and when things go wrong it is usually because there has been an aspect of organizational malfunction or failure. Each organisation comprises of a range of stakeholders both internal and external and holding a variety of roles. To gain a better understanding of how individuals and groups influence the decision-making process of organisations, a stakeholder analysis can be the appropriate approach of choice. This chapter presents an approach to stakeholder analysis within the context of health care and the growing realization that patients and pubic can make a valuable contribution to the decision-making process of organisations and the contribution to resilient health care. Highlighted within the chapter are key questions and stages that require consideration when conducting a stakeholder analysis. To incorporate the contribution of patients and public, we use an analytical framework describing different aspects (decisions-making domains, roles and levels) of participation in healthcare decision-making. Reference is made to the benefits of conducting a stakeholder analysis, what the results can contribute with and indicates some of the challenges.
Mary Chambers, Marianne Storm
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Chapter 15. Resilience: From Practice to Theory and Back Again
Abstract
This book offers a purposefully broad exploration of resilience: it presents a variety of diverse perspectives in a range of practical contexts across various scales of system from a range of disciplinary positions. One of the core organising principles of this book is a concern with understanding how ideas of resilience can be translated into practice, and how practices of resilience can in turn be theorised and explained—irrespective of whether those practices are conducted at the ‘street-level’ by frontline actors or in the committee rooms of policymakers. To do this, the book explores empirical, methodological and theoretical challenges in analysing resilience, defining resilience, organising resilience, building resilience, leading resilience and regulating resilience—to name just a few of the activities that provide the focus of concern in these chapters. In this chapter, we provide a brief and necessarily partial survey of the varieties and commonalities of resilience that have emerged throughout the book, and then explore how—and why—we might move towards an integrated theoretical framework of resilience.
Carl Macrae, Siri Wiig
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Metadaten
Titel
Exploring Resilience
herausgegeben von
Siri Wiig
Babette Fahlbruch
Copyright-Jahr
2019
Electronic ISBN
978-3-030-03189-3
Print ISBN
978-3-030-03188-6
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-03189-3

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