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2020 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

2. The New Security Environment: Shifting Mission Priorities and Organisational Restructuring

verfasst von : Lindy Heinecken

Erschienen in: South Africa's Post-Apartheid Military

Verlag: Springer International Publishing

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Abstract

In many respects, South Africa confronted the same challenges as other Western countries in trying to find the right balance in terms of personnel, operations and capital expenditure. The difficulties of executing secondary tasks within the confines of being structured, trained, funded and deployed for its primary mission—warfare—are captured in the voices of soldiers deployed on peacekeeping missions.

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Vorheriges Kapitel Historical Overview: Transition and Transformation

Nächstes Kapitel Peace Missions: Preparing for and Deployment on Peacekeeping Operations

Jakkie Cilliers and Lindy Heinecken, ‘South Africa: Emerging from a Time Warp’, in The Postmodern Military, eds. Charles C. Moskos, John Allen Williams and David R. Segal (London: Oxford University Press, 1999), 242–264.

Abel Esterhuyse, ‘Getting the Job Done: Transformation in the South African Military’, Strategic Review for Southern Africa 32, no. 1 (2010): 4.

Republic of South Africa, The Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, Act 108 of 1996.

Christopher Dandeker, Simon Wessely, Amy Iversen and John Ross, Improving the Delivery of Cross Departmental Support and Services for Veterans, report by Department of War Studies, Kings College, University of London (2003), 405.

Ibid.

Fred Schreier and Marina Caparini, ‘Privatising Security: Law, Practice and Governance of Private Military and Security Companies’, DCAF Occasional Paper, no. 6 (2005): 3–4.

Mary Kaldor, New and Old Wars: Organized Violence in a Global Era (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1999).

Moten Bøås, ‘Terminology Associated with Political Violence and Asymmetric Warfare’, in Domestic Terrorism in Africa: Defining, Addressing and Understanding its Impact on Human Security, eds. Wafula Okumu and Anneli Botha (Pretoria: Institute for Security Studies, 2009).

Christopher Dandeker, Facing Uncertainty: Flexible Forces for the Twenty-First Century. (Karlstad: Klaria Tryckeri, 1999); Peter W. Singer, Corporate Warriors: The Rise of the Privatized Military Industry (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2007), 9.

James Burk, ‘Thinking Through the End of the Cold War’, in The Adaptive Military: Armed Forces in a Turbulent World, ed. James Burk (Piscatway: Transaction Publishers, 1998), 34.

Manigart, ‘Restructuring the Armed Forces’, 323–343.

Dandeker, Facing Uncertainty, 23–42.

Christopher Dandeker, ‘A Farewell to Arms?: The Military and the Nation-State in a Changing World’, in The Adaptive Military: Armed Forces in a Turbulent World, ed. James Burk (Piscatway: Transaction Publishers, 1998), 139–177.

Dandeker, Facing Uncertainty, 30–33; Manigart, ‘Restructuring the Armed Forces’, 329.

Anthony King, ‘The Post-Fordist Military’, Journal of Political and Military Sociology 34, no. 2 (2006): 360.

Christopher Dandeker, Martin Edmonds, James Higgs and Fiona Paton, Bett and Beyond: A Reaction, Response and Commentary (Lancaster: Centre for Defence and International Studies, 1997), 40.

Manigart, ‘Restructuring the Armed Forces’, 329.

Dandeker, Facing Uncertainty, 38.

Deborah Avant, ‘Private Security Companies’, New Political Economy 10, no. 1 (2005): 121–131.

Lindy Heinecken, ‘Outsourcing Public Security: The Unforeseen Consequences for the Military Profession’, Armed Forces and Society 40, no.4 (2014): 625–646.

Mark Swilling and Mark Phillips, ‘State Power in the 1980s: From “Total Strategy” to “Counter-Revolutionary Warfare”’, in War and Society: The Militarisation of South Africa, eds. Jacklyn Cock and Laurie Nathan (Cape Town: David Philip, 1989), 134–148; James Selfe, ‘South Africa’s National Management System’, in War and Society: The Militarisation of South Africa, eds. Jacklyn Cock and Laurie Nathan (Cape Town: David Philip, 1989), 149–158.

Abel Esterhuyse, ‘Human Security and the Conceptualisation of South African Defence: Time for a Reappraisal’, Strategic Review for Southern Africa 38, no. 1 (2016): 33.

Laurie Nathan, The Changing of the Guard: Armed Forces and Defence Policy in a Democratic South Africa (Pretoria: HSRC Press, 1994), 76.

Esterhuyse, ‘Comparing Apples with Pears’, 231.

Esterhuyse, ‘Getting the Job Done’, 62.

Republic of South Africa, Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, Act 108 of 1996, Article 200(2), 113.

Ibid.; Republic of South Africa, White Paper on Defence (Pretoria: Department of Defence, 1996); Republic of South Africa, South African Defence Review (Pretoria: Department of Defence, 1998); Len le Roux, ‘The Revision of the South African Defence Review and International Trends in Forces Design: Implications for the SA Army’, in South African Army Vision 2020: Security Challenges Shaping the Future South African Army, ed. Len le Roux (Pretoria: Institute for Security Studies, 2007).

Rocky Williams, ‘Against Meta Narratives? The Strengths and Weaknesses of Modernism and Contemporary Defence Thinking’, Strategic Review for Southern Africa 7, no. 2 (1998): 1–40.

The controversy around the arms deal, and the bribery and corruption associated with it, has led to widespread debate and distrust in government, which has also had a deep and lasting effect on the SANDF. It is beyond the scope of this chapter to discuss the arms deal in detail, but a good overview is provided in Paul Holden, The Arms Deal in Your Pocket (Johannesburg: Jonathan Ball Publishers, 2008).

Ibid., 15.

Evert Jordaan, ‘South African Defence Policy: The Rationale and Impact of the SANDF’s Primary Role and Conventional Force Design’, Defence Studies 18, no. 2 (2018): 188–206.

Department of Defence, Safeguarding South Africa for a Better Life for All: Strategic Plan for FY2002/03 to 2004/05: 31 January. Pretoria: Department of Defence, 2002), 4–5.

Republic of South Africa, South African Defence Review.

DefenceWeb, ‘SANDF Cleared for Borderline Control’, DefenceWeb, 29 May 2009, https://www.defenceweb.co.za/sa-defence/sa-defence-sa-defence/sandf-cleared-for-borderline-control/, accessed 27 August 2019.

Department of Defence, Defence in a Democracy: White Paper on National Defence for the Republic of South Africa (Pretoria: Department of Defence, 1996), 8.

Ibid.

Lindy Heinecken, ‘Preparing for Operations Other than War: How Equipped is the SANDF to Deal with Soft Missions’, Strategic Review for Southern Africa 24, no.1 (2002): 63–90.

Mark Malan, ‘Keeping the Peace in the Neighbourhood and Abroad: Lessons for South Africa from the Russian Experience?’, African Security Review 15, no. 4 (1998): 90–95; Theo Neethling, ‘Exercise Blue Crane: Forward with Peacekeeping in South Africa’, Issue Bulletin, no. 9 (1999); Heinecken, ‘Preparing for Operations Other than War’, 63–90.

Neethling, ‘Exercise Blue Crane’.

Maria Eriksson-Baaz and Maria Stern, Sexual Violence as a Weapon of War? Perceptions, Prescriptions, Problems in the Congo and Beyond (London: Zed Books, 2013); Lindy Heinecken and Rialize Ferreira, ‘Fighting for Peace: South Africa’s Role in Peace Operations in Africa (part I)’, African Security Review 21, no. 2 (2012a): 20–35.

DefenceWeb, ‘Sudan Government Forced South African Withdrawal from UNAMID’, DefenceWeb, 13 May 2016, https://www.defenceweb.co.za/sa-defence/sa-defence-sa-defence/sudan-government-forced-south-african-withdrawal-from-unamid/, accessed 13 August 2019.

DefenceWeb, ‘South African Soldier Killed in DRC Firefight’, DefenceWeb, 20 December 2016, https://www.defenceweb.co.za/joint/diplomacy-a-peace/south-african-soldier-killed-in-drc-fire-fight/, accessed 13 August 2019.

Department of Defence, ‘Operation Copper: Maritime Security in the Mozambican Channel’, http://www.dod.mil.za/operations/international/operation_copper.htm, accessed 13 August 2019.

The details of these missions and the experiences of soldiers are discussed in more detail in Chap. 3.

Republic of South Africa, South African Defence Review, 21–24.

Helmoed-Römer Heitman, ‘South Africa’s Deployment to the CAR’, DefenceWeb, 9 January 2013. https://www.defenceweb.co.za/joint/military-art-a-science/south-africas-deployment-to-the-car/, accessed 13 August 2019.

Thomas Mandrup, ‘An Uncertain Future: South Africa’s National Defence Force Caught Between Foreign-Policy Ambitions and Domestic Development’, Journal of Eastern African Studies 12, no. 1 (2018): 144.

Ndubuisi C. Ani, ‘Is the African Standby Force Any Closer to Being Deployed?’, ISS Today, 2 November 2018, https://issafrica.org/iss-today/is-the-african-standby-force-any-closer-to-being-deployed, accessed 13 August 2019.

Greg Mills, An Option of Difficulties? A 21st Century South African Defence Review, Discussion Paper, July 2011, The Brenthurst Foundation, http://www.thebrenthurstfoundation.org/workspace/files/2011-07-south-african-defence-brenthurst-paper-.pdf, accessed 13 August 2019.

According to the 2017/18 Annual Report, SANDF forces deployed in the following four internal operations: Operation Prosper (support to government departments, mainly SAPS [i.e. safety and security support]) as and when required; Operation Chariot (disaster aid and relief [humanitarian assistance]) as and when required; Operation Arabella (search and rescue), as and when required; Operation Corona (border safeguarding); see Department of Defence, Department of Defence Annual Report 2017/18, http://pmg-assets.s3-website-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/2/Department_of_Defence_AR_2017-18.pdf, accessed 13 August 2019.

Todd Johnson, ‘South Africa’s Military at a Crossroads’, Daily Maverick, 7 January 2019, https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2019-01-07-south-africas-military-at-a-crossroads/, accessed 13 August 2019.

Rebecca Davis, ‘Army Deployed as Gang Violence Escalates to Unprecedented Levels and Residents Cry Out for Help’, Daily Maverick, 12 July 2019, https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2019-07-12-army-deployed-as-gang-violence-escalates-to-unprecedented-levels-and-residents-cry-out-for-help/, accessed 26 July 2019.

Thandiswa Mawu. ‘Army Deployed on Cape Flats Known as Operation Prosper.’ SABC News, 13 July 2019, http://www.sabcnews.com/sabcnews/army-deployment-in-cape-flats-known-as-operation-prosper/, accessed 26 July 2019.

Lindy Heinecken, ‘Soldiers Won’t Stem Gang Violence Because the Army is in a Sorry State’, The Conversation, 15 August, 2019, https://theconversation.com/soldiers-wont-stem-gang-violence-because-south-africas-army-is-in-a-sorry-state-121754, accessed 21 August 2019.

Shaun Shelly, ‘Bringing in the Army Turns People on the Cape Flats into Targets’, Daily Maverick, 23 July 2019, https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2019-07-23-bringing-in-the-army-turns-people-on-the-cape-flats-into-targets/, accessed 13 August 2019.

Simone Haysom and Mark Shaw, ‘Understanding Cape Town’s Gang Problem and Why a Military Crackdown Could Make Things Worse’. News24, 14 July 2019. https://www.news24.com/Columnists/GuestColumn/understanding-cape-towns-gang-problem-and-why-a-military-crackdown-could-make-things-worse-20190714. Accessed 27 July 2019.

Abel Esterhuyse, ‘The Domestic Employment of the Military in a Democratic South Africa: Time for a Debate’, African Security Review (forthcoming, 2019): 3–4.

Lindy Heinecken, ‘The Army is Being Used to Fight Cape Town’s Gangs: Why it is a Bad Idea’, The Conversation, 17 July 2019, https://theconversation.com/the-army-is-being-used-to-fight-cape-towns-gangs-why-its-a-bad-idea-120455, accessed 29 August 2019.

John Stupart, ‘Sending the Army to the Townships’, African Defence Review, 15 October 2017, https://www.africandefence.net/army-to-the-townships/, accessed 13 August 2019.

Ibid.

Mills, An Option of Difficulties?, 19

Phillip de Wet, ‘From Bully Boys to Wimps: The Decline of SA’s Military’, Mail & Guardian, 4 May 2012, https://mg.co.za/article/2012-05-04-lack-of-funds-leaves-sa-vulnerable, accessed 13 August 2019.

Greg Mills, ‘The SANDF’s Real Challenge: It’s Become a Welfare not a Warfare Agency’, Daily Maverick, 30 January 2019, https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2019-01-30-the-sandfs-real-challenge-its-become-a-welfare-not-a-warfare-agency/, accessed 14 August 2019.

Johnson, ‘South Africa’s Military at a Crossroads’.

Republic of South Africa, South African Defence Review, vii.

Johnson, ‘South Africa’s Military at a Crossroads’.

Republic of South Africa, South African Defence Review.

According to an interview with an army colonel, a moratorium has been placed on changes to the force design and force structure, which means that there are no posts for critical positions such as data scientists, data analysts and cyber warriors in an era where artificial intelligence is critical in warfare.

Department of Defence, ‘South African National Defence Force Transformation Status’, briefing to the Joint Standing Committee on Defence, Cape Town, 21 May 2015, v.

DefenceWeb, ‘Feature: SANDF Outlines Threats, Priorities’, DefenceWeb, 12 June 2018, https://www.defenceweb.co.za/sa-defence/sa-defence-sa-defence/feature-sandf-outlines-threats-priorities/, accessed 13 August 2019.

Anita Gossmann, ‘Lost COIN: The Erosion of Counterinsurgency in the South African Army’, in South Africa and Contemporary Counterinsurgency: Roots, Practices and Prospects, eds. Deane-Peter Baker and Evert Jordaan (Cape Town: UCT Press, 2010), 136–151.

Republic of South Africa, South African Defence Review.

Roy Anderson, ‘Staffing and Training the SA Army of the Future’, African Security Review 6, no. 3 (1997): 59.

Seegers, The Military in the Making of Modern South Africa, 280.

Republic of South Africa, South African Defence Review, 70.

Ibid.

Department of Defence, Safeguarding South Africa for a Better Life for All, 6.

Department of Defence, White Paper on Defence and Defence Review, 117.

Anderson, ‘Staffing and Training the SA Army’, 59.

Department of Defence, Department of Defence Human Resource Strategy, 2003.

Department of Defence, Human Resources Strategy 2010, 14–15.

Helmoed-Römer Heitman, ‘SANDF Personnel Strength’, DefenceWeb, 23 April 2019, https://www.defenceweb.co.za/featured/sandf-personnel-strength/, accessed 21 August 2019.

Major-General Mulungisa Sitshongaye, ‘Briefing on the Military Skills Development System (MSDS) Intakes, CD HR Strategic Direction Policy and Plans’, 9 September 2016, http://pmg-assets.s3-website-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/160909briefing.pdf, Accessed 14 August 2019.

Department of Defence, Human Resources Strategy 2010, 30.

Republic of South Africa, South African Defence Review, 9–7.

Reuters, ‘Defence Allocations from National Treasury for 2018/19 Down on Previous Year’, DefenceWeb, 22 February 2018, https://www.defenceweb.co.za/sa-defence/sa-defence-sa-defence/defence-allocation-from-national-treasury-for-201819-down-on-previous-year/, accessed 14 August 2019.

Defence (Joint NA and NCOP) Committee, ‘Defence Joint Committee Legacy Report: Sector Analysis’, 23 August 2019, https://pmg.org.za/committee-meeting/28745/?via=homepage-card, accessed 28 August 2019.

Mills, ‘The SANDF’s Real Challenge’.

Johnson, ‘South Africa’s Military at a Crossroads’.

Republic of South Africa, South African Defence Review, 9–7.

The effect of HIV/AIDS on the SANDF is discussed in Chap. 8.

Helmoed-Römer Heitman, ‘Too Many Generals in the SANDF?’, DefenceWeb, 26 July 2019, https://www.defenceweb.co.za/joint/military-art-a-science/too-many-generals-in-the-sandf/, accessed 21 August 2019.

Sitshongaye, ‘Briefing on the Military Skills Development System’.

Mills, ‘The SANDF’s Real Challenge’.

Portfolio Committee on Defence and Military Veterans, ‘ATC161021: Budgetary Review and Recommendations Report of the Portfolio Committee on Defence and Military Veterans on the 2015/16 Annual Report Plan of the Department of Defence (DoD)’, 21 October 2016. https://pmg.org.za/tabled-committee-report/2842/. Accessed 14 August 2019.

DefenceWeb, ‘Reserve Force Revamp Coming’, DefenceWeb, 28 August 2018, https://www.defenceweb.co.za/sa-defence/sa-defence-sa-defence/reserve-force-revamp-coming/, accessed 14 August 2019.

Roy C. Anderson, ‘SA, Look After Your Soldiers’, The Citizen, 10 May 2018, https://citizen.co.za/news/opinion/1921038/sa-look-after-your-soldiers/, accessed 14 August 2019.

Chitja Twala and Marietjie Oelofse, ‘Rural Safety and the Disbandment of the Commando Units in South Africa: A Challenge to Rural Communities and the African National Congress (ANC)?’, Studies of Tribes and Tribals 11, no. 1 (2013): 25–33.

Jonny Steinberg, ‘Assessing the Future of Rural Policing: The Impact of Closing the Commandos’, SA Crime Quarterly, no. 13 (September 2005): 1–5. https://www.sajs.co.za/index.php/sacq/article/view/1011/766, accessed 14 August 2019.

100

Republic of South Africa, South African Defence Review, 2–12.

101

Ibid.

102

Defence (Joint NA and NCOP) Committee, ‘Defence Joint Committee Legacy Report: Sector Analysis’.

103

Sitshongaye, ‘Briefing on the Military Skills Development System’.

104

Mills, ‘The SANDF’s Real Challenge’.

Titel: The New Security Environment: Shifting Mission Priorities and Organisational Restructuring
verfasst von: Lindy Heinecken
Verlag: Springer International Publishing
Buch: South Africa's Post-Apartheid Military
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-33733-9

Electronic ISBN: 978-3-030-33734-6

Copyright-Jahr: 2020
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-33734-6_2

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