Abstract
Plant root systems serve a variety of different functions at the plant, community and ecosystem scales. For the plant they provide stability for the shoot, an organ for uptake, transport and storage of water and nutrients and are frequently the site of nitrogen-fixing or mycorrhizal symbioses. At the community and ecosystem scale they provide a source of photo-autotrophic carbon, through symbiosis or exudation and root mortality, that is utilised by symbionts or rhizosphere organisms respectively.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Allen E B, Allen M F (1986) Water relations of xeric grasses in the field: interactions of mycorrhizas and competition. New Phytol. 104:559–571
Amijee F, Tinker P B, Stribley D (1989) The development of endomycorrhizal root systems VII: a detailed study of effects of soil phosphorus on colonization. New Phytol. 111:435–446
Atkinson D (1992) Tree root development: the role of models in understanding the consequences of arbuscular endomycorrhizal infection. Agronomie 12:817–820
Atkinson D (1985) Spatial and temporal aspects of root distribution as indicated by the use of a root observation laboratory. In: Fitter A H, Atkinson D, Read D J, Usher M B (eds) Ecological interactions in soil. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, UK pp 43–66
Atkinson D, Berta G, Hooker J E (1994) Impact of mycorrhizal colonisation on root architecture, root longevity and the formation of growth regulators. In: Gianinazzi S, Schüepp H (eds) Impact of arbuscular mycorrhizas on sustainable agriculture and natural ecosystems. Birkhäuser Verlag, Basel Switzerland pp 89–99
Berta G, Fusconi A, Trotta A, Scannerini S (1990) Morphogenetic modifications induced by the mycorrhizal fungus Glomus strain E3 in the root system of A llium porrum L. New Phytol. 114:207–215
Berta G, Tagliasacchi A M, Fusconi A, Gerlero D, Trotta A, Scannerini S (1991) The mitotic cycle in root apical meristems of Allium porrum L. is controlled by the endomycorrhizal fungus Glomus sp. strain E3. Protoplasma 161:12–16
Berta G, Fusconi A, Trotta A (1993) VA mycorrhizal infection and the morphology and function of root systems. Envir. Exp. Bot. 33:159–173
Berta G, Trotta A, Fusconi A, Hooker J E, Munro M, Atkinson D, Giovannetti M, Morini S, Fortuna P, Tisserant B, Gianinazzi-Pearson V, Gianinazzi S (1995) Arbuscular mycorrhizal induced changes to plant growth and root system morphology in Prunus cerasifera Tree Physiol. 15:281–294
Beyrle H (1995) The role of phytohormones in the function and biology of mycorrhizas. In: Varma A, Hock B (eds) Mycorrhiza: structure, function, molecular biology and biotechnology. Springer-Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg New York pp 365–390
Black K E, Harbron C G, Franklin M, Atkinson D, Hooker J E (1998) Differences in root longevity of some tree species. Tree Physiol. 18:259–264
Bonfante P, Perotto S (1995) Strategies of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi when infecting host plants. New Phytol. 130:3–21
Burton A J, Pregitzer K S, Hendrick R L (2000) Relationships between fine root dynamics and nitrogen availability in Michigan northern hardwood forests. Oecologia 125:389–399
Citemesi A S, Vitagliano C, Giovannetti M (1998) Plant growth and root system morphology of Olea europaea L. rooted cuttings as influenced by arbuscular mycorrhizas. J. Hort. Sci. Biotech. 73:647–654
Clark R B, Zeto S K (2000) Mineral acquisition by arbuscular mycorrhizal plants. J. Plant Nutr. 23:867–902
Danneberg G, Latus C, Zimmer W, Hundeshagen B, Schneider-Poetsch H, Bothe H (1992) Influence of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhiza on phytohormone balance in maize (Zea mays L.) J. Plant Physiol. 141:33–39
Drew M C (1975) Comparison of the effects of a localised supply of phosphate, nitrate, ammonium and potassium. New Phytol. 75:479–490
Eissenstat D M, Wells C E, Yanai R D, Whitbeck J L (2000) Building roots in a changing environment: implications for root longevity. New Phytol. 147:33–42
Esch H, Hundeshagen B, Schneider-Poetsch H, Bothe H (1994) Demonstration of abscisic acid in spores and hyphae of the arbuscular-mycorrhizal fungus Glomus and the N2-fixing cyanobacterium Anabaena variabilis. Plant Sci. 99:9–16
Espeleta J F, Eissenstat D M, Graham J H (1999) Citrus root responses to localized drying soil: a new approach to studying mycorrhizal effects on the roots of mature trees. Plant Soil 206, 1–10
Fitter A H (1985) Functional significance of root morphology and root system architecture. In: Fitter A H, Atkinson D, Read D J, Usher M B (eds) Ecological interactions in soil. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, UK pp 37–42
Fitter A H, Stickland T R (1991) Architectural analysis of plant root systems. 2. Influence of nutrient supply on architecture in contrasting plant species. New Phytol. 118:383–389
Fogel R (1985) Roots as primary producers in below-ground ecosystems. In: Fitter A H, Atkinson D, Read D J, Usher M B (eds) Ecological interactions in soil. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, UK pp 22–36
Forbes P J, Ellison C H, Hooker J E (1996) The impact of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and temperature on root system development. Agronomie 16:617–620
Fusconi A, Berta G, Scannerini S, Trotta A (1986) Meristematic activity in mycorrhizal and uninfected roots of Allium porrum L. In: Gianinazzi-Pearson V, Gianinazzi S.(eds) Physiological and genetical aspects of mycorrhizae: Proceedings of the 1stEuropean Symposium on Mycorrhizae. INRA, Paris pp 667–671
Fusconi A, Tagliasacchi A M, Scannerini S, Trotta A, Gnavi E, de Padova S (1994) Root apical meristems of arbuscular mycorrhizae of Allium porrum L. Env. Exp. Bot. 43:181–193
Fusconi A, Gnavi E, Trotta A, Berta G (1999) Apical meristems of tomato roots and their modifications induced by arbuscular mycorrhizal and soilborne pathogenic fungi. New Phytol. 142:505–516
Fusconi A, Tagliasacchi A M, Berta G, Trotta A, Brazzaventre S, Ruberti F, Scannerini S (2000) Root apical meristems of A llium porrum L. as affected by arbuscular mycorrhizae and phosphorus. Protoplasma 214:219–226
Gavito M E, Curtis P S, Jakobsen I (2001) Neither mycorrhizal inoculation nor atmospheric CO2 concentration has strong effects on pea root production and root loss. New Phytol. 149:283–290
Harley J L, Smith S E (1983) Mycorrhizal Symbiosis. Academic Press, London and New York pp 483
Head G C (1966) Estimating seasonal changes in the quantity of a white unsuberised root on fruittrees. J. Hort. Sci. 41:197–206
Heggo A, Angle J S (1990) Effects of vesicular-arbuscular fungi on heavy metal uptake by soybeans. Soil Biol. Biochem. 22:865–869
Hernandez-Sebastia C, Piche Y, Desjardins Y (1999) Water relations of whole strawberry plantlets in vitro inoculated with Glomus intraradices in a tripartite culture system. Plant Sci. 143:81–91
Hetrick B A D, Leslie J F, Wilson G T, Kitt D G (1988) Physical and topological assessment of effects of a vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus on root architecture of Big Bluestem. New Phytol. 110:85–96
Himmelbach A, Iten M, Grill E (1998) Signalling of abscisic acid to regulate plant growth. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B 353:1439–1444
Hooker J E, Munro M, Atkinson D (1992a) Vesicular-arbuscular fungi induced alteration in poplar root system morphology. Plant and Soil 145:207–214
Hooker J E, Atkinson D (1992b) Application of computer-aided image analysis to studies of AM fungi effects on plant root system architecture and dynamics. Agronomie 12:821–824
Hooker J E, Black K E, Perry R L, Atkinson D (1995) Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi induced alteration to root longevity of poplar. Plant and Soil 172:327–329
Hooker J E, Atkinson D (1996) Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi-induced alteration to tree-root architecture and longevity. J. Pflanz. Bodenk. 159:229–234
Hooker J E, Berta G, Lingua G, Fusconi A, Sgorbati S (1998) Quantification of AMF-induced modifications to root system architecture and longevity. In: Varma A (ed) Mycorrhizal manual Springer Verlag pp 515–531
Hooker J E, Hendrick R, Atkinson D (2000) The measurement and analysis of fine root longevity. In: Smit A L, Bengough A G, Engels C, Noordwijk M van, Pellerin S, Geijn S C vande (eds) Root methods Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg pp 274–304
Jacqmard A, Houssa C, Bernier G (1995) Abscisic acid antagonizes the effect of cytokinin on DNA-replication origins. J. Exp. Bot. 46:663–666
Kaldorf M, Ludwig-Muller J (2000) AM fungi affect the root morphology of maize by increasing indole-3-butyric acid biosynthesis. Physiol. Plant. 109:58–67
Kaska D D, Myllyla R, Cooper J B (1999) Auxin transport inhibitors act through ethylene to regulate dichotomous branching of lateral root meristems in pine. New Phytol. 142:49–58
Lingua G, Sgorbati S, Citterio A, Fusconi A, Trotta A, Gnavi E, Berta G (1999) Arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization delays nucleus senescence in leek root cortical cells. New Phytol. 141:161–169
Noordwick M, Brouwer G, Koning H, Meijboom F W, Grzebisz W (1994) Production and decay of structural root material of winter wheat and sugar-beet in conventional and integrated cropping systems; Agricul. Ecosyst. Environ. 51:99–113.
Norman J R, Atkinson D, Hooker J E (1996) Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal-induced alteration to root architecture in strawberry and induced resistance to the root pathogen Phytophthora fragariae. Plant and Soil 185:191–198
Norman J R, Hooker J E (2000) Sporulation of Phytophthora fragariae shows greater stimulation by exudates of non-mycorrhizal than by mycorrhizal strawberry roots Mycol. Res. 104:1069–1073
Peng S, Eissenstat D M, Graham J H, Williams K, Hodge N C (1993) Growth depression of mycorrhizal citrus at high phosphorus supply: analysis of carbon costs. Plant Physiol. 101:1063–1071
Ravnskov S, Jakobsen I (1995) Functional compatibility in arbuscular mycorrhizas measured as hyphal P transport to the plant. New Phytol. 129:611–618
Schellenbaum L, Berta G, Ravolanirina F, Tisserant B, Gianinazzi S, Fitter A H (1991) Influence of endo-mycorrhizal infection on root morphology in a micro-propagated woody plant species (Vitis vinifera L.) Ann. Bot. 68:135–141
Smit A L, Zuin A (1996) Root growth dynamics of Brussels sprouts (Brassica oleracea var. gemmifera) and leeks (A Ilium porrum L.) as reflected by root length, root colour and UV fluorescence. Plant and Soil 185:271–280
Smit A L, George E, Groenwold J (2000) Root observations and measurements at (transparent) interfaces with soil. In: Smit A L, Bengough A G, Engels C, Noordwijk M van, Pellerin S, Geijn S C van de (eds) Root methods. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg pp 235–271
Smith S E, Gianinazzi-Pearson V (1988) Physiological interactions between symbionts in vesiculararbuscular mycorrhizal plants. Ann. Rev. Plant Physiol. 39:321–324
Smith S E, Read DJ (1997) Mycorrhizal Symbiosis. Academic Press pp. 605
Stribley D, Tinker P B, Snellgrove R C (1980) Effect of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on the relations of plant growth, internal phosphorus concentration and soil phosphate analyses. J. Soil Sci. 31:655–672
Tisserant B, Schellenbaum L, Gianinazzi-Pearson V, Gianinazzi S, Berta G (1992) Influence of infection by an endomycorrhizal fungus on root development and root architecture in Platanus acerifolia. Allionia 30:171–181
Torelli A, Trotta A, Acerbi L, Arcidiacono G, Berta G, Branca C (2000) IAA and ZR content in leek (Allium porrum L.), as influenced by P nutrition and arbuscular mycorrhizae, in relation to plant development. Plant and Soil 226:29–35
Trotta A, Carminati C, Schellenbaum L, Scannerini S, Fusconi A, Berta G (1991) Correlation between root morphogenesis, VA mycorrhizal infection and phosphorus nutrition. In: Mc Michael B. L, Persson H (eds) Plant roots and their mvironment. Elsevier, The Netherlands pp 333–339
Trotta A, Varese G C, Gnavi E, Fusconi A, Sampo S, Berta G (1996) Interactions between the soil-borne root pathogen Phytophthora nicotianae var. parasitica and the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus mosseae in tomato plants. Plant and Soil 185:199–209
Van der Heijden M G A, Klironomos J N, Ursic M, Moutoglis P, Streitwolf-Engel R, Boller T, Wiemken A, Sanders I R (1998) Mycorrhizal fungal diversity determines plant biodiversity, ecosystem variability and productivity. Nature 396:69–72
Vigo C, Norman J R, Hooker J E (2000) Biocontrol of the pathogen Phytophthora parasitica by arbus-cular mycorrhizal fungi is a consequence of effects on infection loci. Plant Pathol. 49:509–514
Vierheilig H, Alt M, Mohr U, Boller T, Weimken A (1994) Ethylene biosynthesis and a-1, 3-glucanase in the roots of host and non-host plants of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi after inoculation with Glomus mosseae. J. Plant Physiol. 143:337–343
Wang H, Qi Q, Schon P, Cutler A J, Crosby W L, Fowke L C (1998) ICK1, a cyclin-dependent protein kinase inhibitor from Arabidopsis thaliana interacts with both Cdc2a and CycD3,and its expression is induced by abscisic acid. Plant J. 15:501–510
Watson C A, Ross J M, Bagnaresi U, Minotta G F, Roffi F, Atkinson D, Black K E, Hooker JE (2000) Environment-induced modifications to root longevity in Lolium perenne and Trifolium repens Ann. Bot. 85:397–401
Wells E, Eissenstat D M (2001) Marked differences in survivorship among apple roots of different diameters. Ecology 82:882–892
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2002 Springer Basel AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Berta, G., Fusconi, A., Hooker, J.E. (2002). Arbuscular mycorrhizal modifications to plant root systems: scale, mechanisms and consequences. In: Gianinazzi, S., Schüepp, H., Barea, J.M., Haselwandter, K. (eds) Mycorrhizal Technology in Agriculture. Birkhäuser, Basel. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0348-8117-3_6
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0348-8117-3_6
Publisher Name: Birkhäuser, Basel
Print ISBN: 978-3-0348-9444-9
Online ISBN: 978-3-0348-8117-3
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive