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Disasters and Development: Investigating an Integrated Framework Kapitel lesen Erstes Kapitel lesen

2014 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

24. Post-Wenchuan Earthquake Reconstruction and Development in China

verfasst von : Ping Xu, Xiaoli Lu, Kelvin Zuo, Huan Zhang

Erschienen in: Disaster and Development

Verlag: Springer International Publishing

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Abstract

On May 12, 2008, a deadly earthquake that measured at an 8.0 magnitude occurred in Wenchuan County, Sichuan Province, China. As one of the most damaging catastrophes in contemporary China, the earthquake resulted in 69,227 deaths, 374,643 injuries, 17,923 missing, and an estimated direct economic loss of 845.2 billion RMB (State Council of the PRC, Post-Wenchuan Earthquake Restoration and Reconstruction Counterpart Provinces Supporting Program, 2008b). After the earthquake, the Chinese government issued a series of policies to rebuild and re-develop the earthquake stricken areas. Major goals of the post-Wenchuan reconstruction policies (i.e., housing for every family, job stability for at least one family member, basic economic, social welfare, infrastructure, and ecological improvements in the affected areas) were accomplished within 3 years, resulting in positive social and economic outcomes. This chapter describes two major mechanisms, the counterpart assistance program and the sustainable development approach, and maintains that they both contributed to an efficient and comprehensive reconstruction of the earthquake-impacted areas. We provide an in-depth case study on the reconstruction of Shuimo town, a town that was destroyed in the earthquake. We explain how the counterpart assistance program and the sustainable development efforts have transformed Shuimo from a highly polluted town to a tourism destination. We further identify major lessons learned from the Shuimo case study.

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Vorheriges Kapitel The Impact of the 2010 Haiti Earthquake on Disaster Policies and Development
Nächstes Kapitel Disasters and Development: Lessons and Implications from Global Cases and Issue
Fußnoten
1
As a result of the earthquakes, large areas of farmland, natural forests and wildlife habitat were lost. Approximately 19.5 million cubic meters of timber were lost as a direct result of the earthquakes (Yang 2008). The direct loss was equivalent to 200 billion RMB in Sichuan, 2 billion RMB in Gansu, and 1.63 billion RMB in Shaanxi (Chen et al. 2008). The disaster area in Sichuan had an industrial base for chemical engineering, which suffered from a direct economic loss of 12 billion RMB as well as over 4,000 casualties and injuries among the industry workers (Shaanxi Provincial Development and Reform Commission 2008).
 
2
According to the definition of the Chinese government, West China covers six provinces: Gansu, Guizhou, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Sichuan, and Yunnan; one municipality: Chongqing; and six autonomous regions: Ningxia, Tibet, Guangxi, Inner Mongolia and Xinjiang; parts of Hunan and Hubei provinces. The earthquake stricken area all belonged to West China.
 
3
For instance, Guangdong province reported 5,490 cases of occupational diseases from 1989 to 2004, including 2,418 cases of lung disease caused by air pollution. The cost of lung diseases caused by dust air was up to 200 million RMB (Xian Zhang et al. 2009).
 
4
It was not until 2000 when the State Council led by then Premier Zhu Rongji decided to develop the economy in the West in order to catch up with the East coast. The State Council established a leadership group in charge of the “Western Development Campaign” Which was written in law in 2004. Before 2008, several significant projects were completed to help develop the education, transportation and energy industries in the West. For example, in 2005, the Chinese government exempted the tuition and fees for students in their 9-year compulsory education. In 2006, a railway from Qinghai to Tibet was built.
 
5
China has a top-down unitary government system; therefore, the Chinese central government has the ultimate power of directing sub-national governments. Since the earthquake impacted multiple provinces and the reconstruction required participation by stakeholders from governments at different levels, it naturally became the central government’s call to make the reconstruction guidelines.
 
6
In 1950s, counterpart assistance in disaster reconstruction was on a small scale (scattered mutual assistance occurred between military and communities, and between different areas). In the 1978 drought disaster in Hubei Province, counterpart assistance was applied on a much larger scale (major state-owned enterprises and non-disasters stricken areas provided counterpart assistance to disaster stricken areas).
 
7
The other channels of funding for recovery and reconstruction included budget allocation of local government, social donations, domestic bank loans, capital market financing, foreign emergency loans, urban and rural self-possessed and self-collected funds, self-possessed and self-collected funds of enterprises, and innovation financing.
 
8
Counterpart assistance in disasters was soon applied in the reconstruction of Yushu Earthquake in Qinghai Province in 2010.
 
9
Article 32 of the Budget Law specifies: “Reserve funds in government budgets at various levels shall be established at a ratio of 1–3 % of the budgetary expenditures at the corresponding level for coping with the relief for natural calamities and other unexpected expenditures in the implementation of the current year’s budgets.” This budget for disaster relief did not mention that it could be used in other areas. Article 31 writes on funds for assisting other areas: “Necessary funds shall be arranged in the central and relevant local budgets to assist the developing areas such as areas of regional national autonomy, old revolutionary bases and outlying and poverty-stricken areas, in developing undertakings of economy and culture.” However, it did not mention that these funds could be used to assist disaster reconstruction in other areas.
 
10
According to relevant surveys conducted by the Foshan medical assistance team, more than 300 children of the small township with a population of less than 20,000 suffer from congenital heart diseases (Liu 2011, p. 18).
 
11
Shuimo town was connected to the outside world only through a secluded mountainous road and a 5-meter-wide bridge called “Shuimo Bridge.”
 
12
Foshan City, located in central Guangdong, was the third largest industrial and manufacturing base in the Pearl River Delta. It benefited tremendously from the open-up policy and enjoyed a per capital GDP of 80,579 RMB (equivalent of about $ 13.000) in 2009.
 
13
On March 17, 2009, in the “Outstanding Achievements in Planning and Design During Post-Earthquake Reconstruction in Wenchuan” contest organized by the Guangdong Province Assistance Team and Wenchuan County government, the Foshan assistance team won 6 awards including an award in “urban planning for post-earthquake reconstruction” (Liu 2011, p. 49).
 
14
The team led by Prof. Chen is affiliated with Chinese Urban Design Research Center, Zhongying Urban and Architectural Design Center and China Southwest Architectural Design & Research Institute.
 
15
Dujiangyan City in Sichuan province used a similar strategy to dredge the sand deeper and build the dam lower, so that the lake could create a tourism site.
 
16
For instance, the Huizhou assistance team almost completed their reconstruction of the Sanjiang Township.
 
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Metadaten
Titel
Post-Wenchuan Earthquake Reconstruction and Development in China
verfasst von
Ping Xu
Xiaoli Lu
Kelvin Zuo
Huan Zhang
Copyright-Jahr
2014
Buch
Disaster and Development

Print ISBN: 978-3-319-04467-5

Electronic ISBN: 978-3-319-04468-2

Copyright-Jahr: 2014

DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-04468-2_24