Skip to main content

2015 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

The Open-Source LearnLib

A Framework for Active Automata Learning

verfasst von : Malte Isberner, Falk Howar, Bernhard Steffen

Erschienen in: Computer Aided Verification

Verlag: Springer International Publishing

Aktivieren Sie unsere intelligente Suche, um passende Fachinhalte oder Patente zu finden.

search-config
loading …

Abstract

In this paper, we present LearnLib, a library for active automata learning. The current, open-source version of LearnLib was completely rewritten from scratch, incorporating the lessons learned from the decade-spanning development process of the previous versions of LearnLib. Like its immediate predecessor, the open-source LearnLib is written in Java to enable a high degree of flexibility and extensibility, while at the same time providing a performance that allows for large-scale applications. Additionally, LearnLib provides facilities for visualizing the progress of learning algorithms in detail, thus complementing its applicability in research and industrial contexts with an educational aspect.

Sie haben noch keine Lizenz? Dann Informieren Sie sich jetzt über unsere Produkte:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 102.000 Bücher
  • über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
  • Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe




 

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 340 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Versicherung + Risiko




Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Fußnoten
1
An elaborate discussion on the theoretical aspects of active automata learning, as well as on the challenges that arise in practice, are outside the scope of this paper. We refer the interested reader to [39] for an introduction focusing on these matters.
 
Literatur
1.
Zurück zum Zitat Aarts, F., Heidarian, F., Kuppens, H., Olsen, P., Vaandrager, F.: Automata learning through counterexample guided abstraction refinement. In: Giannakopoulou, D., Méry, D. (eds.) FM 2012. LNCS, vol. 7436, pp. 10–27. Springer, Heidelberg (2012) CrossRef Aarts, F., Heidarian, F., Kuppens, H., Olsen, P., Vaandrager, F.: Automata learning through counterexample guided abstraction refinement. In: Giannakopoulou, D., Méry, D. (eds.) FM 2012. LNCS, vol. 7436, pp. 10–27. Springer, Heidelberg (2012) CrossRef
2.
Zurück zum Zitat Aarts, F., Jonsson, B., Uijen, J., Vaandrager, F.W.: Generating models of infinite-state communication protocols using regular inference with abstraction. Form. Meth. Syst. Des. 46(1), 1–41 (2015)CrossRefMATH Aarts, F., Jonsson, B., Uijen, J., Vaandrager, F.W.: Generating models of infinite-state communication protocols using regular inference with abstraction. Form. Meth. Syst. Des. 46(1), 1–41 (2015)CrossRefMATH
3.
Zurück zum Zitat Aarts, F., De Ruiter, J., Poll, E.: Formal models of bank cards for free. In: 2013 IEEE Sixth International Conference on Software Testing, Verification and Validation, Workshops Proceedings, pp. 461–468, Luxembourg, 18–22 Mar 2013 Aarts, F., De Ruiter, J., Poll, E.: Formal models of bank cards for free. In: 2013 IEEE Sixth International Conference on Software Testing, Verification and Validation, Workshops Proceedings, pp. 461–468, Luxembourg, 18–22 Mar 2013
4.
Zurück zum Zitat Almeida, M., Moreira, N., Reis, R.: Testing the equivalence of regular languages. In: Proceedings Eleventh International Workshop on Descriptional Complexity of Formal Systems, DCFS 2009, pp. 47–57, Magdeburg, Germany, 6–9 Jul 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.4204/EPTCS.3.4 Almeida, M., Moreira, N., Reis, R.: Testing the equivalence of regular languages. In: Proceedings Eleventh International Workshop on Descriptional Complexity of Formal Systems, DCFS 2009, pp. 47–57, Magdeburg, Germany, 6–9 Jul 2009. http://​dx.​doi.​org/​10.​4204/​EPTCS.​3.​4
5.
Zurück zum Zitat Alur, R., Cerný, P., Madhusudan, P., Nam, W.: Synthesis of interface specifications for java classes. In: Palsberg, J., Abadi, M. (eds.) Proceedings of the 32nd ACM SIGPLAN-SIGACT Symposium on Principles of Programming Languages, POPL 2005, pp. 98–109. ACM, Long Beach, California, USA, 12–14 Jan 2005. http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1040305.1040314 Alur, R., Cerný, P., Madhusudan, P., Nam, W.: Synthesis of interface specifications for java classes. In: Palsberg, J., Abadi, M. (eds.) Proceedings of the 32nd ACM SIGPLAN-SIGACT Symposium on Principles of Programming Languages, POPL 2005, pp. 98–109. ACM, Long Beach, California, USA, 12–14 Jan 2005. http://​doi.​acm.​org/​10.​1145/​1040305.​1040314
7.
Zurück zum Zitat Bauer, O., Neubauer, J., Steffen, B., Howar, F.: Reusing system states by active learning algorithms. In: Moschitti, A., Scandariato, R. (eds.) EternalS 2011. CCIS, vol. 255, pp. 61–78. Springer, Heidelberg (2012) CrossRef Bauer, O., Neubauer, J., Steffen, B., Howar, F.: Reusing system states by active learning algorithms. In: Moschitti, A., Scandariato, R. (eds.) EternalS 2011. CCIS, vol. 255, pp. 61–78. Springer, Heidelberg (2012) CrossRef
8.
Zurück zum Zitat Bollig, B., Habermehl, P., Kern, C., Leucker, M.: Angluin-style learning of NFA. In: Proceedings IJCAI 2009, pp. 1004–1009. IJCAI 2009, San Francisco, CA, USA (2009) Bollig, B., Habermehl, P., Kern, C., Leucker, M.: Angluin-style learning of NFA. In: Proceedings IJCAI 2009, pp. 1004–1009. IJCAI 2009, San Francisco, CA, USA (2009)
9.
Zurück zum Zitat Bollig, B., Katoen, J.-P., Kern, C., Leucker, M., Neider, D., Piegdon, D.R.: libalf: The automata learning framework. In: Touili, T., Cook, B., Jackson, P. (eds.) CAV 2010. LNCS, vol. 6174, pp. 360–364. Springer, Heidelberg (2010) CrossRef Bollig, B., Katoen, J.-P., Kern, C., Leucker, M., Neider, D., Piegdon, D.R.: libalf: The automata learning framework. In: Touili, T., Cook, B., Jackson, P. (eds.) CAV 2010. LNCS, vol. 6174, pp. 360–364. Springer, Heidelberg (2010) CrossRef
10.
Zurück zum Zitat Cassel, S., Howar, F., Jonsson, B., Steffen, B.: Learning extended finite state machines. In: Giannakopoulou, D., Salaün, G. (eds.) SEFM 2014. LNCS, vol. 8702, pp. 250–264. Springer, Heidelberg (2014) Cassel, S., Howar, F., Jonsson, B., Steffen, B.: Learning extended finite state machines. In: Giannakopoulou, D., Salaün, G. (eds.) SEFM 2014. LNCS, vol. 8702, pp. 250–264. Springer, Heidelberg (2014)
11.
Zurück zum Zitat Chalupar, G., Peherstorfer, S., Poll, E., De Ruiter, J.: Automated reverse engineering using lego. In: 8th USENIX Workshop on Offensive Technologies, WOOT 2014, San Diego, CA, USA, 19 Aug 2014 Chalupar, G., Peherstorfer, S., Poll, E., De Ruiter, J.: Automated reverse engineering using lego. In: 8th USENIX Workshop on Offensive Technologies, WOOT 2014, San Diego, CA, USA, 19 Aug 2014
12.
Zurück zum Zitat Cho, C.Y., Babić, D., Shin, R., Song, D.: Inference and analysis of formal models of botnet command and control protocols. In: Proceedings CCS 2010, pp. 426–440, ACM, Chicago, Illinois, USA (2010) Cho, C.Y., Babić, D., Shin, R., Song, D.: Inference and analysis of formal models of botnet command and control protocols. In: Proceedings CCS 2010, pp. 426–440, ACM, Chicago, Illinois, USA (2010)
13.
Zurück zum Zitat Choi, W., Necula, G., Sen, K.: Guided gui testing of android apps with minimal restart and approximate learning. In: Proceedings of the 2013 ACM SIGPLAN International Conference on Object Oriented Programming Systems Languages & Applications, pp. 623–640. OOPSLA 2013, ACM, New York, NY, USA (2013). http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/2509136.2509552 Choi, W., Necula, G., Sen, K.: Guided gui testing of android apps with minimal restart and approximate learning. In: Proceedings of the 2013 ACM SIGPLAN International Conference on Object Oriented Programming Systems Languages & Applications, pp. 623–640. OOPSLA 2013, ACM, New York, NY, USA (2013). http://​doi.​acm.​org/​10.​1145/​2509136.​2509552
14.
Zurück zum Zitat Chow, T.S.: Testing software design modeled by finite-state machines. IEEE Trans. Softw. Eng. 4(3), 178–187 (1978)CrossRef Chow, T.S.: Testing software design modeled by finite-state machines. IEEE Trans. Softw. Eng. 4(3), 178–187 (1978)CrossRef
15.
Zurück zum Zitat Fiterău-Broştean, P., Janssen, R., Vaandrager, F.: Learning fragments of the TCP network protocol. In: Lang, F., Flammini, F. (eds.) FMICS 2014. LNCS, vol. 8718, pp. 78–93. Springer, Heidelberg (2014) Fiterău-Broştean, P., Janssen, R., Vaandrager, F.: Learning fragments of the TCP network protocol. In: Lang, F., Flammini, F. (eds.) FMICS 2014. LNCS, vol. 8718, pp. 78–93. Springer, Heidelberg (2014)
16.
Zurück zum Zitat Fujiwara, S., Von Bochmann, G., Khendek, F., Amalou, M., Ghedamsi, A.: Test selection based on finite state models. IEEE Trans. Softw. Eng. 17(6), 591–603 (1991)CrossRef Fujiwara, S., Von Bochmann, G., Khendek, F., Amalou, M., Ghedamsi, A.: Test selection based on finite state models. IEEE Trans. Softw. Eng. 17(6), 591–603 (1991)CrossRef
17.
Zurück zum Zitat Giannakopoulou, D., Rakamarić, Z., Raman, V.: Symbolic learning of component interfaces. In: Miné, A., Schmidt, D. (eds.) SAS 2012. LNCS, vol. 7460, pp. 248–264. Springer, Heidelberg (2012) CrossRef Giannakopoulou, D., Rakamarić, Z., Raman, V.: Symbolic learning of component interfaces. In: Miné, A., Schmidt, D. (eds.) SAS 2012. LNCS, vol. 7460, pp. 248–264. Springer, Heidelberg (2012) CrossRef
18.
Zurück zum Zitat Hagerer, A., Hungar, H.: Model generation by moderated regular extrapolation. In: Kutsche, R.-D., Weber, H. (eds.) FASE 2002. LNCS, vol. 2306, p. 80. Springer, Heidelberg (2002) CrossRef Hagerer, A., Hungar, H.: Model generation by moderated regular extrapolation. In: Kutsche, R.-D., Weber, H. (eds.) FASE 2002. LNCS, vol. 2306, p. 80. Springer, Heidelberg (2002) CrossRef
20.
Zurück zum Zitat Hopcroft, J., Karp, R.: A linear algorithm for testing equivalence of finite automata. Technical report 0, Deptartment of Computer Science, Cornell U, Dec 1971 Hopcroft, J., Karp, R.: A linear algorithm for testing equivalence of finite automata. Technical report 0, Deptartment of Computer Science, Cornell U, Dec 1971
22.
Zurück zum Zitat Howar, F., Bauer, O., Merten, M., Steffen, B., Margaria, T.: The teachers’ crowd: the impact of distributed oracles on active automata learning. In: Hähnle, R., Knoop, J., Margaria, T., Schreiner, D., Steffen, B. (eds.) ISoLA 2011 Workshops 2011. CCIS, vol. 336, pp. 232–247. Springer, Heidelberg (2012) CrossRef Howar, F., Bauer, O., Merten, M., Steffen, B., Margaria, T.: The teachers’ crowd: the impact of distributed oracles on active automata learning. In: Hähnle, R., Knoop, J., Margaria, T., Schreiner, D., Steffen, B. (eds.) ISoLA 2011 Workshops 2011. CCIS, vol. 336, pp. 232–247. Springer, Heidelberg (2012) CrossRef
23.
Zurück zum Zitat Howar, F., Giannakopoulou, D., Rakamarić, Z.: Hybrid learning: interface generation through static, dynamic, and symbolic analysis. In: Proceedings of the International Symposium on Software Testing and Analysis (ISSTA), pp. 268–279, ACM (2013) Howar, F., Giannakopoulou, D., Rakamarić, Z.: Hybrid learning: interface generation through static, dynamic, and symbolic analysis. In: Proceedings of the International Symposium on Software Testing and Analysis (ISSTA), pp. 268–279, ACM (2013)
24.
Zurück zum Zitat Howar, F., Steffen, B., Jonsson, B., Cassel, S.: Inferring canonical register automata. In: Kuncak, V., Rybalchenko, A. (eds.) VMCAI 2012. LNCS, vol. 7148, pp. 251–266. Springer, Heidelberg (2012) CrossRef Howar, F., Steffen, B., Jonsson, B., Cassel, S.: Inferring canonical register automata. In: Kuncak, V., Rybalchenko, A. (eds.) VMCAI 2012. LNCS, vol. 7148, pp. 251–266. Springer, Heidelberg (2012) CrossRef
25.
Zurück zum Zitat Hungar, H., Niese, O., Steffen, B.: Domain-specific optimization in automata learning. In: Hunt Jr, W.A., Somenzi, F. (eds.) CAV 2003. LNCS, vol. 2725, pp. 315–327. Springer, Heidelberg (2003) CrossRef Hungar, H., Niese, O., Steffen, B.: Domain-specific optimization in automata learning. In: Hunt Jr, W.A., Somenzi, F. (eds.) CAV 2003. LNCS, vol. 2725, pp. 315–327. Springer, Heidelberg (2003) CrossRef
26.
Zurück zum Zitat Irfan, M.N., Oriat, C., Groz, R.: Angluin style finite state machine inference with non-optimal counterexamples. In: 1st International Workshop on Model Inference In Testing (2010) Irfan, M.N., Oriat, C., Groz, R.: Angluin style finite state machine inference with non-optimal counterexamples. In: 1st International Workshop on Model Inference In Testing (2010)
28.
Zurück zum Zitat Isberner, M., Howar, F., Steffen, B.: The TTT algorithm: a redundancy-free approach to active automata learning. In: Bonakdarpour, B., Smolka, S.A. (eds.) RV 2014. LNCS, vol. 8734, pp. 307–322. Springer, Heidelberg (2014) Isberner, M., Howar, F., Steffen, B.: The TTT algorithm: a redundancy-free approach to active automata learning. In: Bonakdarpour, B., Smolka, S.A. (eds.) RV 2014. LNCS, vol. 8734, pp. 307–322. Springer, Heidelberg (2014)
30.
Zurück zum Zitat Kearns, M.J., Vazirani, U.V.: An Introduction to Computational Learning Theory. MIT Press, Cambridge (1994) Kearns, M.J., Vazirani, U.V.: An Introduction to Computational Learning Theory. MIT Press, Cambridge (1994)
32.
Zurück zum Zitat Margaria, T., Raffelt, H., Steffen, B.: Knowledge-based relevance filtering for efficient system-level test-based model generation. Innov. Syst. Softw. Eng. 1(2), 147–156 (2005)CrossRef Margaria, T., Raffelt, H., Steffen, B.: Knowledge-based relevance filtering for efficient system-level test-based model generation. Innov. Syst. Softw. Eng. 1(2), 147–156 (2005)CrossRef
33.
Zurück zum Zitat Matuova, L., Kastil, J., Kotásek, Z.: Automatic construction of on-line checking circuits based on finite automata. In: 17th Euromicro Conference on Digital System Design, DSD 2014, pp. 326–332, Verona, Italy, 27–29 Aug 2014 Matuova, L., Kastil, J., Kotásek, Z.: Automatic construction of on-line checking circuits based on finite automata. In: 17th Euromicro Conference on Digital System Design, DSD 2014, pp. 326–332, Verona, Italy, 27–29 Aug 2014
34.
Zurück zum Zitat Merten, M., Howar, F., Steffen, B., Margaria, T.: Automata learning with on-the-fly direct hypothesis construction. In: Hähnle, R., Knoop, J., Margaria, T., Schreiner, D., Steffen, B. (eds.) ISoLA 2011 Workshops 2011. CCIS, vol. 336, pp. 248–260. Springer, Heidelberg (2012) CrossRef Merten, M., Howar, F., Steffen, B., Margaria, T.: Automata learning with on-the-fly direct hypothesis construction. In: Hähnle, R., Knoop, J., Margaria, T., Schreiner, D., Steffen, B. (eds.) ISoLA 2011 Workshops 2011. CCIS, vol. 336, pp. 248–260. Springer, Heidelberg (2012) CrossRef
35.
Zurück zum Zitat Merten, M., Steffen, B., Howar, F., Margaria, T.: Next generation LearnLib. In: Abdulla, P.A., Leino, K.R.M. (eds.) TACAS 2011. LNCS, vol. 6605, pp. 220–223. Springer, Heidelberg (2011) CrossRef Merten, M., Steffen, B., Howar, F., Margaria, T.: Next generation LearnLib. In: Abdulla, P.A., Leino, K.R.M. (eds.) TACAS 2011. LNCS, vol. 6605, pp. 220–223. Springer, Heidelberg (2011) CrossRef
36.
Zurück zum Zitat Peled, D., Vardi, M.Y., Yannakakis, M.: Black box checking. In: Wu, J., Chanson, S.T., Gao, Q. (eds.) Proceedings FORTE 1999, pp. 225–240, Kluwer Academic (1999) Peled, D., Vardi, M.Y., Yannakakis, M.: Black box checking. In: Wu, J., Chanson, S.T., Gao, Q. (eds.) Proceedings FORTE 1999, pp. 225–240, Kluwer Academic (1999)
37.
Zurück zum Zitat Raffelt, H., Steffen, B., Berg, T., Margaria, T.: LearnLib: a framework for extrapolating behavioral models. Int. J. Softw. Tools Technol. Transf. 11(5), 393–407 (2009)CrossRef Raffelt, H., Steffen, B., Berg, T., Margaria, T.: LearnLib: a framework for extrapolating behavioral models. Int. J. Softw. Tools Technol. Transf. 11(5), 393–407 (2009)CrossRef
38.
Zurück zum Zitat Rivest, R.L., Schapire, R.E.: Inference of finite futomata using homing sequences. Inf. Comput. 103(2), 299–347 (1993)MathSciNetCrossRef Rivest, R.L., Schapire, R.E.: Inference of finite futomata using homing sequences. Inf. Comput. 103(2), 299–347 (1993)MathSciNetCrossRef
39.
Zurück zum Zitat Steffen, B., Howar, F., Merten, M.: Introduction to active automata learning from a practical perspective. In: Bernardo, M., Issarny, V. (eds.) SFM 2011. LNCS, vol. 6659, pp. 256–296. Springer, Heidelberg (2011) CrossRef Steffen, B., Howar, F., Merten, M.: Introduction to active automata learning from a practical perspective. In: Bernardo, M., Issarny, V. (eds.) SFM 2011. LNCS, vol. 6659, pp. 256–296. Springer, Heidelberg (2011) CrossRef
40.
Zurück zum Zitat Windmüller, S., Neubauer, J., Steffen, B., Howar, F., Bauer, O.: Active continuous quality control. In: CBSE, pp. 111–120 (2013) Windmüller, S., Neubauer, J., Steffen, B., Howar, F., Bauer, O.: Active continuous quality control. In: CBSE, pp. 111–120 (2013)
41.
Zurück zum Zitat Xiao, H., Sun, J., Liu, Y., Lin, S., Sun, C.: Tzuyu: learning stateful typestates. In: Denney, E., Bultan, T., Zeller, A. (eds.) 2013 28th IEEE/ACM International Conference on Automated Software Engineering, ASE 2013, pp. 432–442, IEEE, Silicon Valley, CA, USA, 11–15 Nov 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ASE.2013.6693101 Xiao, H., Sun, J., Liu, Y., Lin, S., Sun, C.: Tzuyu: learning stateful typestates. In: Denney, E., Bultan, T., Zeller, A. (eds.) 2013 28th IEEE/ACM International Conference on Automated Software Engineering, ASE 2013, pp. 432–442, IEEE, Silicon Valley, CA, USA, 11–15 Nov 2013. http://​dx.​doi.​org/​10.​1109/​ASE.​2013.​6693101
Metadaten
Titel
The Open-Source LearnLib
verfasst von
Malte Isberner
Falk Howar
Bernhard Steffen
Copyright-Jahr
2015
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-21690-4_32