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2016 | Buch

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Environmental Planning for Oceans and Coasts

Methods, Tools, and Technologies

verfasst von: Michelle Eva Portman

Verlag: Springer International Publishing

Buchreihe : Geotechnologies and the Environment

Enthalten in: Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" , Springer Professional "Technik"

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This book informs environmental planning professionals, students and those interested in oceans and coasts from an environmental perspective about what is needed for planning and management of these unique environments. It is comprised of twelve chapters organized in three parts. Part I highlights the basics tenets of environmental planning for oceans and coasts including important concepts from the general field of planning and coastal and ocean management (e.g., hydrography, oceans policy and law, geomorphology). Environmental problems inherent within oceans and coasts (such as sea level rise, marine pollution, overdevelopment, etc.) are also addressed, especially those at the land–sea interface. Part II covers those methodological approaches regularly used by planners working to improve environmental quality and conditions of oceans and coasts among them: integrated planning and management, ecosystem services, pollution prevention, and marine spatial planning. Part III focuses specifically on state-of-the-art tools and technologies employed by planners for marine and coastal protection. These include systematic conservation planning for protected areas, decision support tools, coastal adaptation techniques and various types of communication, including visualization, narration and tools for stakeholder participation. The final chapter in the book reviews the most important concepts covered throughout book and emphasizes the important role that environmental planners have to play in the protection and well-being of oceans and coasts. Michael K. Orbach, of the Nicholas School of the Environment at Duke University, penned the book's foreword.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

Frontmatter

Foundations and Issues

Frontmatter

Chapter 1. Connections: Environmental Planning, Oceans and Coasts

Abstract

This chapter draws relevant planning concepts into the purview of coastal and ocean policy and management and introduces some of the main environmental issues related to oceans and coasts from a planning perspective. To understand such a perspective, the development of the planning profession is briefly explained along with its connection to environmental management. Different types of planning can be more or less suitable to problem solving in the marine and coastal environment. Changes brought on by the current era of immense human impact and influence highlight the need for planning, to address myriad threats to coastal and marine environments.

Michelle Eva Portman

Chapter 2. Definitions and Fundamental Concepts

Abstract

In the form of four W’s: Why? Where? When? and Who?, this chapter describes some of the institutional issues related to ocean and coastal planning. It covers why special or unique approaches are needed, what areas (locations) are included in the coastal zone and make up the different maritime zones. A brief history of how coastal and ocean planning and management has developed is presented, and lastly, the chapter gives examples of international, national and sub-federal entities involved in planning for oceans and coasts. With these emphases, the chapter provides a foundation for further study of environmental planning for oceans and coasts.

Michelle Eva Portman

Chapter 3. Policy, Law and Mapping: Foundations of Mankind’s Relationship to the Sea

Abstract

Various physical elements of ocean environments, those driven by geologic and climatic forces, have implications for oceans policy and law and therefore for planning. Living resource systems interact with these physical elements to form the ecological systems that require the attention of environmental planners. After providing a basic knowledge about how hydrographers describe the physical formations of the sea, the development of national and international regulatory regimes in view of these descriptions is discussed. At its close, this chapter addresses how laws and policies incorporate ecosystem-based management and the precautionary principle in ocean resource management, as well as how these are addressed by international policy.

Michelle Eva Portman

Methodological Approaches

Frontmatter

Chapter 4. Principles of Integration for Oceans and Coasts

Abstract

Integrated approaches are essential for planning and management of marine and coastal environments for many reasons. This chapter highlights the integrated approaches most relevant for planning of coastal and marine environments – integrated coastal zone management, integrated marine planning, integrated water resources management and integrated watershed management – and discusses some of the main challenges to integration. Among the most salient of these challenges is the translation of the principles of integrated planning and management to on-the-ground actions that make sense for planners and managers.

Michelle Eva Portman

Chapter 5. Pollution Prevention for Oceans and Coasts

Abstract

This chapter discusses some of the major pollution prevention measures for ocean and coastal environments. Catastrophic events, particularly offshore oil spills, have influenced environmental protection of both oceans and coasts in many ways. Ocean pollution results both from such major events and from routine activities, both on land and at sea. Two types of marine pollution are discussed at length as examples: oil pollution from ships and litter. Programs and regulations aimed at prevention addressing these and other sources of pollution are continually developing – but the challenges are great. Marine pollution is both persistent and widespread and, as such, poses many challenges for planners.

Michelle Eva Portman

Chapter 6. Marine Spatial Planning

Abstract

Much literature has been published in the past decade on marine spatial planning (MSP), a fact which speaks to its evolution as an accepted means for managing activities within maritime boundaries. This chapter defines MSP, gives a brief history of its development, articulates some of its major challenges and reviews literature on the topic – in particular, tools for incorporating an ecosystem approach in the planning process. Three MSP case studies are presented from the US, Portugal and Germany. It is clear from these examples that MSP is a necessary approach that is increasingly engaging planning professionals and is, to a large extent, still evolving.

Michelle Eva Portman

Chapter 7. Ecosystem Services for Oceans and Coasts

Abstract

This chapter introduces the ecosystem services (ES) approach as it pertains to marine and coastal environments. It starts with a description of the approach’s development, relates the approach to coastal and marine environments and ends on a somewhat critical note. Despite a great amount of attention to the ES approach in conservation literature and its pivotal position in the field of ecology, it struggles to achieve universal and transdisciplinary appeal. This chapter discusses some of the challenges of using ES in planning decisions and of building consensus around ES, and explores the application of this approach across different land and seascape units. ES assessment still requires much research and practical work; finding ways to incorporate ES values into the work of planners in the marine and coastal environment is perhaps as important as it is challenging.

Michelle Eva Portman

Tools and Technologies

Frontmatter

Chapter 8. Marine (and Coastal) Protected Areas

Abstract

This chapter covers some of the most important issues relevant to planners in regard to establishing, maintaining and managing marine protected areas (MPAs). Despite debates about MPA design and management and differing perspectives on how they should be defined, it is generally agreed that they are one of the more effective tools for marine habitat and biodiversity conservation. This chapter emphasizes important ideas regarding the establishment of such areas, including the designation of networks of protected areas and transboundary protected areas. These are two approaches, among others, that will aid planners in protecting oceans and coasts.

Michelle Eva Portman

Chapter 9. Communicating About Oceans and Coasts

Abstract

This chapter discusses communication tools that can be used by planners working on oceans and coasts. Such tools can make it easier for stakeholders to examine their own medium and long-term futures, and to envision what is often virtually inaccessible. As such, they can help planners cross the science-policy divide. Myriad ways of presenting information are discussed in the context of environmental planning for oceans and coasts. The tools described are targeted for use with two main audiences – the public and policy makers.

Michelle Eva Portman

Chapter 10. Decision Support Tools for Coastal and Ocean Planning and Management

Abstract

This chapter addresses the use of decision support tools (DSTs) for marine and coastal planning. DSTs are integrative tools, meaning that they can help achieve a wide range of goals and objectives relevant to planning. Today, myriad software applications facilitate the use of these tools for the marine and coastal environment. This chapter starts with how DSTs contribute to the field of conservation planning and describes three such applications with examples of their use for marine planning. While such tools support environmental planning for oceans and coasts, they do have shortcomings, mentioned herein, and their products are usually the starting points of discussions about planning scenarios and options.

Michelle Eva Portman

Chapter 11. Current Issues: Coastal Adaptation to Climate Change

Abstract

Responding to climate change effects requires increasing awareness on the part of environmental planners, especially by those working in marine and coastal environments where such effects are keenly felt. This chapter covers the implications of climate change for planning, mostly as hazards expected to occur along coasts. The chapter also briefly mentions other types of hazards, not directly related to climate change, such as tsunamis. Mitigation and adaptation are two different strategies that planners use in confronting climate change. Mitigation refers to tackling the causes. Adaptation refers to coping with consequences and is the main approach in which planners will be involved. Adaptation policies should be appropriate to the context, guiding planners towards the achievement of multiple objectives, some of which need to be achieved regardless of the impacts of climate change.

Michelle Eva Portman

Chapter 12. Conclusions: Can Environmental Planning Save the Oceans?

Abstract

This chapter reiterates the main messages of this book. It also articulates fundamental definitions of the methods, tools and technologies used for environmental planning of oceans and coasts, the targeted benefits of their use, the possible pitfalls of implementation and how shortcomings can be overcome. Methods described include ecosystem-based management, ecosystem services and the precautionary principle; tools discussed are marine protected areas and pollution prevention policies; technologies briefly described include those aimed at improving communication about the coastal environment and decision support applications. Change, both in marine and coastal environments and in the field of environmental planning, is emphasized throughout.

Michelle Eva Portman

Backmatter

Titel: Environmental Planning for Oceans and Coasts
verfasst von: Michelle Eva Portman
Verlag: Springer International Publishing
Electronic ISBN: 978-3-319-26971-9
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-26969-6
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-26971-9