Abstract
The discovery of antibacterials during the twentieth century has been one of the most important events in the history of medicine. The development, production, and use of these new drugs revolutionized clinical practice and industrial microbiology. Certainly, since the beginning of the antibiotic era many lives have been saved. Nevertheless, shortly after the first descriptions of the effects of antibiotics against pathogenic bacteria, the phenomenon of antimicrobial resistance began to be quoted by different researchers. At first, this was not considered a significant clinical event.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Aeschlimann JR, Dresser LD, Kaatz GW, Rybak MJ (1999) Effects of NorA inhibitors on in vitro antibacterial activities and postantibiotic effects of levofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, and norfloxacin in genetically related strains of Staphylococcus aureus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 43:335ā340
Bay DC, Turner RJ (2009) Diversity and evolution of the small multidrug resistance protein family. BMC Evol Biol 9:140
Bay DC, Rommens KL, Turner RJ (2007) Small multidrug resistance proteins: a multidrug transporter family that continues to grow. Biochim Biophys Acta 1778(9):1814ā1838
Bohnert J, Kern W (2005) Selected arylpiperazines ara capable of reversing multidrug resistance in Escherichia coli overexpressing RND efflux pumps. Antimicrob Agent Chemother 49:849ā852
Brown MH, Paulsen IT, Skurray RA (1999) The multidrug efflux protein NorM is a prototype of a new family of transporters. Mol Micobiol 31:393ā395
Chamberland S, Lee M, Lee VJ, Leger R, Renau T, She MW, Zhang JZ (1999) WO9937667
Chamberland S, Ishida H, Lee VJ, Leger R, Nakayama K, Ohta T, Ohtsuka M, Renau T, Watkins W, Zhang JZ (2000) WO0001714
Chamberland S, Lee M, Leger R, Lee VJ, Renau T, Zhang JZ (2001) US6245746
Chevalier J, Bredin J, Mahamoud A (2004) Inhibitors of antibiotic efflux in resistant Enterobacter aerogenes and Klebsiella pneumoniae strains. Antimicrob Agent Chemother 48:1043ā1046
Choudhuri BS, Sen S, Chakrabarti P (1999) Isoniazid accumulation in Mycobacterium smegmatis is modulated by proton motive force-driven and ATP-dependent extrusion systems. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 256:682ā684
Cornwell MM, Pastan I, Gottesman MM (1987) Certain calcium channel blockers bind specifically to multidrug-resistant human KB carcinoma membrane vesicles and inhibit drug binding to P-glycoprotein. J Biol Chem 262:2166ā2170
Cox AG (2010) Pharmacogenomics and drug transport/efflux. In: Zdanowicz MM (ed) Concepts in Pharmacogenomics. American Society of Health System Pharmacists, Bethesda, pp 129ā153
Davidson AL, Maloney PC (2007) ABC transporters: how small machines do a big job. Trends Microbiol 15(10):448ā455
Davidson AL, Dassa E, Orelle C, Chen J (2008) Structure, function and evolution of bacterial ATP-binding cassette systems. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 72(2):317ā364
Delcour A (2009) Outer membrane permeability and antibiotic resistance. Biochim Biophys Acta 1794:808ā816
De Souza N, Patel MV, Gupte SV, Upad-Hyay DJ, Shukla MC, Chaturvedi NC, Bhawsar SB, Nair SC, Jafri NA, Khorakiwala HF (2002) WO0209758
Elkins C, Mullis L (2007) Substrate competition studies using whole-cell accumulation assays with the major tripartite multidrug efflux pumps of Escherichia coli. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 51:923ā929
Gibbons S, Udo EE (2000) The effect of reserpine, a modulator of multidrug efflux pumps, on the in vitro activity of tetracycline against clinical isolates of methicilin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) possessing the tet(K) determinant. Phytother Res 14:139ā140
Grossman TH (2005) WO2005/007162
Hannula M, HƤnninen M (2008) Effect of putative efflux pump inhibitors and inducers on the antimicrobial susceptibility of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli. J Med Microbiol 57:851ā855
Hasdemir U, Chevalier J, Nordmann P (2004) Detection and prevalence of active drug efflux mechanisms in various multidrug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae strains from Turkey. J Clin Microbiol 42:2701ā2706
Hassan KA, Brzoska AJ, Wilson NL, Eijkelkamp BA, Brown MH, Paulsen IT (2011) Roles of DHA2 family transporters in drug resistance and iron homeostasis in Acinetobacter spp. J Mol Microbiol Biotechnol 20:116ā124
He X, Szewcyk PI, Karyakin A, Evin M, Hong WX, Zhang Q, Chang G (2010) Structure of a cation-bound multidrug and toxic compound extrusion transporter. Nature 467(7318):991ā994
Hendricks O, Butterworth T, Kristiansen J (2003) The in vitro antimicrobial effect of non-antibiotics and putative inhibitors of efflux pumps on Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus. Int J Antimicrob Agents 22:262ā264
Jones PM, George AM (2004) The ABC transporter structure and mechanism: perspectives on recent research. Cell Mol Like Sci 61(6):682ā699
Jones PM, OĀ“Mara ML, George AM (2009) ABC transporters: a riddle wrapped in a mistery inside an enigma. Trends Biochem Sci 34(10):520ā531
Kaatz GW, Moudgal VV, Seo SM, Hansen JB, Kristiansen JE (2003) Phenylpiperidine selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors interfere with multidrug efflux pump activity in Staphylococcus aureus. Int J Antimicrob Agents 22:254ā261
Kern WV, Oethinger M, Jellen-Ritter AS, Levy SB (2000) Non-target gene mutations in the development of fluoroquinolone resistance in Escherichia coli. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 44:814ā820
Koronakis V, Eswaran J, Hughes C (2004) The bacterial exit duct for proteins and drugs. Annu Rev Biochem 73:467ā489
Kumar A, Schweizer HP (2005) Bacterial resistance to antibiotics: active efflux and reduced uptake. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 45:1486ā1513
Kuroda T, Tsuchiya T (2009) Multidrug efflux transporters in the MATE family. Biochim Biophys Acta 1794(5):763ā768
Lemaire M, Moreau N, Fournier DCJ, Chabert J, Marquez B, Marquet B, Neuville L, Pellet-Rostaing S, Bouhours P, Davis E, Joucla L (2006) WO2006018544
Levy SB (1998) US5811412
Li XZ, Nikaido H (2004) Efflux-mediated drug resistance in bacteria. Drugs 64:159ā204
Lin J, MartĆnez A (2006) Effect of efflux pump inhibitors on bile resistance and in vivo colonization of Campylobacter jejuni. J Antimicrob Chemother 58:966ā972
Livermore D (1995) Beta-lactamases in laboratory and clinical resistance. Clin Microbiol Rev 8:557ā584
Lomovskaya O, Lee A, Hoshino K, Ishida H, Mistry A, Warren M et al (1999) Use of a genetic approach to evaluate the consequences of inhibition of efflux pumps in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 43:1340ā1346
Marchetti ML, Mestorino N (2013) Therapeutic alternatives against multidrug resistance by efflux pumps. Analecta Vet 33(1):22ā32
Marchetti ML, Errecalde J, Mestorino N (2011) Bacterial antibiotic resistance by efflux pumps. Multidrug resistance impact. Analecta Vet 31(2):40ā53
Markham PN, Mulhearn DC, Neyfakh AA, Crich D, Jaber MR, Johnson ME (2000) US99/28732
Marger MD, Saier MH (1993) A major superfamily of transmembrane facilitators that catalyze uniport, symport and antiport. Trends Biochem Sci 18(1):13ā20
Mingeot-Leclercq M, Glupczynski Y, Tulkens P (1999) Aminoglycosides: activity and resistance. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 43:727ā737
Molnar J, Hever A, Fakla I, Fischer J, Ocsovski I, AszalĆ³s A (1997) Inhibition of the transport function of membrane proteins by some substituted phenothiazines in E. coli and multidrug resistant tumor cells. Anticancer Res 17:481ā486
Morita Y, Kataoka A, Shiota S, Mizushima T, Tsuchiya T (2000) NorM of Vibrio parahaemolyticus is an Na+-driven multidrug efflux pump. J Bacteriol 182(23):6694ā6697
Nelson ML, Alekhsun MN (2004) WO2004/062674
Neu HC (1992) The crisis in antibiotic resistance. Science 257:1064ā1073
Nikaido H (1996) Multidrug efflux pumps of gram-negative bacteria. J Bacteriol 178(20):5853ā5859
Oethinger M, Levy SB (2004) US6677133
Oethinger M, Kern WV, Jellen-Ritter AS, McMurry LM, Levy SB (2000) Inefectiveness of topoismerase mutations is mediating clinically significant fluoroquinolone resistance in Escherichia coli in the absence of the AcrAB efflux pump. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 44:10ā13
Okamoto K, Gotoh N, Nishino T (2001) Pseudomonas aeruginosa reveals high intrinsic resistance to penem antibiotics: penem resistance mechanisms and their interplay. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 45:1964ā1971
Okusu H, Ma D, Nikaido H (1996) AcrAB efflux pump plays a major role in the antibiotic resistance phenotype of Escherichia coli multiple antibiotic resistance (mar) mutants. J Bacteriol 178:306ā308
Oldham ML, Davidson AL, Chen J (2008) Structural insights into ABC transporter mechanism. Curr Opin Struct Biol 18(6):726ā733
Opperman TJ, Nguyen ST (2015) Recent advances toward a molecular mechanism of efflux pump inhibition. Front Microbiol. 6:421
Padilla E, Llobet E, Domenech-SĆ”nchez A, MartĆnez-MartĆnez L, Bengoechea JA, Alberti S (2010) Klebsiella pneumoniae AcrAB efflux pump contributes to antimicrobial resistance and virulence. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 54(1):177ā183
Pages JM, Mallea M, Chevalier J, Barbe J, Abdallah M, Kayirere MG (2003) FR2839647
Pao SS, Paulsen IT, Saier MH (1998) Major facilitator superfamily. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 62(1):1ā34
Piddock LJV (2006) Multidrug-resistance efflux pumps? Not just for resistance. Nat Rev Microbiol 4:629ā636
Pos KM (2009) Drug transport mechanism of the AcrB efflux pump. Biochem Biophys Acta 1794:782ā793
Prasad R, Rawal MK (2014) Efflux pump proteins in antifungal resistance. Front Pharmacol 5:202
Randall L, Ridley A, Cooles S, Sharma M, Sayers A, Pumbwe L et al (2003) Prevalence of multiple antibiotic resistance in 443 Campylobacter spp. Isolated from humans and animals. J Antimicrob Chemother 52:507ā510
RCSB Protein Databank. http://www.rcsb.org/pdb/home/home.do
Romanova NA, Wolffs PFG, Brovko LY, Griffiths MW (2006) Role of efflux pumps in adaptation and resistance of Listeria monocytogenes to Benzalkonium Chloride. Appl Environ Microbiol 72(5):3498ā3503
SĆ”enz Y, Ruiz J, Zarazaga M, TeixidĆ³ M, Torres C, Vila J (2004) Effect of the efflux pump inhibitor Phe-Arg-beta-naphthylamide on the MIC values of the quinolones, tetracycline and chloramphenicol, in Escherichia coli isolates of different origin. J Antimicrob Chemother 53:544ā545
Schumacher A, Steinke P, Bohnert J, Akova M, Jonas D, Kern W (2006) Effect of 1-(1-naphthylmethyl)-piperazine, a novel putative efflux pump inhibitor, on antimicrobial drug susceptibility in clinical isolates of Enterobacteriaceae other than Escherichia coli. J Antimicrob Chemother 57:344ā348
Spratt R (1994) Resistance to antibiotic mediated by target alterations. Science 264:388ā393
Thorrold C, Letsoalo M, DusĆ© A, Marais E (2007) Efflux pump activity in fluoroquinolone and tetracycline resistant Salmonella and Escherichia coli implicated in reduced susceptibility to household antimicrobial cleaning agents. Int J Food Microbiol 113:315ā320
Transporter classification database. http://www.tcdb.org/
Van Bambeke F, Balzi E, Tulkens PM (2000) Antibiotic efflux pumps. Biochem Pharmacol 60:457ā470
Van Bambeke F, Glupzynski Y, Plesiat P (2003) Antibiotic efflux pumps in prokaryotic cells: occurrence, impact for resistance and strategies for the future of antimicrobial therapy. J Antimicrob Chemother 51:1167ā1173
Van Bambeke F, PagĆØs JM, Lee VJ (2010) Inhibitors of bacterial efflux pumps as adjuvants in antibacterial therapy and diagnostic tools for detection of resistance by efflux. Frontiers in anti-infective drug discovery 1:138ā175
Varga A, Hegyes P, Molnar J, Muesi I, Hever A, Szabo D, Kiessig S, Lage H, Gaal D, Nacsa J (2001) DE99-19923801 19990519
Webber M, Piddock L (2003) The importance of efflux pumps in bacterial antibiotic resistance. J Antimicrob Chemother 51:9ā11
Yan N (2013) Structural advances for the major facilitator superfamily (MFS) transporters. Trends Biochem Sci 38(3):151ā159
Yu EW, Mc Dermont G, Zgurskaya HI, Nikaido H, Koshland DE Jr (2003) Structural basis of multiple drug-binding capacity of the AcrB multidrug efflux pump. Science 300:976ā980
Zechini B, Versace I (2009) Inhibitors of multidrug resistant efflux systems in bacteria. Recent Pat Antiinfect Drug Discov 4:37ā50
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
Ā© 2016 Springer International Publishing Switzerland
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
de Miguel, T., Rama, J.L.R., Feijoo-Siota, L., Ageitos, J.M., ViƱas, M. (2016). Mechanisms of Drug Efflux and Strategies to Overcome Them as a Way to Control Microbial Growth. In: Villa, T., Vinas, M. (eds) New Weapons to Control Bacterial Growth. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-28368-5_6
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-28368-5_6
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-28366-1
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-28368-5
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)