nach oben

Erschienen in:

2016 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

11. Fluidity and Rigour: Addressing the Design Considerations for OSINT Tools and Processes

verfasst von : B. L. William Wong

Erschienen in: Open Source Intelligence Investigation

Verlag: Springer International Publishing

Einloggen

Aktivieren Sie unsere intelligente Suche, um passende Fachinhalte oder Patente zu finden.

search-config

KI-gestützte Suche

Aus

Abstract

In comparison with intelligence analysis, OSINT requires different methods of identifying, extracting and analyzing the data. Analysts must have the tools that enable them to flexibly, tentatively and creatively generate anchors to start a line of inquiry, develop and test their ideas, and to fluidly transition between methods and thinking and reasoning strategies to construct critical and rigorous arguments as that particular line of inquiry is finalised. This chapter illustrates how analysts think from a design perspective and discusses the integration of Fluidity and Rigour as two conflicting design requirements. It further proposes that designs for OSINT tools and processes should support the fluid and rapid construction of loose stories, a free-form approach to the assembly of data, inference making and conclusion generation to enable the rapid evolution of the story rigorous enough to withstand interrogation. We also propose that the design encourages the analyst to develop a questioning mental stance to encourage self-checking to identify and remove dubious or low reliability data.

Sie haben noch keine Lizenz? Dann Informieren Sie sich jetzt über unsere Produkte:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 102.000 Bücher
über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Automobil + Motoren
Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
Finance + Banking
Management + Führung
Marketing + Vertrieb
Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Jetzt informieren

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 67.000 Bücher
über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Automobil + Motoren
Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Jetzt informieren

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 67.000 Bücher
über 340 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Finance + Banking
Management + Führung
Marketing + Vertrieb
Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Jetzt informieren

Vorheriges Kapitel Tools for OSINT-Based Investigations

Nächstes Kapitel A New Age of Open Source Investigation: International Examples

Focus group studies with 20 intelligence analysts (Wong et al. 2012), Think-aloud studies with 6 analysts performing a simulated intelligence task (Rooney et al. 2014), Think-aloud studies with 6 librarians carrying out a surrogate task of creating explanations from a literature review task (Kodagoda et al. 2013b).

Baber C, Attfield S, Wong W, Rooney C (2013) Exploring sensemaking through an intelligence analysis exercise. In: Paper presented at the 11th international conference on naturalistic decision making NDM 2013, Marseille, France, 22–24 May 2013

Bazzell M (2016) Open source intelligence techniques: resources for searching and analyzing online information, 5th edn

Bennett KB, Flach JM (2011) Display and interface design: subtle science, exact art. CRC Press, Taylor and Francis Group, Boca Raton

Bennett KB, Toms ML, Woods DD (1993) Emergent features and graphical elements: designing more effective configural displays. Hum Factors 35(1):71–97

Best RAJ, Cumming A (2008) Open source intelligence (OSINT): issues for congress. In: Paulson TM (ed) Intelligence issues and developments. Nova Science Publishers, Inc

Bradbury D (2011) In plain view: open source intelligence. Comput Fraud Secur 2011:5–9

Burns CM, Hajdukiewicz JR (2004) Ecological interface design. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL

Clark, R. M. (2013). Intelligence analysis: A target-centric approach. Thousand Oaks, CA: CQ Press, SAGE Publications.

Cook K, Earnshaw R, Stasko J (2007) Discovering the unexpected. IEEE Comput Graph Appl 27:15–19

Gerber, M., Wong, B. L. W., & Kodagoda, N. (2016). How analysts think: Intuition, Leap of Faith and Insight, Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 60th Annual Meeting, 19-23 September 2016, Washington, D.C., USA (pp. 173-177): SAGE Publications.

Glassman M, Kang MJ (2012) Intelligence in the internet age: The emergence and evolution of open source intelligence (OSINT). Comput Hum Behav 28(2):673–682CrossRef

Goodwin J (2000) Wigmore’s chart method. Inf Logic 20(3):223–243MathSciNet

Heuer RJ (1999) The psychology of intelligence analysis: center for the study of intelligence. Central Intelligence Agency

Hobbs C, Moran M, Salisbury D (eds) (2014) Open source intelligence in the twenty-first century: new approaches and opportunities. Palgrave Macmillan, London, UK

Klein G, Hoffman R (2009) Causal reasoning: Initial report of a naturalistic study of causal inferences. In: William WBL, Stanton NA (eds) Naturalistic decision making and computers, Proceedings of the 9th bi-annual international conference on Naturalistic Decision Making NDM9, 23-26 June 2009, BCS, London. BCS, London, pp 83–90

Klein G, Moon B, Hoffman RR (2006) Making sense of sensemaking 2: a macrocognitive model. IEEE Intell Syst 21(5):88–92CrossRef

Klein G, Philips JK, Rall EL, Peluso DA (2007) A data-frame theory of sense-making. In: Hoffman RR (ed) Expertise out of context: proceedings of the sixth international conference on naturalistic decision making. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, New York, pp 113–155

Kodagoda N, Attfield S, Wong BLW, Rooney C, Choudhury T (2013a) Using interactive visual reasoning to support sense-making: implications for design. IEEE Trans Visual Comput Graphics 19(12):2217–2226CrossRef

Kodagoda, N., et al., Using Interactive Visual Reasoning to Support Sense-making: Implications for Design. IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics, 2013b. 19(12): p. 2217–2226.

Krizan L (1999) Intelligence essentials for everyone. Joint Military Intelligence College, Washington, DC

Memisevic R, Sanderson P, Wong W, Choudhury S, Li X (2007) Investigating human-system interaction with an integrated hydropower and market system simulator. IEEE Trans Power Syst 22(2):762–769CrossRef

Mercado SC (2009) Sailing the sea of OSINT in the information age. Stud Intell 48(3):45–55

Millward W (2001) Life in and out of Hut 3. In: Hinsley FH, Stripp A (eds) Codebreakers: the inside story of Bletchley park. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp 17–29

Moore DT (2007) Critical thinking and intelligence analysis, 2nd edn. National Defense Intelligence College, Washington, DC

Moore DT (2011) Critical thinking and intelligence analysis, 2nd edn. National Defense Intelligence College, Washington, DC

National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2006, 119 STAT. 3136 (2006)

National Policing Improvement Agency (2008) Practice advice on analysis. National Policing Improvement Agency, on Behalf of the Association of Chief Police Officers, UK

NATO (2002) NATO open source intelligence handbook v1.2 January 2002

Rasmussen J, Pejtersen AM, Goodstein LP (1994) Cognitive systems engineering. Wiley, New York

Reising DVC, Sanderson PM (2002) Work domain analysis and sensors II: pasteurizer II case study. Int J Hum Comput Stud 56(6):597–637CrossRef

Rooney C et al. (2014) INVISQUE as a Tool for Intelligence Analysis: the Construction of Explanatory Narratives. Int J Hum Comput Interact 30(9):703–717

Takken S, Wong BLW (2013) Tactile reasoning: hands-on vs. hands-off—what’s the difference? In: Paper presented at the 11th international conference on naturalistic decision making NDM 2013, Marseille, France, 22–24 May 2013

Toulmin S (1958) The uses of argument, 8th reprint 2008 edn. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England

Vicente KJ (1999) Cognitive work analysis: toward safe, productive, and healthy computer-based work. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Mahwah, NJ

Vicente KJ, Rasmussen J (1992) Ecological interface design: theoretical foundations. IEEE Trans Syst Man Cybern 22(4):589–605CrossRef

Vicente KJ, Christoffersen K, Pereklita A (1995) Supporting operator problem solving through ecological interface design. IEEE Trans Syst Man Cyber 25(4):529–545CrossRef

Vuckovic A, Sanderson P, Neal A, Gaukrodger S, Wong BLW (2013) Relative position vectors: an alternative approach to conflict detection in air traffic control. Hum Factors 55(5):946–964CrossRef

Wickens CD, Carswell CM (1995) The proximity compatibility principle: its psychological foundation and relevance to display design. Hum Factors 37(3):473–479CrossRef

Wigmore JH (1913) The principles of judicial proof as given by logic, psychology, and general experience and illustrated in judicial trials, 1st edn. Little, Brown & Co., Boston, MA

Wong BLW, Varga M (2012) Blackholes, keyholes and brown worms: challenges in sense making. In: Proceedings of HFES 2012, the 56th annual meeting of the human factors and ergonomics society, Boston, MA, 22–26 Oct 2012). HFES Press, Santa Monica, CA, pp 287–291

Wong WBL, O’Hare D, Sallis PJ (1998) The effect of layout on dispatch planning and decision making. In: Johnson H, Nigay L, Roast C (eds) People and computers XIII, HCI ‘98 conference. Springer, in Collaboration with the British Computer Society, Sheffield, UK, pp 221–238CrossRef

Wong BLW, Choudhury ST, Rooney C, Chen R, Xu K (2011) INVISQUE: technology and methodologies for interactive information visualization and analytics in large library collections. In: Gradmann S, Borri F, Meghini C, Schuldt H (eds) Research and advanced technology for digital libraries: international conference on theory and practice of digital library TPDL 2011, Berlin, 26–28 Sep 2011. Lecture notes in computer science, vol 6966. Springer, Berlin, pp 227–235

Wong BLW, Kodagoda N, Attfield S (2013) Trialling the SMART approach: identifying and assessing sense-making. In: Proceedings of the human factors and ergonomics society 57th annual meeting, 30 Sep–4 Oct 2005. HFES Press, San Diego, pp 215–219

Wong, B. L. W., & Kodagoda, N. (2016). How analysts think: Anchoring, Laddering and Associations, Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 60th Annual Meeting, 19-23 September 2016, Washington, D.C., USA (pp. 178-182): SAGE Publications.

Woods DD (1995) Toward a theoretical base for representation design in the computer medium: ecological perception and aiding human cognition. In: Flach J, Hancock P, Caird J, Vicente K (eds) Global perspectives on the ecology of human-machine systems, vol 1. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc., Publishers, Hillsdale, NJ, pp 157–188

Titel: Fluidity and Rigour: Addressing the Design Considerations for OSINT Tools and Processes
verfasst von: B. L. William Wong
Verlag: Springer International Publishing
Buch: Open Source Intelligence Investigation
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-47670-4

Electronic ISBN: 978-3-319-47671-1

Copyright-Jahr: 2016
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-47671-1_11

Springer Professional

Abstract

Bitte loggen Sie sich ein, um Zugang zu Ihrer Lizenz zu erhalten.

Sie haben noch keine Lizenz? Dann Informieren Sie sich jetzt über unsere Produkte:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Springer Professional "Technik"

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"