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2017 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

The French Court of Cassation: On the Threshold of a Quiet Revolution?

verfasst von : Frédérique Ferrand

Erschienen in: Supreme Courts in Transition in China and the West

Verlag: Springer International Publishing

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Abstract

Already in 1790 the ‘regulating role’ (rôle régulateur) of the Tribunal of Cassation was stressed. Legal unity was and still remains the principal aim of cassation. It is, however, not the only aim. For historical reasons, the task to develop the law has never been officially acknowledged; nonetheless, the French Court of Cassation has actually in some respects a creative role (développement prétorien du droit) which is no longer hidden in the annual reports of the Court. The high number of appeals before the Court during the twentieth century led to several, mainly technical reforms designed to improve its functioning. The successive reforms aimed at finding technical solutions to master the workload of the Court without distorting the genuine nature of cassation. There is currently no real filtering of the appeals brought before the Court; however, the special Bar often dissuades the party from applying to the Court if the case has no prospect of success. In October 2014, the Court of Cassation itself began to reflect on its future: Should a selection of the final appeals take place, and if yes, on what grounds? Should a distinction be made between important cases aimed at clarifying the law and its application (hard cases) and other cases? What should be the role of the public prosecutors (procureur général and avocats généraux) at the Court? Should the Court amend its way of reasoning in its judgments in favour of more detailed reasoning? All these issues are presently being discussed and could lead to an official proposal by the President of the Court.

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Vorheriges Kapitel The End of Cassation in Chile? Recourse to the Chilean Supreme Court in Civil Matters

Nächstes Kapitel Changing Faces of Post-socialist Supreme Courts: Croatia and Slovenia Compared

The French Cour de cassation and Conseil d’État are not really supreme courts, since they do not have ‘the monopoly on power to render judgment in last instance as an ordinary court and as a constitutional judge’; see Cadiet (2012, p. 107). See also, Boré and Boré (2008, No. 01-15).

See Les chiffres clés de la Justice 2015, available at: www.justice.gouv.fr/publication/chiffres_cles_20151005.pdf (last accessed in March 2016).

The Juridiction de proximité in civil matters, which was created in 2002 and had jurisdiction for cases with a value at stake up to 4000 euros, will be abolished as of 1 July 2017.

Les chiffres clés de la Justice 2015, p. 4: 2618,374 judgments were rendered in 2014 in civil and commercial matters, of which 262,147 in summary procedure (procédure de référé). In 2013, 2,698,628 court decisions were given (in 2010, 2,673,131), which means a decrease in the number of judgments issued.

Les chiffres clés de la Justice 2015, p. 10. On 1 January 2015 there were 36 cours d’appel (appellate courts), 164 tribunaux de grande instance (courts of first instance with general jurisdiction), 307 tribunaux d’instance (courts of first instance), 136 tribunaux de commerce (commercial courts) and 210 conseils de prud’hommes (labour courts).

Les chiffres clés de la Justice 2015, p. 6.

Les chiffres clés de la Justice 2015, p. 12.

Les chiffres clés de la Justice 2015, p. 11.

Rapport de la Cour de cassation 2014, available on the website of the Cour de cassation, http://www.courdecassation.fr/publications_26/rapport_annuel_36/rapport_2014_7040/ (last accessed in March 2016).

Tätigkeitsbericht des Bundesgerichtshofs für 2013, available on the website of the Federal Court of Justice, www.bundesgerichtshof.de/DE/BGH/Statistik/Taetigkeitsberichte/Taetigkeit2013/taetigkeit2013_node.html (last accessed in November 2015).

The Annual Report is available on the website of the ECtHR; see http://www.echr.coe.int/Documents/Annual_report_2014_FRA.pdf (last accessed in March 2016).

European Court of Human Rights, Annual Report 2014, p. 180.

Ibid, p. 180 et seq.

Ibid, p. 182 et seq.

European Court of Human Rights, Annual Report 2014, p. 182.

The pourvoi en cassation must normally be lodged with the Court of Cassation within two months (Art. 612 Code of Civil Procedure, CPC, Code de procédure civile) from the service of the decision challenged by the final appeal (Art. 528 CPC).

See Sect. 4.

With regard to the possible non-admission des pourvois introduced in 2002, see Sect. 5.2.

See also Sommer and Munoz-Perez (2014, p. 10), available on the website of the Cour de cassation: www.courdecassation.fr/IMG///10ansdeNAdevantleschambrescivilesCC_140307.pdf (last accessed in November 2015). According to this report, the rate of appeals quashed increased between 2004 and 2011 (26.2% in 2004, 38.9% in 2011).

Arts. L. 421-4 and L. 431-5 COJ: the Chambre mixte is composed of judges who belong to at least three different divisions of the Court of Cassation. It is presided over by the Premier président of the Court and it is composed of the presidents as well as the most senior member of each court division concerned with the issue, and two judges (conseillers) of each division.

Arts. L. 421-5 and L. 431-6 COJ: the Assemblée plénière is presided over by the Premier président; it is composed of the president and the most senior member of all six court divisions as well as one other judge of each division.

In 2013, six cases were referred to the Assemblée plénière and two to the Chambre mixte. In 2012, three cases were referred to the Assemblée plénière and four to the Chambre mixte; see Rapport de la Cour de cassation 2013 and Rapport de la Cour de cassation 2012, available on the website of the Cour de cassation: www.courdecassation.fr (last accessed in March 2016).

In 2012, the Court of Cassation received 21,798 final appeals on legal issues (pourvois en cassation) and resolved 21,260; see Rapport de la Cour de cassation 2012, p. 512.

The rules of procedure drafted by Chancellor d’Aguesseau in 1738 are considered to be the basis of cassation theory in France.

See also Ordonnance de Colbert 1667. For more details, see Weber (2006, p. 14) et seq.: ‘la montée en puissance de ce mécanisme de cassation sous l’Ancien régime n’est que la traduction judiciaire des relations souvent conflictuelles entre le Roi et son Conseil d’une part, et les Parlements d’autre part’.

See Halperin (1987, p. 85).

Art. 17 of Law of 27 Nov.–1 Dec. 1790.

Art. 22 of Law of 27 Nov.–1 Dec. 1790.

Halperin (1987, p. 268).

The Law of 1 April 1837. Since 1804, Art. 4 of the Civil Code also provides that, ‘A judge who refuses to give judgment on the pretext of legislation being silent, obscure or insufficient, may be prosecuted for being guilty of a denial of justice’, which requires that the judge interpret the law where necessary.

See Bellet (1980, pp. 293–301).

With regard to the role of the Cour de cassation, see Foyer (2000, p. 111), Billiau (2003, p. 31), Buffet (2003, p. 37), Gothot (2004, p. 139); Boré and de Salve de Bruneton (2005, p. 180), Bourdoiseau (2007, No. 19, p. 6).

The Plenary Assembly is composed of the President of the Court and of judges from all the divisions (chambres) of the Court.

‘Le pourvoi en cassation tend à faire censurer par la Cour de cassation la non-conformité du jugement qu'il attaque aux règles de droit’. An appeal in cassation (final appeal) can be brought against a court decision given in last resort by a court of first instance or by an appellate court of the ordinary court system (Art. L. 411-2 para. 1 COJ—Code de l’organisation judiciaire, Judicial Code).

This is the reason why French law allows the public prosecutor (Procureur général) at the Court of Cassation to bring a final appeal (pourvoi en cassation) if in civil matters a judgment has been given by a lower court in contravention of the law even if none of the parties has challenged the court decision before the Court of Cassation and even if the decision has already been enforced (Art. 17 Law No. 67-523 of 3 July 1967 and Art. 639-1 et seq. CPC: pourvoi dans l’intérêt de la loi). If the Court of Cassation quashes the judgment, this does not, however, affect the parties’ rights (‘platonic sanction’). Moreover, in civil matters the Minister of Justice may also order the public prosecutor to bring an appeal on issues of law against a court decision if the lower judges have exceeded their power (excès de pouvoir, Art. 18 Law No. 67-523 of 3 July 1967 and Art. 639-3 et seq. CPC). In this last case, the quashing of the decision has an erga omnes effect. See Blondel (2004, p. 1003) et seq. See also examples in Ferrand (2013, p. 14) et seq.

This is a huge difference from the common law approach of appeal; see Zénati 2003, available on the website of the Cour de cassation: www.courdecassation.fr/publications_26/bulletin_information_cour_cassation_27/bulletins_information_2003_1615/n_575_1652/ (last accessed in November 2015); Common law supreme courts ‘ne garantissent pas par une voie de droit le respect de la règle de droit obligatoire qu’elle soit jurisprudentielle ou légale’ and ‘ne répriment pas les sentences; leur mission est tout autre: elles servent de modèle aux juridictions’.

See Boré and Boré (2008, No. 172).

Art. L. 411-2 para. 2 COJ (Code de l’organisation judiciaire, Judicial Code): ‘La Cour de cassation ne connaît pas du fond des affaires, sauf disposition législative contraire’.

See Charruault (2012, pp. 23–25).

Cadiet (2012, p. 111).

See Rapport de la Cour de cassation 2012, p. 539.

See Ferrand (2011, pp. 71–95). On the meaning of letters (I, B, P, D …) following the decisions issued by the Court of Cassation with regard to their circulation, see Ferrand (2013, p. 18) et seq.

Interview with Judge Franck Terrier, President of the 3rd Civil Division (interview of 12 May 2014).

Art. 455 para. 1 CPC: ‘The judgment shall set forth succinctly the respective claims of the parties and their grounds. Such presentation may take the form of a reference to the pleadings of the parties with the indication of their date. The judgment shall be reasoned.’

Cf. with the mechanism established in German law in case of violation by a lower court of the constitutional right to be heard (rechtliches Gehör), § 321a ZPO (Zivilprozessordnung, Code of Civil Procedure).

Const. Council (CC), 12 February 2004, No. 2004-491 DC, Loi complétant le statut d'autonomie de la Polynésie française; 14 May 2012, No. 2012-243/244/245/246 QPC, Société Yonne républicaine et autre.

Const. Council (CC), 19–20 January 1981, No. 80-127 DC, Loi renforçant la sécurité et protégeant la liberté des personnes.

Const. Council (CC), 18 January 1985, No. 84-183 DC, Loi relative au redressement et à la liquidation judiciaires, Recueil Dalloz (D.) 1986, p. 427 et seq. with obs. Renoux.

Const. Council (CC), 14 June 2013, No. 2013-314 QPC, M. Jeremy F., decision related to criminal proceedings.

Const. Council (CC), 17 December 2010, No. 2010-62 QPC, CGT-FO et autres.

In France, civil procedure normally belongs to the scope of the government’s powers acting by decree (see Arts. 34 and 27 of the Constitution).

See Bachelier et al. (2013).

Loi No. 47-1366 of 22 July 1947 ‘modifiant l'organisation et la procédure de la Cour de cassation’, Journal Officiel de la République française (JORF) 24 July 1947, p. 7142.

Loi No. 89-9 of 3 January 1979.

Boré (1979, p. 247).

Art. L. 431-1 para. 2 COJ (Code de l’organisation judiciaire, Judicial Code).

See Boré and Boré (2008, No. 175).

See the information provided on the website of the Court of Cassation, www.courdecassation.fr/cour_cassation_1/presenation_2845/ (last accessed in March 2016).

The development of the Court of Cassation’s educational task towards lower courts is also emphasised by Justice Alain Lacabarats, President of the Social Division of the Court (interviewed by e-mail in April 2014).

This new procedure was first limited to civil matters, but was then extended to criminal matters by the Law of 25 June 2001.

Art. L. 441-3 COJ.

See the statistics available on the website of the Cour de cassation: www.courdecassation.fr/jurisprudence_2/avis_cour_15/integralite_avis_classes_annees_239/ (last accessed in November 2015). See also Buffet (2004, p. 263).

For many years there were only 60, and there are still only 60 charges today. However, since 1978 the number has increased due to the new possibility for these lawyers to become partners of a non-trading partnership within the same charge; see Boré and Boré (2008, No. 178). To guarantee that there will not be too many avocats aux Conseils and therefore too many final appeals, the number of partners of a professional partnership has been limited to no more than three. However, Law No. 2015-990 of 6 August 2015 aims to open this profession and to increase the number of lawyers at the State Council and at the Court of Cassation.

This profession was created in 1643 by Louis XIV. It was suppressed by a decree of 2 September 1790 during the Revolution and was restored later. The title avocat à la Cour de cassation was created under Napoleon by a decree of 25 June 1806. In 1814, a special Bar at the Supreme Administrative Court (Conseil d’État) was created. In 1816, it was decided that those two official titles would be merged into one, and in 1817 the Bar (Ordre) of the avocats au Conseil d’État et à la Cour de cassation was created. See the website of the Bar: www.ordre-avocats-cassation.fr/ (last accessed in March 2016). See also Odent (2008).

However, since Order No. 2014-239 of 27 February 2014, a lawyer at the Conseil d’État and at the Cour de cassation (avocat aux Conseils) may be the employee (salarié) of another lawyer. Yet, the holder of a charge (office) at the Conseil d’État and Cour de cassation cannot have more than one employed avocat aux Conseils in the office.

See Boré and Boré (2008, No. 177) et seq.

Interviews conducted with Me Elisabeth Baraduc and Me Emmanuel Piwnica, both avocats aux Conseils. Both of them stressed the importance of the opinion they give to the party who considers lodging a final appeal. It seems that in 40–50% of the cases, the opinion given by avocats aux Conseils is negative and that in half of those cases it actually serves as a deterrent. If the petitioner insists upon lodging a final appeal, in 9 out of 10 cases the avocat aux Conseils will agree to act accordingly.

See e.g. ECtHR, 14 November 2000, Annoni di Gussola v France, Nos. 31819/96 and 33293/96; 31 July 2001, Mortier v France, No. 42195/98; 25 September 2003, Bayle c/ France et Pages v France, No. 45840/99, D. 2003, IR, p. 2605; JDI 2004. 678, obs. Tavernier. See also ECtHR, 14 November 2006, Ong v France, No. 348/03 (the Court held that the application of Art. 1009-1 CPC had not been proportionate).

With Judge Franck Terrier, President of the 3rd Civil Division of the Court of Cassation (interview of 12 May 2014), and with Me Emmanuel Piwnica, avocat aux Conseils (interview of 20 May 2014).

de Mecquenem et al. (2012), available on the website of the Cour de cassation: www.courdecassation.fr/IMG///Etude_amende_civile_15-03-2012.pdf (last accessed in November 2015).

Of the same opinion, Judge Franck Terrier (interview of 12 May 2014).

With regard to the possible role of the State Attorneys at the Court of Cassation, see Boccon-Gibod (2014, pp. 1107–1114).

See Buffet (2004, p. 260): ‘veiller au respect de la loi en cassant les décisions en dernier ressort qui la violent et faire régner l’unité d’interprétation du droit’. This is why the Court of Cassation is often defined as a ‘Cour régulatrice’.

In the same year 2014, 21,295 new cases in civil matters were filed with the Court of Cassation; see Les chiffres clés de la Justice 2015, p. 10.

See Art. 61-1 of the Constitution: ‘If, during proceedings in progress before a court of law, it is claimed that a legislative provision infringes the rights and freedoms guaranteed by the Constitution, the matter may be referred by the Conseil d'État or by the Cour de Cassation to the Constitutional Council which shall rule within a determined period.’

Rapport de la Cour de cassation 2010, available on the website of the Cour de cassation: www.courdecassation.fr/publications_26/rapport_annuel_36/rapport_2010_3866/cinquieme_partie_activite_cour_3880/statistique_cour_3936/statistique_cour_19512.html (last accessed in March 2016). In 2010, 307 QPCs were registered with the Cour de cassation in criminal matters and 232 in civil matters. In criminal matters, 99 were referred to the Constitutional Council (42%). In civil matters, only 23 were referred (12%).

In 2012, a decrease of 21.43% compared to 2011. In 2013, a decrease of 24% in civil matters and 6.8% in criminal matters; see Rapport de la Cour de cassation 2012 and Rapport de la Cour de cassation 2013. In 2014, a decrease of 15% compared to 2013, see Rapport de la Cour de cassation 2014.

Cass., QPC 16 April 2010, No. 10-40002, Abdeli and Melki. The Constitutional Council answered this question in its Decision No. 2010-605 DC of 12 May 2010: the authority following from their own decisions does not prevent the French courts from deciding that European and international commitments of France do prevail over a statute incompatible with them, even if the statute has been held compatible with the Constitution. Art. 61-1 of the Constitution and Art. 23-1 et seq. of Order No. 58-1067 of 7 November 1958 do not deprive the judges of their power to refer a question for a preliminary ruling to the ECJ, even when they also refer a QPC to the Constitutional Council.

ECJ, 22 June 2010, cases C-188/10 and C-189/10, Melki.

According to some judges at the Court of Cassation, the referral for a non-binding opinion (saisine pour avis) suffers from its abstract nature. The judges of the Court of Cassation also prefer to decide on the grounds of a specific case that gives a better opportunity to estimate the consequences of a legal interpretation.

For a recent example related to requirements in civil appellate proceedings, see Cass. avis, 25 June 2012, No. 12-00.005, No. 12-00.006 and No. 12-00.007, D. 2012, p. 1748 and p. 2435 with obs. Alcalde; Dr. et Proc. 2012, p. 205 with obs. Salati; and Cass. civ. 2, 30 January 2014, No. 12-24.145, Procédures 2014, No. 97, obs. Perrot; Gaz. Pal. 9–11 March 2014, p. 35, obs. Pellerin.

Most of them were judges at lower courts first; a few of them were professors of law at a university.

These persons are appointed as a judge (for five years only) due to their skills or professional experience.

See the information provided on the website of the Cour de cassation: www.courdecassation.fr/cour_cassation_1/savoir_plus_institution_2845/presentation_cour_cassation_11982.html (last accessed in November 2015). The conseillers référendaires were established by Law No. 67-523 of 3 July 1967. In 1967, there were only nine such judges at the Court of Cassation. Their number has constantly increased.

Favre (2012, p. 41).

However, it can be disputed whether it is really a filtering device.

See Terrier (2013, pp. 37–52); Amrani-Mekki (2012, pp. 53–59), Vigneau (2010, pp. 102–111), Atias (2010, p. 1374).

Art. 1014 CPC: ‘La formation restreinte déclare non admis les pourvois irrecevables ou non fondés sur un moyen sérieux de cassation.’ This terminology has been amended by Decree No. 2014-1338 of 6 November 2014: ‘cette formation décide qu'il n'y a pas lieu de statuer par une décision spécialement motivée lorsque le pourvoi est irrecevable ou lorsqu'il n'est manifestement pas de nature à entraîner la cassation’ (new Art. 1014, para. 1 CPC). A new para. 2 added that, ‘Toute formation peut aussi décider de ne pas répondre de façon spécialement motivée à un ou plusieurs moyens irrecevables ou qui ne sont manifestement pas de nature à entraîner la cassation’; this means that the division of three judges can also refuse to examine points of law, which are not admissible or do not contain serious pleas.

See e.g. Blondel (2004, p. 1008): ‘Il y a là un outil important pour régler les flux des pourvois jugés depuis des décennies comme trop nombreux. Il y a là aussi un outil utilisé pour tenter de recentrer la Cour de cassation sur ses missions de prédilection: dire le droit et en assurer une application uniforme.’

This is also acknowledged by attorneys at the Cour de cassation (interview with Me Baraduc on 25 February 2014 and with Me Piwnica on 20 May 2014; Garreau (2012, p. 1137) et seq.: ‘les procédures d’admission des pourvois en cassation sont légitimes’).

This report contains a suggestion made by the reporting judge; the decision of non-admission (now called ‘decision not to rule by a specifically reasoned decision’) is made by a body of three judges. The report is detailed, it can be 5–10 pages long (interview of 12 May 2014 with Judge Franck Terrier) and contain references to scholarly publications as well as to relevant French and/or European case law.

According to President Franck Terrier, the decision not to admit the final appeal is not easy to foresee for the lawyers. In about 3 out of 20 non-admission cases, the lawyer at the Court of Cassation will ask for redirection of the case. The practice of non-admission differs greatly among the divisions of the Court.

See the statistics provided by Terrier (2013, p. 38): in 2005, 39% of the final appeals were not ‘admitted’ by the 1st Civil Division, 25% by the 2nd, 30% by the 3rd, 36% by the Commercial Division and 45% by the Labour Division.

Terrier (2013, p. 37).

Favre (2012, p. 45). See also the statistical data mentioned in the Rapport de la Cour de cassation 2012, p. 518 et seq. In 2012, before the 1st Civil Division, 35.28% of the applications were not ‘admitted’ (33.11% before the 2nd Civil Division, 20.43% before the 3rd Civil Division, 30.93% before the Commercial Division, 23.4% before the Labour Division and 68% before the Criminal Division of the Court of Cassation). The body of three judges can also reject the admission of only part of the legal submissions in order to refocus the legal discussion on the most important legal issues raised by the final appeal.

See Terrier (2013, p. 42): the procédure de non-admission is neither a way of filtering final appeals nor the result of a preliminary and summary examination. It is one of the possible working modes of the Court.

It was modified by Decree No. 2014-1338 of 6 November 2014 (see new Art. 1014 CPC).

See Terrier (2013, p. 37). In case of doubt or if the applicant’s lawyer gives convincing additional explanations, the body of three judges can refrain from refusing the admission of the final appeal. This does not seem to be unusual; see Terrier (2013, p. 40).

100

ECtHR, 10 July 2008, Soulas v France, No. 15948/03. See also ECtHR, 21 March 2006, Sale v France, No. 39765/04.

101

See new Art. 1014, para. 2 CPC.

102

Partial admission refusals are not, however, recorded in the statistics of the Court of Cassation.

103

Sommer and Munoz-Perez (2014), available on the website of the Cour de cassation: www.courdecassation.fr/IMG///10ansdeNAdevantleschambrescivilesCC_140307.pdf (last accessed in March 2016).

104

Rapport de la Cour de cassation 2014, available on the website of the Court of Cassation: www.courdecassation.fr/publications_26/rapport_annuel_36/rapport_2014_7040/ (last accessed in March 2016). In 2004: 553 days; in 2005: 523; in 2006: 481; in 2007: 417; in 2008: 382; in 2009: 391; in 2010: 387; in 2011: 381; in 2012: 387; in 2013: 395.

105

Rapport de la Cour de cassation 2014. In 2004: 131 days; in 2005: 123; in 2006: 123; in 2007: 138; in 2008: 118; in 2009: 129; in 2010: 132; in 2011: 139; in 2012: 156; in 2013: 163.

106

Rapport de la Cour de cassation 2012, p. 512.

107

See Rapport de la Cour de cassation 2013.

108

For details, see Sommer and Azoula (2012), available on the website of the Cour de cassation, www.courdecassation.fr/IMG///articlesurladématérialisation.pdf (last accessed in March 2016).

109

See Art. 748-1 COC: ‘les envois, remises et notifications des actes de procédure, des pièces, avis, avertissements ou convocations, des rapports, des procès-verbaux, ainsi que des copies et expéditions revêtues de la formule exécutoire des décisions juridictionnelles peuvent être effectués par voie électronique’.

110

JO 26 June 2008, p. 10259. Comm.: Procédures, August-September 2008, No. 34. On 31 December 2009, 90% of the final appeals were lodged electronically; see Lamanda and Le Prado (2009, No. 115). See also Sommer and Azoula (2012). According to them, the electronic procedure of final appeal ‘permet à la Cour de mieux remplir ses missions de régulation, de contrôle et d’édiction de normes, et d’améliorer la qualité du jugement des affaires au service des usagers’.

111

According to Sommer and Azoula (2012, p. 2), the virtual office is a ‘réalisation majeure de la Cour. Accessible par un simple navigateur sur le poste des magistrats, ce bureau permet un accès personnalisé et sécurisé aux données dématérialisées d'un dossier. Placé sur l'Intranet de la Cour de cassation, ce bureau renseigne le conseiller sur l'en cours des dossiers qui lui ont été distribués, sur les audiences passées sur une période de quatre mois en arrière et sur les audiences à venir.’.

112

See Art. 456 CPC (Decree No. 2012-1515 of 28 December 2012).

113

Zivilprozessordnung, German Code of Civil Procedure. For a comparison between French cassation and German Revision, see Ferrand (1993).

114

Comp. Art. 7 of Recommendation of the Council of Europe No. R (95) 5 of 7 February 1995 concerning the introduction and improvement of the functioning of appeal systems and procedures in civil and commercial cases: ‘c. Appeals to the third court should be used in particular in cases which merit a third judicial review, for example cases which would develop the law or which would contribute to the uniform interpretation of the law. They might also be limited to appeals where the case concerns a point of law of general public importance. The appellant should be required to state his reasons why the case would contribute to such aims.’.

115

Club des Juristes, La régulation des contentieux devant les Cours suprêmes, October 2014; Club des Juristes, Sécurité juridique et initiative économique, May 2015.

116

See the information available on the website of the Court of Cassation, www.courdecassation.fr/cour_cassation_1/reforme_cour_7109/ (last accessed in March 2016).

117

Cass., avis 29 February 2016, No. 16002 and Deumier 2016.

Amrani-Mekki, S., ‘La sélection des pourvois à la Cour de cassation’, in Ordre des avocats au Conseil d’ État et à la Cour de cassation (ed.), Le juge de cassation en Europe, Paris: Dalloz, 2012, pp. 53–59.

Atias, C., ‘Une enquête nécessaire: les “arrêts” de non-admission du pourvoi en cassation’, Recueil Dalloz, 2010, pp. 1374–1376.

Bachelier, M.-N., Bachelier, X. & Buk Larment, J., La technique de cassation, Paris: Dalloz, 2013.

Bellet, Pierre, ‘Grandeur et servitude de la Cour de cassation’, Revue Internationale de Droit Comparé, 1980, pp. 293–301.

Billiau, M., ‘Quel rôle pour la Cour de cassation au XXI^e siècle?’, in, Justices et Droits fondamentaux, Études offertes à J. Normand, Paris: Litec, 2003, pp. 31–41.

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Titel: The French Court of Cassation: On the Threshold of a Quiet Revolution?
verfasst von: Frédérique Ferrand
Verlag: Springer International Publishing
Buch: Supreme Courts in Transition in China and the West
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-52343-9

Electronic ISBN: 978-3-319-52344-6

Copyright-Jahr: 2017
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-52344-6_9