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2017 | Buch

Global Space Governance: An International Study

herausgegeben von: Ram S. Jakhu, Prof. Dr. Joseph N. Pelton

Verlag: Springer International Publishing

Buchreihe : Space and Society

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Über dieses Buch

This book is based on the findings, conclusions and recommendations of the Global Space Governance study commissioned by the 2014 Montreal Declaration that called upon civil society, academics, governments, the private sector, and other stakeholders to undertake an international interdisciplinary study. The study took three years to complete. It examines the drivers of space regulations and standards, key regulatory problems, and especially addresses possible improvements in global space governance. The world's leading experts led the drafting of chapters, with input from academics and knowledgeable professionals in the public and private sectors, intergovernmental organizations, and nongovernmental organizations from all the regions of the world with over 80 total participants. This book and areas identified for priority action are to be presented to the UN Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space and it is hoped will be considered directly or indirectly at the UNISPACE+50 event in Vienna, Austria, in 2018.

The report, a collective work of all the contributors, includes objective analysis and frank statements expressed without pressure of political, national, and occupational concerns or interest. It is peer-reviewed and carefully edited to ensure its accuracy, preciseness, and readability. It is expected that the study and derivative recommendations will form the basis for deliberations and decisions at international conferences and meetings around the world on the theme of global space governance. This will hopefully include future discussion at the UN Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

Frontmatter

The Legal and Regulatory Framework for Space Activities

Frontmatter
Chapter 1. Introduction to the Study on Global Space Governance
Abstract
The now somewhat historic Second Manfred Lachs International Conference on Global Space Governance was held at McGill University Institute of Air and Space Law in Montreal, Canada, on May 29-31, 2014. This international and neutral forum was attended by over 120 experts from 22 States, both spacefaring and non-spacefaring. The conference was notable in that it brought together not only experts in space law and policy, but also scientists and engineers who are focused on creating new space technology to unlock the secrets of the cosmos and to create a new space system to benefit humankind.
Ram S. Jakhu, Joseph N. Pelton
Chapter 2. Overview of the Existing Mechanisms of Global Space Governance
Abstract
  • The evolution of the global space governance regime, what differentiates it from other governance regimes, and whether the existing global space governance regime has succeeded or failed in serving the global public interest in outer space;
  • A survey of the five existing United Nations space law treaties, their current impact, breadth, and status of ratification. What are their main features that relate to global space governance, and what deficiencies exist?
  • Is the United Nations and its specialized agencies the best organization to regulate, coordinate, or standardize space activities and practices?
  • What other forums exist, and how can they contribute to effectively address issues of global space governance?
  • How and to what extent do existing and emerging non-binding “soft law” (e.g., resolutions, guidelines, transparency and confidence-building measures, etc.) instruments influence global space governance?
  • Are there alternative or complementary mechanisms – such as standards and codes of conduct – available, and to what extent are they effective for achieving an internationally acceptable form of global governance in outer space, taking into account current and future uses of space?
Ram S. Jakhu, Joseph N. Pelton
Chapter 3. Global Space Governance from Regional Perspectives
Abstract
  • What are the regional cooperative regimes, intra-regional regimes, and inter-regional space governance initiatives?
  • What are the prospects for regional space programs and agencies in the Middle East, Africa, or Latin America?
  • Are the regional space governance mechanisms complementary to global space governance?
Ram S. Jakhu, Joseph N. Pelton
Chapter 4. National Space Policies and Laws and Global Space Governance
Abstract
  • What are the significant national space policies and laws of some key States?
  • What influence national space policies and laws have on global space governance and vice versa?
  • What are the implications of extraterritorial exercise of jurisdiction?
Ram S. Jakhu, Joseph N. Pelton
Chapter 5. Private Commercial Space Enterprises and Global Governance System
Abstract
  • What is the nature of the increasing role for private commercial space enterprises in every aspect of outer space activities?
  • Are the existing mechanisms of global space governance compatible with the increasing trend of space commercialization? What are the legal and policy hindrances that adversely affect commercial space operations?
  • Given the increased participation by private enterprises in all space activities, what is the best way to regulate (public and private law) issues such as liability, change of ownership, response to emergencies, exercise of jurisdiction and control, and financing?
  • What is the best way of balancing the commercial considerations against the issues of equitable and effective global space governance?
Ram S. Jakhu, Joseph N. Pelton

Specific Space Applications (Uses) and Transportation

Frontmatter
Chapter 6. Satellite Telecommunications and Broadcasting
Abstract
  • Evolution, current status, and key future trends in the development of space telecommunications (including broadcasting) and related space services with regard to spectrum needs, orbital locations, interference, jamming, and conflicting needs concerning other space or terrestrial service providers, including high-altitude platforms stations (HAPS) for telecommunications;
  • Adequacy and/or inadequacy of the currently applicable governance system, standards, procedures, interaction with telecommunications;
  • Specific and appropriate recommendations as to global governance actions that should be taken to ameliorate current and future situations related to the operation of all satellite telecommunications services and forum(s) where positive action might be taken, in order to ensure the sustainable use of space and the protozone for satellite telecommunications, broadcasting and networking for peaceful purposes and for the benefit of all humankind.
Ram S. Jakhu, Joseph N. Pelton
Chapter 7. Remote Sensing, Earth Observation, and Meteorological Satellites
Abstract
  • Evolution, current status, and key future trends in the development of technologies, analytic techniques, regulatory practices, and legal oversight related to remote sensing, Earth observation and meteorological satellite service, including disaster management, search and rescue, and climate change monitoring;
  • Analysis of the adequacy or inadequacy of the current governance system applicable to standards making, frequency allocation, and oversight of remote sensing, Earth observation, and meteorological satellite systems and services;
  • Specific and appropriate recommendations as to global governance actions that should be taken to ameliorate current and future conditions in these types of satellite services, as well as the identification of organizations where positive relevant action might be taken to ensure the improvement of these services and to sustain the use of space for peaceful purposes and for the benefit of all humankind.
Ram S. Jakhu, Joseph N. Pelton
Chapter 8. Global Navigation Satellite Systems and Services
Abstract
  • Evolution, current status, and key future trends in the development of space activities that form the subject matter of global navigation satellite systems and services (including space situational awareness);
  • Analysis of the adequacy and/or inadequacy of the currently applicable governance system;
  • Specific and appropriate recommendations as to global governance actions that should be taken to ameliorate current and future conditions in the form of global navigation satellite systems and services, as well as the identification of organizations where positive relevant action might be taken to ensure the improvement of these services and to sustain the use of space for peaceful purposes and for the benefit of all humankind.
Ram S. Jakhu, Joseph N. Pelton
Chapter 9. Space-Based Solar Power
Abstract
  • The feasibility and practical, operational, economic, and regulatory issues associated with the implementation of space-based solar power (SBSP);
  • Consideration of specific challenges related to launch systems, ground rectennas, and environmental and strategic concerns that need to be addressed to realize viable SBSP systems;
  • Analysis of the adequacy and/or inadequacy of the current governance system applicable to SBSP
  • Specific and appropriate recommendations as to global governance actions that should be taken that would enhance the implementation of SBSP systems and international agencies that need to address these subjects to ensure the establishment of these services and sustainable use of space for peaceful purposes and for the benefit of all humankind.
Ram S. Jakhu, Joseph N. Pelton
Chapter 10. Space Launch Services
Abstract
  • Evolution, current status, and key future trends in the development of space launchers and launch services, including space elevators and other new technologies;
  • Analysis of the adequacy of the current governance system applicable to space launchers and launch services, and recommendations for actions to improve relevant global governance;
  • Specific and appropriate recommendations for global governance actions that should be taken to ameliorate current and future conditions, along with the organizations where positive action might be taken to ensure the improvement of these services and to sustain the use of space for peaceful purposes and for the benefit of all humankind.
Ram S. Jakhu, Joseph N. Pelton

Global Space Safety and Security Concerns

Frontmatter
Chapter 11. Human Spaceflight
Abstract
  • Evolution, current status, and key future trends in the development of human spaceflight activities;
  • Analysis of the adequacy and/or inadequacy of the current governance system applicable to human spaceflight activities, including developments related to the introduction of human spaceflight under the auspices of new commercial spaceflight operations;
  • Consideration of human spaceflight with particular concern regarding safety, spaceflight traffic management and control, and environmental protection;
  • Specific and appropriate recommendations as to global governance actions that should be taken to ameliorate current and future conditions, issues, and concerns, along with the forum(s) where positive action might be taken, in order to ensure the sustainable use of space for peaceful purposes and for the benefit of all humankind.
Ram S. Jakhu, Joseph N. Pelton
Chapter 12. Global Governance of Space Security
Abstract
  • Evolution, current status, and key future trends in the development of military space activities;
  • Analysis of the adequacy and/or inadequacy of the current governance system applicable to military activities, including weaponization of space and mechanisms and processes to constrain the use of force in space;
  • Consideration of areas where military or defense related concerns and interests may be in conflict with entrepreneurial or commercial interests in space; and
  • Specific and appropriate recommendations as to global governance actions that should be taken to ameliorate current and future conditions, along with the forum(s) where positive action might be taken, in order to ensure the sustainable use of space for peaceful purposes and for the benefit of all humankind.
Ram S. Jakhu, Joseph N. Pelton
Chapter 13. Space Traffic Management and Coordinated Controls for Near-space
Abstract
  • Adequacy of current global structures for space traffic management, for space situational awareness, and for near-space and protozone regulation and control, particularly to meet challenges associated with more and more States becoming space-faring nations;
  • The relationship among space traffic management, orbital debris monitoring, active debris removal, on-orbit servicing, and orbital transfer of space objects.
  • Adequacy of global space governance (particularly the issues of jurisdiction and regulatory competency) to effectively regulate space traffic management for the protozone, and the near-space area below outer space.
  • Specific and appropriate recommendations as to global governance actions that should be taken to ameliorate current and future conditions for space traffic management, etc., along with the forum(s) where positive action might be taken, in order to ensure the sustainable use of space for peaceful purposes and for the benefit of all humankind.
Ram S. Jakhu, Joseph N. Pelton

“NewSpace” Activities

Frontmatter
Chapter 14. On-Orbit Servicing, Active Debris Removal, and Related Activities
Abstract
  • Evolution, current status, and key future trends in the development of space activities related to on-orbit servicing, active debris removal, and related space-based activities;
  • Analysis of the adequacy and/or inadequacy of the current governance system applicable to on-orbit servicing, active debris removal, and related space-based activities;
  • Specific and appropriate recommendations as to global governance actions that should be taken to ameliorate current and future conditions, along with the forum(s) where positive action might be taken, in order to ensure the sustainable use of space for peaceful purposes and for the benefit of all humankind.
Ram S. Jakhu, Joseph N. Pelton
Chapter 15. Small Satellites and Large Commercial Satellite Constellations
Abstract
  • Evolution, current status, and key future trends involving small satellites and development of commercial small satellite constellations;
  • Examination of the extent to which small satellites and especially commercial small satellite constellations represent a “disruptive technology” that will impact satellite manufacturers and service;
  • Consideration of special issues that are raised by the launch, deployment, operation, and de-orbit of small satellites, requiring new or revised global space governance system as well as the organizations where positive relevant action might be taken to ensure their successful introduction and sustainable the use of space for peaceful purposes and for the benefit of all humankind.
Ram S. Jakhu, Joseph N. Pelton
Chapter 16. Space Mining and Use of Space Natural Resources
Abstract
  • Evolution, current status, and key future trends in the development of space activities related to space natural resource extraction, popularly known as space mining;
  • Analysis of the adequacy and inadequacy of the current global space governance regime for regulating space mining and new commercial efforts to exploit and utilize space natural resources;
  • Specific and appropriate recommendations as to global governance actions that should be taken to ameliorate current and future conditions for space mining activities, along with the forum(s) where positive action might be taken consistent with practical, technical, operational, and financial needs as well as international equity considerations in order to ensure the sustainable use of space for peaceful purposes and for the benefit of all humankind.
Ram S. Jakhu, Joseph N. Pelton

Into the Longer Term Future

Frontmatter
Chapter 17. Cosmic Hazards and Planetary Defense
Abstract
  • Review patterns of global risk of cosmic “black swan” events, such as severe space weather and asteroid impacts; and
  • Consideration of new international coordinative efforts as well as legal and institutional mechanisms to protect humanity against cosmic hazards (i.e., planetary defense).
Ram S. Jakhu, Joseph N. Pelton
Chapter 18. Space Environmental Issues
Abstract
  • What are the key space envirofnmental issues that threaten sustainability of exploration and use of space?
  • What are the global governance challenges posed by the proliferation of small satellites (i.e., cube, micro, nano, pico, femto satellites, etc.) and large (mega) small satellite constellations?
  • Does the existing global space governance regime adequately address the environmental aspects of the exploration and use of outer space, including encounter with extraterrestrial life forms?
  • Does a combination of emerging rules and guidelines addressing space debris, on-orbit satellite servicing, and sustainability of space activities provide adequate solutions to space environmental issues?
Ram S. Jakhu, Joseph N. Pelton
Chapter 19. Space Migration and Colonization
Abstract
  • Background, evolution, current status and key future trends in the development of space activities that form the subject matter of space migration and colonization;
  • Analysis of the adequacy and/or inadequacy of the currently applicable governance system for planetary exploration, possible migration and colonization, off-world activities; and
  • Specific and appropriate recommendations as to global space governance rules and technological development for living in outer space and/or on celestial bodies, particularly issues related to scarcity of resources, acceptable behavior for living in outer space, independence of outer space settlements and possible encounters with extraterrestrial life forms.
Ram S. Jakhu, Joseph N. Pelton
Chapter 20. The Role of Space in Long-Term Economic Development on Earth
Abstract
  • What role do space activities play in long-term economic development on Earth?
  • What role does space play in meeting the U. N. Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)?
  • What are the main governance challenges in meeting the SDGs and what potential solutions can be recommended in this regard?
Ram S. Jakhu, Joseph N. Pelton
Chapter 21. Extending the Benefits and Uses of Outer Space to All Humankind
Abstract
  • Review of the efforts of the U. N. Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space as well as other efforts to extend the benefits of and uses of outer space to all humankind, especially the developing States;
  • Exploration of new and innovative ways that spacefaring nations and non-spacefaring States, which are beginning to employ space systems and technology, could promote cooperation and synergies in sustainable space development;
  • Specific steps that are needed to ensure equitable access to, uses of, and sharing benefits of outer space across the planet, especially to protect and enhance the special needs of the developing States.
Ram S. Jakhu, Joseph N. Pelton
Chapter 22. Capacity-Building in Global Space Governance
Abstract
  • What role can space technology, education, training, and research play in space sustainability and ensuring the peaceful uses of outer space?
  • What kind of capacity-building in space education, training, research, leadership, and institutional arrangements will be necessary for global space governance in order to achieve the goal of sustainability and the peaceful uses of outer space for the benefit of all humankind?
Ram S. Jakhu, Joseph N. Pelton

Conclusions and the Way Forward

Frontmatter
Chapter 23. Conclusions, Consolidated Findings, and General Recommendations
Abstract
  • How can the global community cope with the increasing involvement of private entities in space exploration and use, particularly with the rapid development of NewSpace activities, technologies, and systems?
  • What form(s) should global space governance take, both in terms of format and substance, in the next 20 to 30 years?
  • Are the new forms of global space governance likely to be a combination of formal international agreements, informal codes of conduct, transparency and confidence building measures (TCBMs), technical standards, best practices, and national or regional laws or regulations and, if so, what organizations or forums should take the lead in this respect to ensure the effective and sustainable use of outer space for peaceful purposes and for the benefit of all humankind?
  • What are the major challenges to achieving effective and acceptable global space governance, and how can they be best addressed?
Ram S. Jakhu, Joseph N. Pelton
Backmatter
Metadaten
Titel
Global Space Governance: An International Study
herausgegeben von
Ram S. Jakhu
Prof. Dr. Joseph N. Pelton
Copyright-Jahr
2017
Electronic ISBN
978-3-319-54364-2
Print ISBN
978-3-319-54363-5
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-54364-2

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