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2018 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

11. Africa and India: Riding the Tail of the Tiger?

verfasst von : Kudrat Virk

Erschienen in: Africa and the World

Verlag: Springer International Publishing

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Abstract

Chapter 11 focuses on Africa’s relations with India, the “other” emerging Asian power, which has thus far escaped the close scrutiny, if not criticism, that the much larger, and expanding, Chinese footprint on the continent has attracted. The competitive dynamic between New Delhi and Beijing is an important fulcrum of India’s international relations in Africa. Not surprisingly, this has contributed to a tendency, by and large, to assess India’s presence on the continent either in a comparative framework with China or within the context of its membership of the BRICS bloc (Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa). This chapter, though, is primarily concerned with the dynamics of the bilateral relationship between Africa and India. It begins with a brief history of Africa-India relations, followed by an in-depth analysis of present-day economic ties. Next the chapter focuses on peace and security cooperation between India and Africa, before offering some concluding reflections.

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Fußnoten
1
See United Nations Development Programme, Human Development Report 2013—The Rise of the South: Human Progress in a Diverse World (New York, 2013).
 
2
Narendra Modi, “India-Africa Forum Summit, New Delhi: October 29, 2015”, in Prime Minister Narendra Modi: Select Speeches on Foreign Policy: 2014–2015 (New Delhi: India’s Ministry of External Affairs, 2017), p. 229, http://​mea.​gov.​in/​PM_​SpeechBook_​2014-25/​?​page=​1
 
3
Constantino Xavier, “Unbreakable Bond: Africa in India’s Foreign Policy”, in David M. Malone, C. Raja Mohan, and Srinath Raghavan (eds), The Oxford Handbook of Indian Foreign Policy (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015), pp. 552–3.
 
4
Rita Banerji, “India’s Unsung African Blood”, Huffington Post, 11 March 2015, http://​www.​huffingtonpost.​in/​rita-banerji-/​indias-unsung-african-blood
 
5
Kudrat Virk, “India and South Africa”, in Malone, Raja Mohan, and Raghavan, The Oxford Handbook of Indian Foreign Policy, p. 553.
 
6
Quoted in Virk, “India and South Africa”, p. 554, and from which the rest of this paragraph is also taken.
 
7
Xavier, “Unbreakable Bond”, p. 568.
 
8
Xavier, “Unbreakable Bond”, p. 568.
 
9
Ian Taylor, Africa Rising? BRICS—Diversifying Dependency (Woodbridge, Suffolk: Currey, 2014), pp. 84–5.
 
10
Data from the World Bank’s World DataBank, http://​data.​worldbank.​org
 
11
Economist Intelligence Unit, Long-Term Macroeconomic Forecasts: Key Trends to 2050 (London, 2015), p. 5.
 
12
Data from the World Bank’s World DataBank, Poverty and Equity Database, http://​povertydata.​worldbank.​org/​poverty/​country/​IND
 
13
United Nations Population Fund, The State of World Population 2016: 10—How Our Future Depends on a Girl at This Decisive Age (New York, 2016), p. 101.
 
14
Data from the International Labour Organisation’s ILOSTAT Database, https://​www.​ilo.​org/​ilostat
 
15
See Ligia Noronha, “Resources”, in Malone, Raja Mohan, and Raghavan, The Oxford Handbook of Indian Foreign Policy, pp. 160–72.
 
16
Data from the World Bank’s World DataBank.
 
17
Charles Roxburgh et al., Lions on the Move: The Progress and Potential of African Economies (McKinsey Global Institute, June 2010). See also European Parliamentary Research Service, Africa’s Economic Growth: Taking Off or Slowing Down? (January 2016).
 
18
Liam Halligan, “Global Africa: The Last Investment Frontier”, in Adekeye Adebajo and Kaye Whiteman (eds), The EU and Africa: From Eurafrique to Afro-Europa (London: Hurst; New York: Columbia University Press; Johannesburg: Wits University Press, 2012), pp. 182–3.
 
19
Data from the World Bank’s World DataBank.
 
20
United States Energy Information Administration, “Country Analysis Brief: India”, 14 June 2016, p. 1, http://​www.​eia.​gov/​beta/​international/​analysis_​includes/​countries_​long/​India/​india.​pdf
 
21
International Energy Agency, India Energy Outlook, World Energy Outlook Special Report (Paris: Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development and IEA, 2015), p. 11.
 
22
India’s Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Central Statistics Office, Energy Statistics 2017 (New Delhi, 2017), p. 87.
 
23
Data from India’s Ministry of Commerce and Industry, Department of Commerce, System on Foreign Trade Performance Analysis, Version 3.0, http://​commerce.​gov.​in/​FTPA.​aspx
 
24
EIA, “Country Analysis Brief”, p. 10.
 
25
Alex Vines, “Opportunities and Challenges in Africa’s Changing Energy Landscape”, Oxford Energy Forum no. 90 (November 2012), p. 11.
 
26
Xavier, “Unbreakable Bond”, p. 570.
 
27
Data from India’s Ministry of Commerce and Industry, Department of Commerce, Export Import Data Bank, Version 7.1—TRADESTAT, http://​commerce.​nic.​in/​eidb/​default.​asp
 
28
“AU, China Vow to Take Bilateral Ties to New Height”, Xinhua, 4 May 2016, http://​news.​xinhuanet.​com/​english/​201605/​04/​c_​135332004.​htm
 
29
United Nations Economic Commission for Africa and Confederation of Indian Industry, Africa-India: Facts & Figures (Addis Ababa: UNECA; New Delhi: CII, 2015), p. 9.
 
30
Taylor, Africa Rising? p. 91.
 
31
Data from India’s Ministry of Commerce and Industry, Export Import Data Bank.
 
32
Sasidaran Gopalan and Ramkishen S. Rajan, “India’s FDI Flows: Trying to Make Sense of the Numbers”, Alerts on Emerging Policy Challenges 5 (January 2010), p. 1, http://​artnet.​unescap.​org/​pub/​alert5.​pdf. See Mohammad Amir Anwar, “Indian Foreign Direct Investments in Africa: A Geographical Perspective”, Bulletin of Geography Socio-Economic Series no. 26 (2014), pp. 35–49.
 
33
United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, World Investment Report 2016—Investor Nationality: Policy Challenges (Geneva, 2016), pp. 38, 12.
 
34
UNECA and CII, Africa-India, p. 3.
 
35
India’s Ministry of Commerce and Industry, Department of Industrial Policy and Promotion, “Fact Sheet on Foreign Direct Investment (FDI): From April, 2000 to December, 2015”, December 2015, p. 5, http://​dipp.​nic.​in/​English/​Publications/​FDI_​Statistics/​2015/​FDI_​FactSheet_​OctoberNovemberD​ecember2015.​pdf
 
36
Taylor, Africa Rising? p. 87.
 
37
Data from UNCTAD, Bilateral FDI Statistics, http://​unctad.​org/​en/​Pages/​DIAE/​FDI%20​Statistics/​FDI-Statistics-Bilateral.​aspx (accessed 21 August 2016); India’s Ministry of Commerce and Industry, “Fact Sheet on Foreign Direct Investment”.
 
38
Data from India’s Ministry of Commerce and Industry, System on Foreign Trade Performance Analysis.
 
39
Data from India’s Ministry of Commerce and Industry, System on Foreign Trade Performance Analysis.
 
40
Data from India’s Ministry of Commerce and Industry, Export Import Data Bank.
 
41
European Commission, Directorate-General for Trade, “European Union, Trade in Goods with Nigeria”, 17 February 2017, p. 8, http://​trade.​ec.​europa.​edu/​doclib/​docs/​2006/​september/​tradoc_​113427.​pdf
 
42
UNECA and CII, Africa-India, p. 10.
 
43
Data from World Integrated Trade Solution, http://​wits.​worldbank.​org
 
44
Amanda Lucey, Mark Schoeman, and Catherine Grant Makokera, “India-Africa Relations: The Role of the Private Sector”, Paper no. 285 (Institute for Security Studies [ISS], October 2015), pp. 6–7.
 
45
Pavithra Rao and Frank Kuwonu, “India, Africa Rekindle Trade Ties”, Africa Renewal, August–November 2016, p. 4, http://​www.​un.​org/​africarenewal/​magazine/​august-2016/​india-africa-rekindle-trade-ties
 
46
Taylor, Africa Rising? p. 89.
 
47
Quoted in Amrita Narlikar, “India Rising: Responsible to Whom?”, International Affairs 89(3) (2013), p. 64.
 
48
Sharmadha Srinivasan, “Assessing India’s Infrastructure Aid Diplomacy” (Mumbai: Gateway House, Indian Council on Global Relations, 19 March 2015), http://​www.​gatewayhouse.​in/​assessing-indias-infrastructure-aid-diplomacy. See also Shyam Saran, “India’s Foreign Aid: Prospects and Challenges” (Cambridge: Harvard University, 16 February 2014), http://​www.​ris.​org.​in/​images/​RIS_​images/​pdf/​India’s%20​Foreign%20​Aid.​pdf
 
49
Kudrat Virk, “The ACP, the EU, and the BRICS: Opportunities on the Horizon or Just a Mirage?”, in Annita Montoute and Kudrat Virk (eds), The ACP Group and the EU Development Partnership: Beyond the North-South Debate (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2017), p. 326. See Fantu Cheru and Cyril Obi, “India-Africa Relations in the 21st Century: Genuine Partnership or a Marriage of Convenience?”, in Emma Mawdsley and Gerard McCann (eds), India in Africa: Changing Geographies of Power (Cape Town: Pambazuka, 2011), pp. 17–21.
 
50
See Exim Bank of India, Government of India—Lines of Credit Statistics, https://​www.​eximbankindia.​in/​lines-of-credit-GOILOC.​aspx
 
51
Rohan Mukherjee, “India’s International Development Program”, in Malone, Raja Mohan, and Raghavan, The Oxford Handbook of Indian Foreign Policy, p. 179.
 
52
Taylor, Africa Rising? p. 98.
 
53
Centre for Policy Research, 50 Years of Indian Technical and Economic Cooperation, Indian Development Cooperation Research Report (New Delhi, January 2015), p. 8.
 
54
Modi, “India-Africa Forum Summit”, p. 229.
 
55
Taylor, Africa Rising? p. 92; “Talisman Pulls Out of Sudan”, BBC News, 10 March 2003, http://​news.​bbc.​co.​uk/​2/​hi/​business/​2835713.​stm. See Daniel Large and Luke Patey, “Riding the Sudanese Storm: China, India, Russia, Brazil, and the Two Sudans”, Occasional Paper no. 197 (South African Institute of International Affairs, July 2014).
 
56
Pádraig Carmody, The Rise of the BRICS in Africa: The Geopolitics of South-South Relations (London and New York: Zed, 2013), p. 72. See Tomaso Ferrando, “Brics Grab African Land and Sovereignty”, in Patrick Bond (ed.), BRICS in Africa: Anti-Imperialist, Sub-Imperialist, or In Between? A Reader for the Durban Summit, March 2013, pp. 30–7.
 
57
Anwar, “Indian Foreign Direct Investments in Africa”, p. 43.
 
58
Carmody, The Rise of the BRICS in Africa, pp. 71–89.
 
59
Taylor, Africa Rising? p. 28.
 
60
Virk, “The ACP, the EU, and the BRICS”, p. 328.
 
61
This section draws on two previous articles: Kudrat Virk, “Modi’s Four-State Tour a Sign of Resurgent Interest in Continent”, Business Day (South Africa), 27 July 2016; “India and South Africa”, in Malone, Raja Mohan, and Raghavan, The Oxford Handbook of Indian Foreign Policy, pp. 552–65.
 
62
Malancha Chakrabarty and Vidisha Mishra, “India-Africa Partnership for Food Security: Issues, Initiative, and Policy Directions”, Occasional Paper no. 95 (Observer Research Foundation [ORF] June 2016), p. 22.
 
63
See Alex Vines, “India’s Security Concerns in the Western Indian Ocean”, in Mawdsley and McCann, India in Africa, pp. 187–202.
 
64
For a complete list of the prime minister’s visits since 2014, see Prime Minister’s Office, http://​www.​pmindia.​gov.​in/​en/​pm-visits/​
 
65
David Scott, “The Indian Ocean as India’s Ocean”, in Malone, Raja Mohan, and Raghavan, The Oxford Handbook of Indian Foreign Policy, p. 474.
 
66
They are: South Africa, Mozambique, Tanzania, Kenya, Somalia, Seychelles, Mauritius, Madagascar, and Comoros.
 
67
Scott, “The Indian Ocean as India’s Ocean”, p. 473.
 
68
Lee Cordner, “Progressing Maritime Security Cooperation in the Indian Ocean”, Naval War College Review 64(4) (2011), p. 80.
 
69
This section is taken from Kudrat Virk, “Deconstructing India’s Peacekeeping Role in Africa”, in Urvashi Aneja (ed.), Asia with Africa: Opportunities and Challenges (New Delhi: Observer Research Foundation, 2016), pp. 54–8.
 
70
Data from the United Nations Department of Peacekeeping Operations, http://​www.​un.​org/​en/​peacekeeping/​resources/​statistics
 
71
Kudrat Virk, “South-Asian Peacekeepers in Africa”, in Tony Karbo and Kudrat Virk (eds), The Palgrave Handbook of Peacebuilding in Africa (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, forthcoming 2018).
 
72
Alan Bullion, “India and UN Peacekeeping Operations”, International Peacekeeping 4(1) (1997), p. 113.
 
73
Data from the UN Department of Peacekeeping Operations. The African focus derives from the shifting geography and expansion of peacekeeping from the Cold War period to the present, which has witnessed the continent play host to some of the UN’s largest and most complex missions, such as in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Darfur, South Sudan, the Central African Republic, and Mali.
 
74
India’s Ministry of External Affairs, “Operation ‘Safe Homecoming’ Successfully Drawing Towards a Close”, 10 March 2011, http://​www.​mea.​gov.​in/​press-releases.​htm?​dtl/​662/​operation+safe+h​omecoming+succes​sfully+drawing+t​owards+a+close++​update+of+10th+m​arch+2011
 
75
Data from the UN Department of Peacekeeping Operations.
 
76
Chin-Hao Huang, “Peacekeeping Contributor Profile: The People’s Republic of China”, Providing for Peacekeeping, September 2013, http://​www.​providingforpeac​ekeeping.​org/​2014/​04/​03/​contributor-profile-china; and data from the UN Department of Peacekeeping Operations.
 
77
Richard Gowan, “10 Trends in Peace Operations”, Global Peace Operations Review, 17 June 2015, http://​peaceoperationsr​eview.​org/​thematic-essays/​10-trends-in-peace-operations
 
78
See Chris McGreal, “What’s the Point of Peacekeepers When They Don’t Keep the Peace?”, The Guardian (London), 17 September 2015, http://​www.​theguardian.​com/​world/​2015/​sep/​17/​un-united-nations-peacekeepers-rwanda-bosnia
 
79
Data from the UN Department of Peacekeeping Operations.
 
80
See Anit Mukherjee, “UN Missions Bedrock of India’s Military Engagement and Assistance to Africa”, 29 October 2015, http://​www.​brookings.​in/​un-missions-bedrock-of-indias-military-engagement-and-assistance-to-africa
 
81
Dhruva Jaishankar, “How India Sees the World”, The Diplomat, 21 April 2016, http://​thediplomat.​com/​2016/​04/​how-india-sees-the-world
 
82
Latha Varadarajan, “Mother India and Her Children Abroad: The Role of the Diaspora in India’s Foreign Policy”, in Malone, Raja Mohan, and Raghavan, The Oxford Handbook of Indian Foreign Policy, p. 293.
 
83
Sanusha Naidu, “Upping the Ante in Africa: India’s Increasing Footprint”, in Mawdsley and McCann, India in Africa, p. 63.
 
84
Modi, “India-Africa Forum Summit, New Delhi”, p. 222.
 
Metadaten
Titel
Africa and India: Riding the Tail of the Tiger?
verfasst von
Kudrat Virk
Copyright-Jahr
2018
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-62590-4_11