nach oben

Erschienen in:

2017 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

Runtime Verification Logics A Language Design Perspective

verfasst von : Klaus Havelund, Giles Reger

Erschienen in: Models, Algorithms, Logics and Tools

Verlag: Springer International Publishing

Einloggen

Aktivieren Sie unsere intelligente Suche, um passende Fachinhalte oder Patente zu finden.

search-config

KI-gestützte Suche

Aus

Abstract

Runtime Verification is a light-weight approach to systems verification, where actual executions of a system are processed and analyzed using rigorous techniques. In this paper we shall narrow the term’s definition to represent the commonly studied variant consisting of verifying that a single system execution conforms to a specification written in a formal specification language. Runtime verification (in this sense) can be used for writing test oracles during testing when the system is too complex for full formal verification, or it can be used during deployment of the system as part of a fault protection strategy, where corrective actions may be taken in case the specification is violated. Specification languages for runtime verification appear to differ from for example temporal logics applied in model checking, in part due to the focus on monitoring of events that carry data, and specifically due to the desire to relate data values existing at different time points, resulting in new challenges in both the complexity of the monitoring approach and the expressiveness of languages. Over the recent years, numerous runtime verification specification languages have emerged, each with its different features and levels of expressiveness and usability. This paper presents an overview and a discussion of this design space.

Sie haben noch keine Lizenz? Dann Informieren Sie sich jetzt über unsere Produkte:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 102.000 Bücher
über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Automobil + Motoren
Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
Finance + Banking
Management + Führung
Marketing + Vertrieb
Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Jetzt informieren

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 67.000 Bücher
über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Automobil + Motoren
Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Jetzt informieren

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 67.000 Bücher
über 340 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Finance + Banking
Management + Führung
Marketing + Vertrieb
Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Jetzt informieren

Vorheriges Kapitel Symbolic Verification and Strategy Synthesis for Linearly-Priced Probabilistic Timed Automata

Nächstes Kapitel Testing Divergent Transition Systems

RV more broadly includes such topics as checking traces with algorithms, learning specifications including statistical information from traces, trace visualization, program instrumentation, and fault protection.

Here \(\varLambda m,c,i\) is related to trace-slicing (see Sect. 4.4) and has the meaning that the property should hold for all subtraces projected on possible values for m, c, i.

A language is extension closed if whenever \(\tau \) is in the language then so is \(\tau .\sigma \) for any \(\sigma \).

As before, the focus is not on the data part. Here we use the same operators as before, which are like universal and existential quantification for the positive and negative formulations respectively. The way we add parameters to state machines is covered extensively in Sect. 4.

We note that this graphical presentation has been reversed compared to some previous work [3, 55]. We have chosen this presentation here as a next semantics is more typical for state machines as is a circle being used to represent a state, and states in state charts, which usually have skip semantics, normally are drawn as boxes, although typically with rounded corners.

CTL (Computation Tree Logic) [21] is a logic on execution path trees, and has therefore not been popular in runtime verification. However, one can imagine a CTL-like logic being used for analyzing a set of traces, merged into a tree.

XTL Manual. http://cadp.inria.fr/man/xtl.html

Allan, C., Avgustinov, P., Christensen, A.S., Hendren, L., Kuzins, S., Lhoták, O., de Moor, O., Sereni, D., Sittampalam, G., Tibble, J.: Adding trace matching with free variables to AspectJ. SIGPLAN Not. 40, 345–364 (2005)CrossRefMATH

Barringer, H., Falcone, Y., Havelund, K., Reger, G., Rydeheard, D.: Quantified event automata: towards expressive and efficient runtime monitors. In: Giannakopoulou, D., Méry, D. (eds.) FM 2012. LNCS, vol. 7436, pp. 68–84. Springer, Heidelberg (2012). doi:10.1007/978-3-642-32759-9_9 CrossRef

Barringer, H., Goldberg, A., Havelund, K., Sen, K.: Rule-based runtime verification. In: Steffen, B., Levi, G. (eds.) VMCAI 2004. LNCS, vol. 2937, pp. 44–57. Springer, Heidelberg (2004). doi:10.1007/978-3-540-24622-0_5 CrossRef

Barringer, H., Havelund, K.: TraceContract: a scala DSL for trace analysis. In: Butler, M., Schulte, W. (eds.) FM 2011. LNCS, vol. 6664, pp. 57–72. Springer, Heidelberg (2011). doi:10.1007/978-3-642-21437-0_7 CrossRef

Barringer, H., Rydeheard, D., Havelund, K.: Rule systems for run-time monitoring: from Eagle to RuleR. J. Log. Comput. 20(3), 675–706 (2010)MathSciNetCrossRefMATH

Bartetzko, D., Fischer, C., Möller, M., Wehrheim, H.: Jass - Java with assertions. In: Proceedings of the 1st International Workshop on Runtime Verification (RV 2001), Paris, France, ENTCS, vol. 55, no. 2, pp. 103–117. Elsevier, July 2001. http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.92.144&rep=rep1&type=pdf

Bartocci, E., Bonakdarpour, B., Falcone, Y.: First international competition on software for runtime verification. In: Proceedings of the Runtime Verification - 5th International Conference, RV 2014, Toronto, ON, Canada, 22–25 September 2014, pp. 1–9 (2014)

Bartocci, E., Falcone, Y., Bonakdarpour, B., Colombo, C., Decker, N., Havelund, K., Joshi, Y., Klaedtke, F., Milewicz, R., Reger, G., Rosu, G., Signoles, J., Thoma, D., Zalinescu, E., Zhang, Y.: First international competition on runtime verification: rules, benchmarks, tools, and final results of CRV 2014. Int. J. Softw. Tools Technol. Transf. 1–40 (2017). https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs10009-017-0454-5

10.

Basin, D., Klaedtke, F., Marinovic, S., Zălinescu, E.: Monitoring of temporal first-order properties with aggregations. Formal Methods Syst. Des. 46, 262–285 (2015)CrossRefMATH

11.

Basin, D., Klaedtke, F., Müller, S., Pfitzmann, B.: Runtime monitoring of metric first-order temporal properties. In: Proceedings of the 28th IARCS Annual Conference on Foundations of Software Technology and Theoretical Computer Science. Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), vol. 2, pp. 49–60. Schloss Dagstuhl - Leibniz Center for Informatics (2008)

12.

Bauer, A., Goré, R., Tiu, A.: A first-order policy language for history-based transaction monitoring. In: Leucker, M., Morgan, C. (eds.) ICTAC 2009. LNCS, vol. 5684, pp. 96–111. Springer, Heidelberg (2009). doi:10.1007/978-3-642-03466-4_6 CrossRef

13.

Bauer, A., Küster, J., Vegliach, G.: The ins and outs of first-order runtime verification. Formal Methods Syst. Des. 46(3), 286–316 (2015)CrossRefMATH

14.

Bauer, A., Leucker, M., Schallhart, C.: The good, the bad, and the ugly, but how ugly is ugly? In: Sokolsky, O., Taşıran, S. (eds.) RV 2007. LNCS, vol. 4839, pp. 126–138. Springer, Heidelberg (2007). doi:10.1007/978-3-540-77395-5_11 CrossRef

15.

Bauer, A., Leucker, M., Schallhart, C.: Runtime verification for LTL and TLTL. ACM Trans. Softw. Eng. Methodol. 20(4), 14:1–14:64 (2011)CrossRef

16.

Bensalem, S., Havelund, K.: Dynamic deadlock analysis of multi-threaded programs. In: Ur, S., Bin, E., Wolfsthal, Y. (eds.) HVC 2005. LNCS, vol. 3875, pp. 208–223. Springer, Heidelberg (2006). doi:10.1007/11678779_15 CrossRef

17.

Bianculli, D., Ghezzi, C., San Pietro, P.: The tale of SOLOIST: a specification language for service compositions interactions. In: Păsăreanu, C.S., Salaün, G. (eds.) FACS 2012. LNCS, vol. 7684, pp. 55–72. Springer, Heidelberg (2013). doi:10.1007/978-3-642-35861-6_4 CrossRef

18.

Chen, F., Roşu, G.: MOP: an efficient and generic runtime verification framework. In: Object-Oriented Programming, Systems, Languages and Applications (OOPSLA 2007), pp. 569–588. ACM Press (2007)

19.

Cheng, K.T., Krishnakumar, A.S.: Automatic functional test generation using the extended finite state machine model. In: Proceedings of the 30th International Design Automation Conference, DAC 1993, pp. 86–91. ACM, New York (1993)

20.

Chomicki, J., Toman, D., Böhlen, M.H.: Querying ATSQL databases with temporal logic. ACM Trans. Database Syst. 26(2), 145–178 (2001)CrossRefMATH

21.

Clarke, E.M., Emerson, E.A.: Design and synthesis of synchronization skeletons using branching time temporal logic. In: Kozen, D. (ed.) Logic of Programs 1981. LNCS, vol. 131, pp. 52–71. Springer, Heidelberg (1982). doi:10.1007/BFb0025774 CrossRef

22.

Colombo, C., Pace, G.J., Schneider, G.: LARVA – safer monitoring of real-time Java programs (tool paper). In: Proceedings of the 2009 Seventh IEEE International Conference on Software Engineering and Formal Methods, SEFM 2009, pp. 33–37. IEEE Computer Society, Washington, DC (2009)

23.

D’Angelo, B., Sankaranarayanan, S., Sánchez, C., Robinson, W., Finkbeiner, B., Sipma, H.B., Mehrotra, S., Manna, Z.: LOLA: runtime monitoring of synchronous systems. In: Proceedings of the 12th International Symposium on Temporal Representation and Reasoning, pp. 166–174. IEEE Computer Society (2005)

24.

Decker, N., Leucker, M., Thoma, D.: jUnit^RV–adding runtime verification to jUnit. In: Brat, G., Rungta, N., Venet, A. (eds.) NFM 2013. LNCS, vol. 7871, pp. 459–464. Springer, Heidelberg (2013). doi:10.1007/978-3-642-38088-4_34 CrossRef

25.

Decker, N., Leucker, M., Thoma, D.: Monitoring modulo theories. Int. J. Softw. Tools Technol. Transf. 18, 1–21 (2015)

26.

Demri, S., Lazić, R.: LTL with the freeze quantifier and register automata. ACM Trans. Comput. Log. 10(3), 16:1–16:30 (2009)MathSciNetCrossRefMATH

27.

Drusinsky, D.: Modeling and Verification using UML Statecharts, 400 p. Elsevier, Amsterdam (2006). ISBN-13: 978-0-7506-7949-7

28.

Eisner, C., Fisman, D.: Temporal logic made practical. In: Handbook of Model Checking (2014, to appear). http://www.cis.upenn.edu/~fisman/publications.html

29.

Emerson, E.A.: Temporal and modal logic. In: Handbook of Theoretical Computer Science, vol. B, pp. 995–1072. MIT Press, Cambridge (1990)

30.

Falcone, Y., Fernandez, J.-C., Mounier, L.: Runtime verification of safety-progress properties. In: Bensalem, S., Peled, D.A. (eds.) RV 2009. LNCS, vol. 5779, pp. 40–59. Springer, Heidelberg (2009). doi:10.1007/978-3-642-04694-0_4 CrossRef

31.

Falcone, Y., Havelund, K., Reger, G.: A tutorial on runtime verification. Eng. Dependable Softw. Syst. 34, 141–175 (2013)

32.

Falcone, Y., Ničković, D., Reger, G., Thoma, D.: Second international competition on runtime verification. In: Bartocci, E., Majumdar, R. (eds.) RV 2015. LNCS, vol. 9333, pp. 405–422. Springer, Cham (2015). doi:10.1007/978-3-319-23820-3_27 CrossRef

33.

Finkbeiner, B., Sankaranarayanan, S., Sipma, H.: Collecting statistics over runtime executions. Formal Methods Syst. Des. 27(3), 253–274 (2005)CrossRefMATH

34.

Fischer, M.J., Ladner, R.E.: Propositional dynamic logic of regular programs. J. Comput. Syst. Sci. 18, 194–211 (1979)MathSciNetCrossRefMATH

35.

Grigore, R., Distefano, D., Petersen, R.L., Tzevelekos, N.: Runtime verification based on register automata. In: Piterman, N., Smolka, S.A. (eds.) TACAS 2013. LNCS, vol. 7795, pp. 260–276. Springer, Heidelberg (2013). doi:10.1007/978-3-642-36742-7_19 CrossRef

36.

Hallé, S., Villemaire, R.: Runtime enforcement of web service message contracts with data. IEEE Trans. Serv. Comput. 5(2), 192–206 (2012)CrossRef

37.

Havelund, K.: Rule-based runtime verification revisited. Int. J. Softw. Tools Technol. Transf. 17(2), 143–170 (2015)CrossRef

38.

Havelund, K., Roşu, G.: Efficient monitoring of safety properties. Int. J. Softw. Tools Technol. Transf. 6(2), 158–173 (2004)CrossRef

39.

Holzmann, G.: The SPIN Model Checker. Addison-Wesley, Boston (2004)

40.

Kaminski, M., Francez, N.: Finite-memory automata. Theoret. Comput. Sci. 134(2), 329–363 (1994)MathSciNetCrossRefMATH

41.

Kiczales, G., Hilsdale, E., Hugunin, J., Kersten, M., Palm, J., Griswold, W.G.: An overview of AspectJ. In: Knudsen, J.L. (ed.) ECOOP 2001. LNCS, vol. 2072, pp. 327–354. Springer, Heidelberg (2001). doi:10.1007/3-540-45337-7_18 CrossRef

42.

Kim, M., Viswanathan, M., Kannan, S., Lee, I., Sokolsky, O.: Java-MaC: a run-time assurance approach for Java programs. Formal Methods Syst. Des. 24(2), 129–155 (2004)CrossRefMATH

43.

Kozen, D.: Results on the propositional \(\mu \)-calculus. Theoret. Comput. Sci. 27(3), 333–354 (1983)MathSciNetCrossRefMATH

44.

Kupferman, O., Vardi, M.Y.: Model checking of safety properties. Formal Methods Syst. Des. 19(3), 291–314 (2001)CrossRefMATH

45.

Laroussinie, F., Markey, N., Schnoebelen, P.: Temporal logic with forgettable past. In: Proceedings of the 17th Annual IEEE Symposium on Logic in Computer Science, LICS 2002, pp. 383–392. IEEE Computer Society, Washington, DC (2002)

46.

Larsen, K.G., Legay, A.: Statistical model checking: past, present, and future. In: Margaria, T., Steffen, B. (eds.) ISoLA 2016. LNCS, vol. 9952, pp. 3–15. Springer, Cham (2016). doi:10.1007/978-3-319-47166-2_1 CrossRef

47.

Legay, A., Delahaye, B., Bensalem, S.: Statistical model checking: an overview. In: Barringer, H., et al. (eds.) RV 2010. LNCS, vol. 6418, pp. 122–135. Springer, Heidelberg (2010). doi:10.1007/978-3-642-16612-9_11 CrossRef

48.

Leucker, M., Schallhart, C.: A brief account of runtime verification. J. Log. Algebr. Program. 78(5), 293–303 (2009)CrossRefMATH

49.

Manna, Z., Pnueli, A.: Temporal Verification of Reactive Systems: Safety. Springer, New York Inc. (1995)CrossRefMATH

50.

Medhat, R., Bonakdarpour, B., Fischmeister, S., Joshi, Y.: Accelerated runtime verification of LTL specifications with counting semantics. In: Falcone, Y., Sánchez, C. (eds.) RV 2016. LNCS, vol. 10012, pp. 251–267. Springer, Cham (2016). doi:10.1007/978-3-319-46982-9_16 CrossRef

51.

Meredith, P.O., Jin, D., Griffith, D., Chen, F., Roşu, G.: An overview of the MOP runtime verification framework. J. Softw. Tools Technol. Transf. 14, 1–41 (2011)

52.

OMG. OMG Unified Modeling Language (OMG UML), Superstructure, Version 2.4.1, August 2011

53.

Pnueli, A.: The temporal logic of programs. In: Proceedings of the 18th Annual Symposium on Foundations of Computer Science, SFCS 1977, pp. 46–57. IEEE Computer Society, Washington, DC (1977)

54.

Reger, G.: Automata based monitoring and mining of execution traces. Ph.D. thesis, University of Manchester (2014)

55.

Reger, G., Cruz, H.C., Rydeheard, D.: MarQ: monitoring at runtime with QEA. In: Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Tools and Algorithms for the Construction and Analysis of Systems (TACAS 2015) (2015)

56.

Reger, G., Hallé, S., Falcone, Y.: Third international competition on runtime verification CRV 2016. In: Proceedings of the Runtime Verification - 16th International Conference, RV 2016 (2016)

57.

Reger, G., Rydeheard, D.: From first-order temporal logic to parametric trace slicing. In: Bartocci, E., Majumdar, R. (eds.) RV 2015. LNCS, vol. 9333, pp. 216–232. Springer, Cham (2015). doi:10.1007/978-3-319-23820-3_14 CrossRef

58.

Sipser, M.: Introduction to the Theory of Computation, 3rd edn. Cengage Learning, Boston (2013)MATH

59.

Stolz, V., Bodden, E.: Temporal assertions using AspectJ. In: Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Runtime Verification (RV 2005), ENTCS, vol. 144, no. 4, pp. 109–124. Elsevier (2006)

60.

Strom, R.E., Yemini, S.: Typestate: a programming language concept for enhancing software reliability. IEEE Trans. Softw. Eng. 12(1), 157–171 (1986)CrossRefMATH

61.

Vardi, M.Y.: From church and prior to PSL. In: Grumberg, O., Veith, H. (eds.) 25 Years of Model Checking. LNCS, vol. 5000, pp. 150–171. Springer, Heidelberg (2008). doi:10.1007/978-3-540-69850-0_10 CrossRef

Titel: Runtime Verification Logics A Language Design Perspective
verfasst von: Klaus Havelund
Giles Reger
Verlag: Springer International Publishing
Buch: Models, Algorithms, Logics and Tools
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-63120-2

Electronic ISBN: 978-3-319-63121-9

Copyright-Jahr: 2017
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-63121-9_16

Springer Professional

Abstract

Bitte loggen Sie sich ein, um Zugang zu Ihrer Lizenz zu erhalten.

Sie haben noch keine Lizenz? Dann Informieren Sie sich jetzt über unsere Produkte:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Springer Professional "Technik"

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"