Skip to main content

2018 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

Falsification of Cyber-Physical Systems Using Deep Reinforcement Learning

verfasst von : Takumi Akazaki, Shuang Liu, Yoriyuki Yamagata, Yihai Duan, Jianye Hao

Erschienen in: Formal Methods

Verlag: Springer International Publishing

Aktivieren Sie unsere intelligente Suche, um passende Fachinhalte oder Patente zu finden.

search-config
loading …

Abstract

With the rapid development of software and distributed computing, Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) are widely adopted in many application areas, e.g., smart grid, autonomous automobile. It is difficult to detect defects in CPS models due to the complexities involved in the software and physical systems. To find defects in CPS models efficiently, robustness guided falsification of CPS is introduced. Existing methods use several optimization techniques to generate counterexamples, which falsify the given properties of a CPS. However those methods may require a large number of simulation runs to find the counterexample and are far from practical. In this work, we explore state-of-the-art Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) techniques to reduce the number of simulation runs required to find such counterexamples. We report our method and the preliminary evaluation results.

Sie haben noch keine Lizenz? Dann Informieren Sie sich jetzt über unsere Produkte:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 102.000 Bücher
  • über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
  • Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe




 

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 340 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Versicherung + Risiko




Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Fußnoten
1
These methods with \(\varDelta _{T}=1\) for \(\varphi _7\)\(\varphi _9\) shows bad performance and did not terminate in 5 days.
 
Literatur
2.
Zurück zum Zitat Abbas, H., Fainekos, G., Sankaranarayanan, S., Ivančić, F., Gupta, A.: Probabilistic temporal logic falsification of cyber-physical systems. ACM Trans. Embed. Comput. Syst. 12(2s), 95:1–95:30 (2013)CrossRef Abbas, H., Fainekos, G., Sankaranarayanan, S., Ivančić, F., Gupta, A.: Probabilistic temporal logic falsification of cyber-physical systems. ACM Trans. Embed. Comput. Syst. 12(2s), 95:1–95:30 (2013)CrossRef
3.
Zurück zum Zitat Abbas, H., Fainekos, G.E.: Convergence proofs for simulated annealing falsification of safety properties. In: 50th Annual Allerton Conference on Communication, Control, and Computing, Allerton 2012, Allerton Park & Retreat Center, Monticello, IL, USA, 1–5 October 2012, pp. 1594–1601. IEEE (2012) Abbas, H., Fainekos, G.E.: Convergence proofs for simulated annealing falsification of safety properties. In: 50th Annual Allerton Conference on Communication, Control, and Computing, Allerton 2012, Allerton Park & Retreat Center, Monticello, IL, USA, 1–5 October 2012, pp. 1594–1601. IEEE (2012)
6.
Zurück zum Zitat Bardh Hoxha, H.A., Fainekos, G.: Benchmarks for temporal logic requirements for automotive systems. In: Proceedings of Applied Verification for Continuous and Hybrid Systems (2014) Bardh Hoxha, H.A., Fainekos, G.: Benchmarks for temporal logic requirements for automotive systems. In: Proceedings of Applied Verification for Continuous and Hybrid Systems (2014)
7.
Zurück zum Zitat Bartocci, E., Bortolussi, L., Nenzi, L., Sanguinetti, G.: On the robustness of temporal properties for stochastic models. In: Dang, T., Piazza, C. (eds.) Proceedings Second International Workshop on Hybrid Systems and Biology, HSB 2013. EPTCS, Taormina, Italy, 2nd September 2013, vol. 125, pp. 3–19 (2013) Bartocci, E., Bortolussi, L., Nenzi, L., Sanguinetti, G.: On the robustness of temporal properties for stochastic models. In: Dang, T., Piazza, C. (eds.) Proceedings Second International Workshop on Hybrid Systems and Biology, HSB 2013. EPTCS, Taormina, Italy, 2nd September 2013, vol. 125, pp. 3–19 (2013)
8.
Zurück zum Zitat Bartocci, E., Bortolussi, L., Nenzi, L., Sanguinetti, G.: System design of stochastic models using robustness of temporal properties. Theor. Comput. Sci. 587, 3–25 (2015)MathSciNetCrossRef Bartocci, E., Bortolussi, L., Nenzi, L., Sanguinetti, G.: System design of stochastic models using robustness of temporal properties. Theor. Comput. Sci. 587, 3–25 (2015)MathSciNetCrossRef
10.
Zurück zum Zitat Brockman, G., Cheung, V., Pettersson, L., Schneider, J., Schulman, J., Tang, J., Zaremba, W.: OpenAI gym (2016) Brockman, G., Cheung, V., Pettersson, L., Schneider, J., Schulman, J., Tang, J., Zaremba, W.: OpenAI gym (2016)
11.
Zurück zum Zitat Cook, J.D.: Basic properties of the soft maximum (2011) Cook, J.D.: Basic properties of the soft maximum (2011)
12.
Zurück zum Zitat Corder, G.W., Foreman, D.I.: Nonparametric Statistics: A Step-by-Step Approach. Wiley, Hoboken (2014)MATH Corder, G.W., Foreman, D.I.: Nonparametric Statistics: A Step-by-Step Approach. Wiley, Hoboken (2014)MATH
13.
Zurück zum Zitat Ding, X.C., Smith, S.L., Belta, C., Rus, D.: MDP optimal control under temporal logic constraints. In: Proceedings of the 50th IEEE Conference on Decision and Control and European Control Conference, CDC-ECC 2011, Orlando, FL, USA, 12–15 December 2011, pp. 532–538. IEEE (2011) Ding, X.C., Smith, S.L., Belta, C., Rus, D.: MDP optimal control under temporal logic constraints. In: Proceedings of the 50th IEEE Conference on Decision and Control and European Control Conference, CDC-ECC 2011, Orlando, FL, USA, 12–15 December 2011, pp. 532–538. IEEE (2011)
14.
Zurück zum Zitat Ding, X.C., Smith, S.L., Belta, C., Rus, D.: Optimal control of markov decision processes with linear temporal logic constraints. IEEE Trans. Autom. Control 59(5), 1244–1257 (2014)MathSciNetCrossRef Ding, X.C., Smith, S.L., Belta, C., Rus, D.: Optimal control of markov decision processes with linear temporal logic constraints. IEEE Trans. Autom. Control 59(5), 1244–1257 (2014)MathSciNetCrossRef
17.
Zurück zum Zitat Gu, S., Lillicrap, T., Sutskever, I., Levine, S.: Continuous deep q-learning with model-based acceleration. In: Balcan, M.F., Weinberger, K.Q. (eds.) Proceedings of The 33rd International Conference on Machine Learning, Proceedings of Machine Learning Research, PMLR, New York, USA, 20–22 June 2016, vol. 48, pp. 2829–2838 (2016) Gu, S., Lillicrap, T., Sutskever, I., Levine, S.: Continuous deep q-learning with model-based acceleration. In: Balcan, M.F., Weinberger, K.Q. (eds.) Proceedings of The 33rd International Conference on Machine Learning, Proceedings of Machine Learning Research, PMLR, New York, USA, 20–22 June 2016, vol. 48, pp. 2829–2838 (2016)
19.
Zurück zum Zitat Hoxha, B., Abbas, H., Fainekos, G.E.: Using S-TaLiRo on industrial size auimmlertomotive models. In: Frehse, G., Althoff, M. (eds.) 1st and 2nd International Workshop on Applied Verification for Continuous and Hybrid Systems, ARCH@CPSWeek 2014.EPiC Series in Computing, Berlin, Germany, 14 April 2014/ARCH@CPSWeek 2015, Seattle, WA, USA, 13 April 2015, vol. 34, pp. 113–119. EasyChair (2014) Hoxha, B., Abbas, H., Fainekos, G.E.: Using S-TaLiRo on industrial size auimmlertomotive models. In: Frehse, G., Althoff, M. (eds.) 1st and 2nd International Workshop on Applied Verification for Continuous and Hybrid Systems, ARCH@CPSWeek 2014.EPiC Series in Computing, Berlin, Germany, 14 April 2014/ARCH@CPSWeek 2015, Seattle, WA, USA, 13 April 2015, vol. 34, pp. 113–119. EasyChair (2014)
20.
Zurück zum Zitat Li, X., Ma, Y., Belta, C.: A policy search method for temporal logic specified reinforcement learning tasks. CoRR, abs/1709.09611 (2017) Li, X., Ma, Y., Belta, C.: A policy search method for temporal logic specified reinforcement learning tasks. CoRR, abs/1709.09611 (2017)
21.
Zurück zum Zitat Li, X., Vasile, C.I., Belta, C.: Reinforcement learning with temporal logic rewards. In: 2017 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, IROS 2017, Vancouver, BC, Canada, 24–28 September 2017, pp. 3834–3839. IEEE (2017) Li, X., Vasile, C.I., Belta, C.: Reinforcement learning with temporal logic rewards. In: 2017 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, IROS 2017, Vancouver, BC, Canada, 24–28 September 2017, pp. 3834–3839. IEEE (2017)
22.
Zurück zum Zitat Luna, R., Lahijanian, M., Moll, M., Kavraki, L.E.: Asymptotically optimal stochastic motion planning with temporal goals. In: Akin, H.L., Amato, N.M., Isler, V., van der Stappen, A.F. (eds.) Algorithmic Foundations of Robotics XI. STAR, vol. 107, pp. 335–352. Springer, Cham (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-16595-0_20CrossRef Luna, R., Lahijanian, M., Moll, M., Kavraki, L.E.: Asymptotically optimal stochastic motion planning with temporal goals. In: Akin, H.L., Amato, N.M., Isler, V., van der Stappen, A.F. (eds.) Algorithmic Foundations of Robotics XI. STAR, vol. 107, pp. 335–352. Springer, Cham (2015). https://​doi.​org/​10.​1007/​978-3-319-16595-0_​20CrossRef
24.
Zurück zum Zitat Mnih, V., Badia, A.P., Mirza, M., Graves, A., Lillicrap, T.P., Harley, T., Silver, D., Kavukcuoglu, K.: Asynchronous methods for deep reinforcement learning, vol. 48 (2016) Mnih, V., Badia, A.P., Mirza, M., Graves, A., Lillicrap, T.P., Harley, T., Silver, D., Kavukcuoglu, K.: Asynchronous methods for deep reinforcement learning, vol. 48 (2016)
25.
Zurück zum Zitat Mnih, V., Kavukcuoglu, K., Silver, D., Rusu, A.A., Veness, J., Bellemare, M.G., Graves, A., Riedmiller, M., Fidjeland, A.K., Ostrovski, G., et al.: Human-level control through deep reinforcement learning. Nature 518(7540), 529–533 (2015)CrossRef Mnih, V., Kavukcuoglu, K., Silver, D., Rusu, A.A., Veness, J., Bellemare, M.G., Graves, A., Riedmiller, M., Fidjeland, A.K., Ostrovski, G., et al.: Human-level control through deep reinforcement learning. Nature 518(7540), 529–533 (2015)CrossRef
26.
Zurück zum Zitat Sadigh, D., Kim, E.S., Coogan, S., Sastry, S.S., Seshia, S.A.: A learning based approach to control synthesis of Markov decision processes for linear temporal logic specifications. In: 53rd IEEE Conference on Decision and Control, CDC 2014, Los Angeles, CA, USA, 15–17 December 2014, pp. 1091–1096. IEEE (2014) Sadigh, D., Kim, E.S., Coogan, S., Sastry, S.S., Seshia, S.A.: A learning based approach to control synthesis of Markov decision processes for linear temporal logic specifications. In: 53rd IEEE Conference on Decision and Control, CDC 2014, Los Angeles, CA, USA, 15–17 December 2014, pp. 1091–1096. IEEE (2014)
27.
Zurück zum Zitat Sankaranarayanan, S., Fainekos, G.E.: Falsification of temporal properties of hybrid systems using the cross-entropy method. In: Dang, T., Mitchell, I.M. (eds.) Hybrid Systems: Computation and Control (part of CPS Week 2012), HSCC 2012, Beijing, China, 17–19 April 2012, pp. 125–134. ACM (2012) Sankaranarayanan, S., Fainekos, G.E.: Falsification of temporal properties of hybrid systems using the cross-entropy method. In: Dang, T., Mitchell, I.M. (eds.) Hybrid Systems: Computation and Control (part of CPS Week 2012), HSCC 2012, Beijing, China, 17–19 April 2012, pp. 125–134. ACM (2012)
29.
Zurück zum Zitat Soudjani, S.E.Z., Majumdar, R.: Controller synthesis for reward collecting Markov processes in continuous space. In: Frehse, G., Mitra, S. (eds.) Proceedings of the 20th International Conference on Hybrid Systems: Computation and Control, HSCC 2017, Pittsburgh, PA, USA, 18–20 April 2017, pp. 45–54. ACM (2017) Soudjani, S.E.Z., Majumdar, R.: Controller synthesis for reward collecting Markov processes in continuous space. In: Frehse, G., Mitra, S. (eds.) Proceedings of the 20th International Conference on Hybrid Systems: Computation and Control, HSCC 2017, Pittsburgh, PA, USA, 18–20 April 2017, pp. 45–54. ACM (2017)
Metadaten
Titel
Falsification of Cyber-Physical Systems Using Deep Reinforcement Learning
verfasst von
Takumi Akazaki
Shuang Liu
Yoriyuki Yamagata
Yihai Duan
Jianye Hao
Copyright-Jahr
2018
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-95582-7_27