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Echinoderms of Ecuador

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Echinoderm Research and Diversity in Latin America

Abstract

This chapter presents a summary of studies on echinoderms on the Ecuadorian continental shelf and at the Galápagos Islands. The geographic, climatic and oceanographic contexts, as well as the general characteristics of ecosystems and communities are discussed first to better understand the diversity of echinoderms and their distribution in Ecuador. The research section is divided into six subsections: (1) diversity and distribution of echinoderm species on the Ecuadorian Continental Shelf and at the Galápagos Islands; (2) ecology and population biology (distribution, density, growth, size structure, allometric scaling, reproduction, diet and feeding habits) for three species of sea cucumbers, seven species of sea urchins, and three species of sea stars; (3) effects of temperature on the immune response of the sea urchin Echinometra vanbrunti, with emphasis during El Niño episode of 1997–1998 in the Ecuadorian coast; (4) distribution and abundance of ophiopluteus and echinopluteus larvae; (5) predation, parasitism, and ecology disease for some echinoderms, including the sand dollar Encope micropora, the starfish Phataria unifascialis, the sea urchin Eucidaris galapagensis, and two families of aspidochirote holothurians; and (6) interacting effects of sea urchins on benthic communities. Three sections consider echinoderm fisheries and aquaculture, their threats, with special emphasis on the conservation of echinoderms in Ecuador. The final section contains suggestions and recommendations.

Resumen

En este capítulo se presenta es un resumen de los estudios de los equinodermos en la plataforma continental ecuatoriana y en las Islas Galápagos. El contexto geográfico, climático y oceanográfico, así como las características generales de los ecosistemas y de las comunidades, se discutieron primero para comprender mejor la diversidad de los equinodermos y su distribución en Ecuador. La sección de la investigación fue dividida en seis apartados: (1) Diversidad de las especies de equinodermos en la plataforma continental del Ecuador, y las Islas Galápagos; (2) Biología y ecología poblacional (distribución, densidad, crecimiento, estructura de tallas, escalamiento alométrico, reproducción, dieta y hábitos de alimentación) para tres especies de pepinos de mar, siete especies de erizos de mar, y tres especies de estrellas de mar; (3) Efecto de la temperatura en la respuesta inmune del erizo de mar Echinometra vanbrunti, con énfasis en el episodio de El Niño 1997–1998 en la costa continental ecuatoriana; (4) Distribución y abundancia de larvas ofiopluteus y equinopluteus; (5) Depredación, parasitismo y ecología de enfermedades para varios equinodermos, incluyendo, la galleta de mar Encope micropora, la estrella de mar Phataria unifascialis y el erizo de mar Eucidaris galapagensis, y dos familias de holoturias aspidoquirotas; y (6) Efectos de interacción de los erizos de mar en las comunidades bentónicas. Tres secciones consideran la pesca y la acuicultura de equinodermos, sus amenazas, con especial énfasis en la conservación de los equinodermos en el Ecuador. La sección final contiene sugerencias y recomendaciones.

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Acknowledgments

We would like to express our thanks to Manuel Cruz (formerly at the Instituto Oceanográfico de la Armada del Ecuador), Soledad Luna, Kate Clark and Priscilla Martínez (Instituto Ecuatoriano NAZCA de Investigaciones Marinas), Luis Molina (Charles Darwin Foundation, CDF), and Manuel Burgos (Universidad de Especialidades Espíritu Santo, UEES) for their assistance. We also thank Angel Chiriboga, Xavier Romero, and CDF for photographical material included in this manuscript.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Universidad Laica Eloy Alfaro de Manabí, Departamento Central de Investigación, Manta, Manabí, Ecuador

    Jorge Sonnenholzner

  2. Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA

    Margarita Brandt

  3. Laboratorio de Ecología de Ecosistemas de Arrecifes Coralinos, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico

    Vanessa Francisco

  4. Department of Wildlife, Fish and Conservation Biology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA

    Alex Hearn

  5. Laboratorio de Plancton e Ictioplancton, Instituto Nacional de Pesca del Ecuador, Guayaquil, Ecuador

    María Luzuriaga

  6. GEOcentro, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Cumbayá, Ecuador

    Paulina Guarderas

  7. LECROY S.A., Km 2.5, Avenida Carlos Julio Arosemena, Bodega No.5, Guayaquil, Ecuador

    Juan Carlos Navarro

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  1. Centro de Investigaciónes en Ciencias, del Mar y Limnologia, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, 11501-2060, Colombia

    Juan José Alvarado

  2. Instituto de Ciencias del Mar, y Limnologia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Universitario s/n, México City, 04510, Mexico

    Francisco Alonso Solis-Marin

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Sonnenholzner, J. et al. (2013). Echinoderms of Ecuador . In: Alvarado, J., Solis-Marin, F. (eds) Echinoderm Research and Diversity in Latin America. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-20051-9_6

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