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2011 | Buch

Introduction Kapitel lesen Erstes Kapitel lesen

Organizational Interoperability in E-Government

Lessons from 77 European Good-Practice Cases

verfasst von: Herbert Kubicek, Ralf Cimander, Hans Jochen Scholl

Verlag: Springer Berlin Heidelberg

Enthalten in: Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" , Springer Professional "Technik" , Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

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In the e-government research community as well as in many national e-government programs, interoperability is widely seen as a key factor in developing effective and attractive e-services. There is also agreement that interoperability encompasses not only mere technical standards and interfaces, but also includes organizational, legal, and cultural aspects. Several interoperability frameworks have been introduced on national and international levels, and recommendations have been made for the adaptation of enterprise architectures in the public sector.

Common to all these approaches is their top-down deductive procedure, which does not connect very well to the real world of e-government projects. In contrast, in this volume, which is based on empirical research, the authors introduce a bottom-up inductive approach to deal with the challenges of interoperability-related governance. Based on so-called “good-practice” cases of interoperability in e-government, they derive concepts and classifications that help to uncover and assess similarities and differences between the cases. As a result, they present an empirically based conceptual framework that details the options for IT governance of interoperability in government. In addition, their findings also make it possible to critically assess and improve other existing frameworks.

With this work, which combines different thematic foci as well as a European and a US background the authors situate empirical results in the broader context of theoretical and political reflection. Thus they provide insights into strategic choices for CIOs in e-government at a national or regional level, experiences and lessons learned for managers and developers in e-government projects, and a huge set of empirical data for administrative and political scientists.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

Frontmatter
Chapter 1. Introduction
Abstract
For more than 10 years, expectations about the Internet’s potential to change the relations between citizens and their governments at the political, democratic level and with regard to public services for citizens and business have been high.
Herbert Kubicek, Ralf Cimander, Hans Jochen Scholl
Chapter 2. Interoperability in Government
Abstract
As shown in the introduction interoperability in government is a complex, multi-dimensional, and multi-disciplinary phenomenon. Focused on the technical side, in particular CIOs in national and regional governments appear to share an understanding of interoperability, in which IFs play a central role. In order to understand what today’s IFs are what they are it seems helpful to remember the historical background. We take a look at early reference models in the first section of this chapter. Then we discuss the concepts mentioned in the introduction and present more detailed definitions. To corroborate our thesis regarding the relevance of organizational interoperability in particular, we present data from a survey of information needs of stakeholders.
Herbert Kubicek, Ralf Cimander, Hans Jochen Scholl
Chapter 3. Review of Prominent IFs and the Need for Re-conceptualization
Abstract
Interoperability of ICT systems presents a complex, fuzzy, multi-dimensional, and multi-disciplinary phenomenon. So, some structuring of perspectives appears to be necessary to reduce the phenomenon’s complexity. While we propose to distinguish differing perspectives, we also propose that some perspectives might be complementary. Interoperability frameworks (IFs), which are developed for different domains such as business, the health sector, and e-government, can help understand the phenomenon from its various angles.
Herbert Kubicek, Ralf Cimander, Hans Jochen Scholl
Chapter 4. Selection and Classification of Case Studies
Abstract
For more than 10 years, expectations about the Internet’s potential to change the relations between citizens and their governments at the political, democratic level and with regard to public services for citizens and business have been high.
Herbert Kubicek, Ralf Cimander, Hans Jochen Scholl
Chapter 5. Interdependencies in E-Government and Their Interoperability Requirements
Abstract
For more than 10 years, expectations about the Internet’s potential to change the relations between citizens and their governments at the political, democratic level and with regard to public services for citizens and business have been high.
Herbert Kubicek, Ralf Cimander, Hans Jochen Scholl
Chapter 6. Wants and Needs When Pursuing Interoperability
Abstract
When establishing requirements for interoperability, the traditional approach endeavors to employ a perspective of objectifiable or technical needs. An actor-centric view on interoperability requirements, which also regards subjective wants and needs of main actors engaged in an e-government project, would hence complement the traditional perspective.
Herbert Kubicek, Ralf Cimander, Hans Jochen Scholl
Chapter 7. Layers of Interoperability
Abstract
In Chap. 3 we have shown that interoperability frameworks (IFs) similar to the ISO Reference Model for Open Systems Interconnection assign different standards for data exchange to three or four different layers of interoperability, which build upon each other. For our re-conceptualization we have proposed a four-layer framework (Table 3.5 and Fig. 3.7).
Herbert Kubicek, Ralf Cimander, Hans Jochen Scholl
Chapter 8. Modes of Implementation of Interoperability
Abstract
Interoperability frameworks (IFs) recommend or prescribe the adoption of certain standards for networks, data, or workflows in the development of IT applications. When presenting our basic ideas for a re-conceptualization of what so far has been labeled organizational interoperability we emphasized that direct data exchanges between organizations was observably the exception rather than the rule (Fig. 3.6). While standards and interfaces have been adopted, still involvement of intermediaries and outsourcing of certain supporting functions might be viable avenue when implementing standards for interoperability. We have called these units intermediaries, or clearing centers, leaning on the term used in electronic funds transfer and in the EDI-/EDIFACT context. With regard to the electronic ordering and invoicing between retailers and manufacturers of branded goods these clearing centers provide services such as repackaging and routing of messages, adoption and translation of different data exchange formats or versions of EDI standards or directory services.
Herbert Kubicek, Ralf Cimander, Hans Jochen Scholl
Chapter 9. IT Governance of Collaboration for Interoperability
Abstract
In this chapter we turn our attention to the choices of governance regimes for interoperated electronic government services on the national or regional level. As outlined in Chap. 2, the cooperating partners, for example, need to define the services, distribute the tasks, and share the cost. Also, the model of overall governance needs to be specified as well as the IT governance model regarding the definition or selection of technical standards, provision of central IT services, etc.
Herbert Kubicek, Ralf Cimander, Hans Jochen Scholl
Chapter 10. Strategic Choices for Setting Up Interoperable E-Government Services
Abstract
When e-government services are planned and interoperability requirements arise, IFs shall provide guidance about how to proceed and what options are available. Many NIFs provide information about standards to be applied, as well as potential building blocks for services. To a lesser degree they deal with IT governance options, and if they do, NIFs are confined to governmental units on the national level. However, many of our good practice cases demonstrate that initiatives for improving existing e-government services – or creating new ones – may arise anywhere, including the local, regional, or state levels. These initiatives universally require cooperation between units which might have had no direct relationship before.
Herbert Kubicek, Ralf Cimander, Hans Jochen Scholl
Chapter 11. Interoperability Beyond Interoperation
Abstract
So far, we assumed that for setting up a new or improved electronic public service, actors from different government units would select or develop interoperable components of these particular services. We have called these cases “specific-service cases”. For these cases we could identify certain patterns in political and IT governance summarized in the previous chapter. But in our sample we also found infrastructure and portal cases. In these cases, actors wanted to create interoperability beyond an individual service. They wanted to develop a system that would provide several services or be used for several different services without necessarily knowing at the time of development what all those services would be at a future point in time.
Herbert Kubicek, Ralf Cimander, Hans Jochen Scholl
Chapter 12. Conclusions and Outlook
Abstract
For decades and among other principles, the jurisdiction of public administrations has been organized according to the principle of geography. Hundreds or thousands of local municipalities provide the same public services to citizens and business according to the same basic rules with only few variations. This organizational structure is proven and exists for good governance reasons. Following the proximity principle, citizens should have easy access and need limited effort for getting in contact with their administration; and the administration should be familiar with the constituency. In the virtual world government services become available at citizens fingertips but only if agencies work together, coordinate their processes, and make their ICT system interoperable.
Herbert Kubicek, Ralf Cimander, Hans Jochen Scholl
Backmatter
Metadaten
Titel
Organizational Interoperability in E-Government
verfasst von
Herbert Kubicek
Ralf Cimander
Hans Jochen Scholl
Copyright-Jahr
2011
Verlag
Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Electronic ISBN
978-3-642-22502-4
Print ISBN
978-3-642-22501-7
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-22502-4