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Open Access 2013 | Open Access | Buch

Enabling Things to Talk

Designing IoT solutions with the IoT Architectural Reference Model

herausgegeben von: Alessandro Bassi, Martin Bauer, Martin Fiedler, Thorsten Kramp, Rob van Kranenburg, Sebastian Lange, Stefan Meissner

Verlag: Springer Berlin Heidelberg

Enthalten in: Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" , Springer Professional "Technik" , Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

Inhaltsverzeichnis

Über dieses Buch

The Internet of Things (IoT) is an emerging network superstructure that will connect physical resources and actual users. It will support an ecosystem of smart applications and services bringing hyper-connectivity to our society by using augmented and rich interfaces. Whereas in the beginning IoT referred to the advent of barcodes and Radio Frequency Identification (RFID), which helped to automate inventory, tracking and basic identification, today IoT is characterized by a dynamic trend toward connecting smart sensors, objects, devices, data and applications. The next step will be “cognitive IoT,” facilitating object and data re-use across application domains and leveraging hyper-connectivity, interoperability solutions and semantically enriched information distribution.

The Architectural Reference Model (ARM), presented in this book by the members of the IoT-A project team driving this harmonization effort, makes it possible to connect vertically closed systems, architectures and application areas so as to create open interoperable systems and integrated environments and platforms. It constitutes a foundation from which software companies can capitalize on the benefits of developing consumer-oriented platforms including hardware, software and services.

The material is structured in two parts. Part A introduces the general concepts developed for and applied in the ARM. It is aimed at end users who want to use IoT technologies, managers interested in understanding the opportunities generated by these novel technologies, and system architects who are interested in an overview of the underlying basic models. It also includes several case studies to illustrate how the ARM has been used in real-life scenarios. Part B then addresses the topic at a more detailed technical level and is targeted at readers with a more scientific or technical background. It provides in-depth guidance on the ARM, including a detailed description of a process for generating concrete architectures, as well as reference manuals with guidelines on how to use the various models and perspectives presented to create a concrete architecture. Furthermore, best practices and tips on how system engineers can use the ARM to develop specific IoT architectures for dedicated IoT solutions are illustrated and exemplified in reverse mapping exercises of existing standards and platforms.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

Frontmatter

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Chapter 1. Introduction to the Internet of Things

Abstract

The expression “Internet of Things” (IoT), coined back in 1999 by Kevin Ashton, the British technology pioneer who cofounded the Auto-ID Center at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, is becoming more and more mainstream. In opening the IoT Week 2013 with a pre-recorded video message, Ashton insisted on the realization that IoT is here now; it is not the future but the present. While Gartner identifies IoT as one of the top ten strategic technology trends, Cisco forecasts 50 billion devices connected by 2020, a potential market in excess of $14 trillion, and also claims that IoT is actually already here. Similarly, it is not only companies with a technological focus, such as Ericsson, Bosch or Siemens that use IoT to advertise their cutting edge technologies – media companies such as the BBC are conducting research activities and have plans for IoT deployment. In short, we are currently on the verge of witnessing the emergence of a “mega-market”, where markets such as home and building automation, electricity generation and distribution, logistics, automotive, as well as telecommunications and information technology will steadily converge. As yet, we do not know the consequences of connecting all of these smart objects (smart meter, e-vehicle, cargo container, fridge etc.) to the Internet.

Thorsten Kramp, Rob van Kranenburg, Sebastian Lange

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General Concepts of the Architecture Reference Model (ARM)

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Chapter 2. The Need for a Common Ground for the IoT: The History and Reasoning Behind the IoT-A Project

Abstract

The Internet of Things concept has evolved rapidly in recent years. It can be seen as an umbrella term for interconnected technologies, devices, objects and services. Nevertheless, after many years of heavy discussion, there is still no clear and common definition of the concept. And yet the application scenarios and market opportunities offered by objects communicating actively and autonomously extend far beyond the foreseeable horizon.

Alessandro Bassi, Sebastian Lange

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Chapter 3. The IoT Architectural Reference Model as Enabler

Abstract

As identified in the previous chapter, IoT-A has created an “Architectural Reference Model” (IoT ARM) as the common ground for the Internet of Things. The core idea is that the IoT ARM provides a common structure and guidelines for dealing with core aspects of developing, using and analysing IoT systems. The first part of this chapter provides a non-exclusive list of the beneficial uses of the IoT ARM. In the second part we focus on the role of the IoT ARM in the architecture development process.

Martin Bauer, Joachim W. Walewski

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Chapter 4. IoT in Practice: Examples: IoT in Logistics and Health

Abstract

The previous chapters gave a first impression of the ARM as common ground for the Internet of Things. In the following sections we will introduce use cases and sample scenarios (scenes) that have been used as a practical evaluation of the ARM in specific applications. Using the ARM in a top-down process, starting from an application description, most of the scenes introduced were realized as demonstrators within a specific work-package of IoT-A. The second, bottom-up approach of reverse mapping an existing application to the ARM is shown with a scene brought in by the stakeholder group of IoT-A.

Martin Fiedler, Stefan Meissner

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A Guidance to the Architecture Reference Model (ARM)

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Chapter 5. Guidance to the ARM: Overview

Abstract

A major goal of this Guidance Chapter is to provide guidance for system architects. In other words, we aim at explaining the usage of the IoT ARM. One of the major focus areas of this guidance is the derivation of domain-specific architectures from the ARM. For other potential usages of the IoT ARM see Chap. 3. The structure of the technical part B of this book is depicted in Fig. 5.1.

Stefan Meissner, Joachim W. Walewski

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Chapter 6. A Process for Generating Concrete Architectures

Abstract

This chapter addresses the question of how to generate concrete architectures with the IoT ARM, which is one of the many uses to which an architectural reference model can be put (see Chaps. 3 and 4). This topic was already touched upon in Section “Generation of Architectures” in Chap. 3, but it is covered in greater depth in this section.

Mathieu Boussard, Stefan Meissner, Andreas Nettsträter, Alexis Olivereau, Alexander Salinas Segura, Matthias Thoma, Joachim W. Walewski

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Chapter 7. IoT Reference Model

Abstract

The first major contribution of the IoT Architectural Reference Model (IoT ARM) is the IoT Reference Model itself. Besides models, the IoT Reference Model provides the concepts and definitions on which IoT architectures can be built. This Chapter introduces the IoT Reference Model as a precondition for working with the Reference Architecture that is introduced in Chap. 8.

Martin Bauer, Nicola Bui, Jourik De Loof, Carsten Magerkurth, Andreas Nettsträter, Julinda Stefa, Joachim W. Walewski

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Chapter 8. IoT Reference Architecture

Abstract

In this chapter we present our IoT Reference Architecture. This IoT Reference Architecture is, among others, designed as a reference for the generation of compliant IoT concrete architectures that are tailored to one’s specific needs. For other usages of the IoT Architectural Reference Model see Chap. 3.

Martin Bauer, Mathieu Boussard, Nicola Bui, Jourik De Loof, Carsten Magerkurth, Stefan Meissner, Andreas Nettsträter, Julinda Stefa, Matthias Thoma, Joachim W. Walewski

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Chapter 9. The IoT ARM Reference Manual

Abstract

Whereas we explained the process of creating an IoT architecture with the support of the IoT ARM in Chap. 6 [Process Chapter] and gave an example how a concrete architecture can be defined based on different models and views of the IoT ARM in Chap. 11 [Concrete Architecture Chapter], we now provide reference manuals with guidelines how to use the IoT Domain Model, the IoT Information Model, the IoT Communication Model and the Perspectives when creating a concrete architecture.

Martin Bauer, Nicola Bui, Christine Jardak, Andreas Nettsträter

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Chapter 10. Interactions

Abstract

As discussed in Sect. 8.2.2 and found in the literature, the functional view of a concrete architecture typically consists of three viewpoints: functional decomposition (viz. the logical structure), interfaces, and behaviour. Despite its significantly more abstract nature, we provide an analysis of these viewpoints for the IoT Reference Architecture in Sect. 8.2.2 and [Annex C]. However, only rudimentary interaction analysis is presented in the latter section, focusing mostly on technical use cases within a single FG.

Martin Bauer, Mathieu Boussard, Stefan Meissner

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Chapter 11. Toward a Concrete Architecture

Abstract

This Section serves to illustrate how the IoT ARM can be used for the generation of concrete architectures. This goal is pursued by applying the IoT ARM to a concrete use case and application scenario. This Section serves thus as a complement to Sect. 6.3. Notice that we are not providing all the details that would usually be part of an architecture description, rather, the idea is to illustrate aspects of the architecture actions elaborated on in Sect. 6.3.

Christine Jardak, Joachim W. Walewski

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Chapter 12. ARM Testimonials

Abstract

This chapter shows how the IoT ARM is perceived by the IoT community and how the ARM can be placed in relation to existing IoT related standards and research projects. The first sections of this chapter present reverse mappings of existing standards and platforms to the IoT ARM and the last section of this chapter shows a business case evaluation for an example use case in the healthcare domain.

Edward Ho, Tobias Jacobs, Stefan Meissner, Sonja Meyer, Miguel-Angel Monjas, Alexander Salinas Segura

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Chapter 13. Summary and Outlook

Abstract

Five years ago, when we organised the very successful meeting “Beyond RFID: the Internet of Things”, we were pioneering a new space. At that time, a global network of interconnected objects was just a very fancy and rather fuzzy concept. Today, this topic is clearly mainstream.

Alessandro Bassi

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Backmatter

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Titel: Enabling Things to Talk
herausgegeben von: Alessandro Bassi
Martin Bauer
Martin Fiedler
Thorsten Kramp
Rob van Kranenburg
Sebastian Lange
Stefan Meissner
Verlag: Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Electronic ISBN: 978-3-642-40403-0
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-40402-3
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-40403-0