Abstract
In nature, survival is dependent on the sensitivity with which an organism can perceive its environment. One environmental resource obviously of prime importance to plants is light, its optimum harvest by photosynthesis being essential for the survival of both the individual organism and the species. Photosynthetic optimisation has been rendered possible through the evolution of highly sensitive perception mechanisms by which many different aspects of the continuously variable and always complex radiation environment may be detected. The information gathered from the environment by these mechanisms allows the plant to adapt, or acclimate, to the light conditions by appropriately modulating its metabolism or development. The non-photosynthetic responses to light quality — namely, photomorphogenesis, phototropism and photoperiodism — which form the subject of this chapter are the physiological manifestations of the environmental perception mechanisms.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Avron M, Ben-Hayyim (1969) Interaction between two photochemical systems in photoreactions of isolated chloroplasts. In: Metzner H (ed) Progress in photosynthesis research I II. International Union of Biological Sciences, Tübingen
Black M (1969) Light controlled germination of seeds. Symp Soc Exp Biol 23: 193–217
Black M, Shuttleworth JE (1974) The role of the cotyledons in the photocontrol of hypocotyl extension in Cucumis sativa L. Planta 117: 57–66
Bodkin PC, Spence DHN, Weeks DC (1980) Photoreversible control of heterophylly in Hippuris vulgaris L. New Phytol 84: 533–542
Bogorad L, Mcllrath WJ (1960) Effect of light quality on axillary bud development in Xanthium. Plant Physiol 35: suppl 32
Bonnett HT (1972) Phytochrome regulation of endogenous bud development in root cultures of Convolvulus arvensis. Planta 106: 325–330
Borthwick HA (1957) Light effects on tree growth and seed germination. Ohio J Sci 57: 357–364
Borthwick HA, Hendricks SB, Parker MW, Toole EH, Toole VK (1952) A reversible photoreaction controlling seed germination. Proc Nat Acad Sci USA 38: 662–666
Butler WL, Hendricks SB, Siegelman HW (1964a) Action spectra of phytochrome in vitro. Photochem Photobiol 3: 521–538
Butler WL, Siegelman HW, Miller CO (1964 b) Denaturation of phytochrome. Biochemistry 3: 851–857
Collins WB (1966) Floral initiation in strawberry and some effects of red and far-red irradiation as components of continuous white light. Can J Bot 44: 663–668
Cooke IJ (1969) The influence of far-red light on the development of tomato seedlings. J Hortic Sci 44: 285–292
Coombe DE (1957) The spectral distribution of shadelight in woodlands. J Ecol 45: 823–830
Cumming BG (1963) The dependence of germination on photoperiod, light quality, and temperature in Chenopodium spp. Can J Bot 14: 1211–1233
Curry GM (1969) Phototropism. In: Wilkins MB (ed) Physiology of plant growth and development. McGraw-Hill, Maidenhead, pp 243–273
De Greef JA, Fredericq H (1972) Enhancement of senescence by far-red light. Planta 104: 272–274
Deitzer GF, Hayes R, Jabben M (1979) Kinetics and time dependence of the effect of far-red light on the photoperiodic induction of flowering in Wintex barley. Plant Physiol 64: 1015–1021
Downs RJ, Hendricks SB, Borthwick HA (1957) Photoreversible control of elongation in Pinto beans and other plants under normal conditions of growth. Bot Gaz 118: 199–208
Dubinsky Z, Berman T (1979) Seasonal changes in the spectral composition of down welling irradiance in Lake Kinneret ( Israel ). Limnol Oceanogr 24: 652–663
Erez A (1977) The effect of different portions of the sunlight spectrum on ethylene evolution in peach (Prunus persica) apices. Physiol Plant 39: 285–289
Federer CA, Tanner CB (1966) Spectral distribution of light in the forest. Ecology 47: 555–560
Fitter AH, Ashmore CJ (1974) Response of two Veronica spp to a simulated woodland light climate. New Phytol 73: 997–1001
Fondeville JC, Borthwick HA, Hendricks SB (1966) Leaflet movement of Mimosa pudica L. indicative of phytochrome action. Planta 64: 357–364
Frankland B (1976) Phytochrome control of seed germination in relation to the light environment. In: Smith H (ed) Light and plant development. Butterworths, London, pp 477–491
Frankland B, Letendre RJ (1978) Phytochrome and effects of shading on growth of woodland plants. Photochem Photobiol 27: 223–230
Fredericq H, De Greef JA (1966) Red, far-red photoreversible control of growth and chlorophyll content in light grown thalli of Marchantia polymorpha L. Naturwissenschaften 53: 337
Friend DJC, Helson VA, Fischer JE (1961) The influence of the ratio of incandescent to fluorescent light on the flowering response of Marquis wheat grown under controlled conditions. Can J Plant Sci 41: 418–427
Gaba V, Black M (1979) Two separate photoreceptors control hypocotyl growth in green seedlings. Nature 278: 51–54
Gates DM (1966) Spectral distribution of solar radiation at the earth’s surface. Science 151: 523–529
Gaudet JJ (1965) The effect of various environmental factors on the leaf form of the aquatic fern Marsilea vestita. Physiol Plant 18: 674–686
Goldberg B, Klein WH (1977) Variations in the spectral distribution of daylight at various geographical locations in the earth’s surface. Sol Energy 19: 3–13
Goodfellow S, Barkham JP (1974) Spectral transmission curves for a beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) canopy. Acta Bot Neerl 23: 225–230
Gorski T (1975) Germination of seeds in the shadow of plants. Physiol Plant 34: 342–346
Gressel J (1979) Blue light photoreception. Photochem Photobiol 30: 749–754
Grime JP (1966) Shade avoidance and shade tolerance in flowering plants. In: Bainbridge R, Evans GC, Rackham O (eds) Light as an ecological factor. Blackwell, Oxford, pp 187–207
Gutterman Y, Porath D (1975) Influences of photoperiodism and light treatments during fruit storage on the phytochrome and on the germination of Cucumis prophetarum and Cucumis sativa seeds. Oecologia 18: 37–43
Hadfield W (1974) Shade in north-east Indian tea plantations. II. Foliar illumination and canopy characteristics. J Appl Ecol 11: 179–199
Haupt W (1972) Short-term phenomena controlled by phytochrome. In: Mitrakos K, Shropshire W (eds) Phytochrome. Academic Press, New York pp 349–368
Heathcote L, Bambridge KR, McLaren JS (1979) Specially constructed growth cabinets for simulation of the spectral photon distributions found under natural vegetation canopies. J Exp Bot 30: 347–353
Henderson ST (1977) Daylight and its spectrum, 2nd edn. Adam Hilger, Bristol
Hoddinott J, Bain J (1979) The influence of simulated canopy light on the growth of six apocarpous moss species. Can J Bot 57: 1236–1242
Holmes MG, Smith H (1975) The function of phytochrome in plants growing in the natural environment. Nature 254: 512–514
Holmes MG, Smith H ( 1977 a) The function of phytochrome in the natural environment. Characterisation of daylight for studies in photomorphogenesis and photoperiodism. Photochem Photobiol 25: 533–538
Holmes MG, Smith H (1977b) The function of phytochrome in the natural environment The influence of vegetation canopies on the spectral energy distribution of natural daylight. Photochem Photobiol 25: 539–545
Holmes MG, Smith H ( 1977 c) The function of phytochrome in the natural environment. IV. Light quality and plant development. Photochem Photobiol 25: 551–557
Holmes MG, Wagner E (1980) A re-evaluation of phytochrome involvement in time measurement in plants. J Theor Biol 83: 255–265
Hsiao AL, Vidaver W (1973) Dark reversion of phytochrome in lettuce seeds stored in a water-saturated atmosphere. Plant Physiol 51: 459–463
Hull JN (1954) Spectral distribution of radiation from sun and sky. Ilium Eng (London) 19: 21–28
Hurd RG (1974) The effect of an incandescent supplement on the growth of tomato plants in low light. Ann Bot 38: 613–623
Kasperbauer MJ (1971) Spectral distribution of light in a tobacco canopy and effects of end-of-day light quality on growth and development. Plant Physiol 47: 775–778
Kasperbauer MJ, Hiatt AJ (1966) Photoreversible control of leaf shape and chlorophyll content in Nicotiana tabacum. Tob Sci 10: 29–32
Kasperbauer MJ, Tso TC, Sorokin TP (1970) Effects of end-of-day red and far-red radiation on free sugars, organic acids, and amino acids of tobacco. Phytochemistry 9: 2091–2095
Kendrick RE, Frankland B (1968) Kinetics of phytochrome decay in Amaranthus seedlings. Planta 82: 317–320
King TJ (1975) Inhibition of seed germination under leaf canopies in Arenaria serpyllifolia, Veronica arvensis, and Cerastium holosteoides. New Phytol 75: 87–90
Kirk JTO (1976) A theoretical analysis of the contribution of algal cells to the attenuation of light within natural waters. Ill Cylindrical and spheroidal cells. New Phytol 77: 341–358
Kopal Z (1969) Photometry of scattered moonlight. In: Kopal Z (ed) The moon. D Reider Publ Co, Dordrecht, Holland, pp 357–370
Kretchmer PJ, Ozbun JL, Kaplan SL, Laing DR, Wallace DH (1977) Red and far-red light effects on climbing in Phaseolus vulgaris L. Crop Sci 17: 797–799
Leakey RRB, Chancellor RJ, Vince-Prue D (1978) Regeneration from rhizome fragments of Agropyron repens (L.) Beauv. IV Effects of light on bud dormancy and development of dominance amongst shoots on multi-node fragments. Ann Bot 42: 205–212
Lecharny A, Jacques R (1974) Phytochrome et croissance des tiges; variations de l’effet de la lumiere en function du temps et du lieu de photoperception. Physiol Veg 12: 721–738
Loveys BR (1979) The influence of light quality on levels of abscisic acid in tomato plants, and evidence for a novel abscisic acid metabolite. Physiol Plant 46: 79–84
Mancinelli AL, Rabino I (1978) The “high irradiance responses” of plant photomorphogenesis. Bot Rev 44: 129–180
Mancinelli AL, Yanio Z, Smith P (1967) Phytochrome and seed germination: 1. Temperature dependence and relative Pfr levels in the germination of dark germinating tomato seeds. Plant Physiol 42: 333–337
McDonough WT, Brown RW (1969) Seedling growth of grasses and forbs under various incandescent-fluorescent wattage ratios. Agron J 61: 485–486
McLaren JS, Smith H (1978) Phytochrome control of the growth and development of Rumex obtusifolius under simulated canopy light environments. Plant Cell Environ 1:61– 67
Meijer G (1958) Influence of light on the elongation of gherkin seedlings. Acta Bot Neerl 7: 614–620
Meijer G (1959) Spectral dependence of flowering and elongation. Acta Bot Neerl 8: 189–246
Morgan DC, Smith H (1976) Linear relationship between phytochrome photoequilibrium and growth in plants under simulated natural radiation. Nature 262: 210–212
Morgan DC, Smith H (1978 a) The relationship between phytochrome photoequilibrium and development in light grown Chenopodium album L. Planta 142: 187–193
Morgan DC, Smith H (1978 b) Simulated sunflecks have large, rapid effects on plant stem extension. Nature 273: 534–536
Morgan DC, Smith H (1979) A systematic relationship between phytochrome-controlled development and species habitat, for plants grown in simulated natural radiation. Planta 145: 253–258
Morgan DC, O’Brien T, Smith H (1980) Rapid photomodulation of stem extension in light-grown Sinapis alba L.: Studies on kinetics, site of perception, and photoreceptor. Planta 150: 95–101
Münz FW, McFarland WN (1973) The significance of spectral position in the rhodopsins of tropical marine fishes. Vision Res 13: 1829–1874
Pratt LH (1979) Phytochrome: Function and properties. In: Smith KC (ed) Photochemical and photobiological reviews 4, Plenum Press, New York pp 59–124
Presti D, Delbrück M (1978) Photoreceptors for biosynthesis, energy storage and vision. Plant Cell Environ 1: 81–100
Rajan AK, Betteridge B, Blackman GE (1971) Interrelationships between the nature of the light source, ambient air temperature, and the vegetative growth of different species within growth cabinets. Ann Bot 35: 323–343
Robertson GW (1966) The composition of solar and sky spectra available to plants. Ecology 47: 640–643
Robinson N (1966) Solar radiation. Elsevier, New York
Sakamoto M, Hogetsu K (1963) Spectral change of light with depth in some lakes and its significance to the photosynthesis of phytoplankton. Plant Cell Physiol 4: 187–198
Sauer J, Struik G (1964) A possible ecological relation between soil disturbance, light flash, and seed germination. Ecology 45: 884–886
Schneider MJ, Stimson WR (1971) Contributions of photosynthesis and phytochrome to the formation of anthocyanin in turnip seedlings. Plant Physiol 48: 312–315
Schneider MJ, Stimson WR (1972) Phytochrome and photosystem 1 interaction in the high-energy photoresponse. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 69: 2150–2154
Selman IW, Ahmed EOS (1962) Some effects of far-red irradiation and gibberellic acid on the growth of tomato plants. Ann Appl Biol 50: 479–485
Shell GSG, Lang ARG (1976) Movements of sunflower leaves over a 24 h period. Agric Meteorol 16: 161–170
Shropshire W (1973) Photoinduced parental control of seed germination and the spectral quality of solar radiation. Sol Energy 15: 99–105
Sinclair TR, Lemon ER (1973) The distribution of 660 and 730 nm radiation in corn canopies. Sol Energy 15: 89–97
Smith H (1973) Light quality and germination: Ecological implications. In: Heydecker W (ed) Seed ecology. Butterworths, London, pp 219–231
Smith H (1975) Phytochrome and photomorphogenesis. McGraw-Hill, London
Smith H, Holmes MG (1977) The function of phytochrome in the natural environment. III. Measurement and calculation of phytochrome photoequilibrium. Photochem Photobiol 25: 547–550
Spence DHN (1975) Light and plant response in fresh water. In: Evans GC, Bainbridge R, Rackham O (eds) Light as an ecological factor II. Blackwell, Oxford, pp 93–133
Spence DHN, Campbell RM, Chrystal J (1971) Spectral intensity in some Scottish freshwater lochs. Freshwater Biol 1: 321–337
Stoutjesdijk (1972 a) Spectral transmission curves of some types of leaf canopies with a note on seed germination. Acta Bot Neerl 21:185–191
Stoutjesdijk Ph (1972b) A note on the spectral transmission of light by tropical rainforest. Acta Bot Neerl 21: 346–350
Stroller EW, Wax LM (1973) Temperature variations in the surface layers of an agricultural soil. Weed Res 13: 273–282
Tasker R (1977) Phytochrome and the radiation environment of woodlands. PhD Thesis, University of Nottingham
Tasker R, Smith H (1977) The function of phytochrome in the natural environment. V. Seasonal changes in the radiant energy quality in woodlands. Photochem Photobiol 26: 487–491
Taylor AH, Kerr GA (1941) The distribution of energy in the visible spectrum of daylight. J Opt Soc Am 31: 3–8
Taylorson RB, Borthwick HA (1969) Light filtration by foliar canopies; significance for light-controlled weed seed germination. Weed Sci 17: 48–51
Thomas B, Dickinson HG (1979) Evidence for two photoreceptors controlling growth in de-etiolated seedlings. Planta 146: 545–550
Tucker DJ (1972) The effects of light quality on apical dominance in Xanthium strumarium. PhD Thesis, University of Lancaster
Tucker DJ (1976) Effect of far-red light on the hormonal control of side shoot growth in the tomato. Ann Bot 40: 1033–1042
Tucker DJ, Mansfield TA (1972) Effects of light quality on apical dominance in Xanthium strumarium and the associated changes in endogenous levels of abscisic acid and cytokines. Planta 102: 140–151
Tyler JE, Smith RC (1970) Measurement of spectral irradiance underwater. Gordon and Breach, New York
Vaartaja O (1962) The relationship of fungi to survival of shaded tree seedlings. Ecology 43: 547–549
Van der Veen R (1970) The importance of the red-far-red antagonism in photoblastic seeds. Acta Bot Neerl 19: 809–812
Vazquez-Yanes C (1980) Light quality and seed germination in Cecropia obtusifolia and Piper auritum from a tropical rainforest in Mexico. Phyton 38: 33–35
Vezina PE, Boulter DWK (1966) The spectral composition of near UV and visible radiation beneath forest canopies. Can J Bot 44: 1267–1284
Vince-Prue D (1975) Photoperiodism in plants. McGraw-Hill, London
Vince-Prue D (1976) Photocontrol of petiole elongation in light-grown strawberry plants. Planta 131: 109–114
Vince-Prue D (1977) Photocontrol of stem elongation in light-grown plants of Fuchsia hybrida. Planta 133: 149–156
Wagner E (1976) The nature of periodic time measurement: Energy transduction and phytochrome action in seedlings of Chenopodium rubrum. In: Smith H (ed) Light and plant development. Butterworths, London, pp 419–443
Warrington I J, Mitchell KJ, Halligan G (1976) Comparisons of plant growth under four different lamp combinations and various temperature and irradiance levels. Agric Meteorol 16: 231–245
Weinberg S (1976) Submarine daylight and ecology. Mar Biol 37: 291–304
Wesson G, Wareing PF (1969 a) The role of light in the germination of naturally occurring populations of buried weed seeds. J Exp Bot 20: 402–413
Wesson G, Wareing PF (1969 b) The induction of light sensitivity in weed seeds by burial. J Exp Bot 20: 414–425
Woods DB, Turner NC (1971) Stomatal response to changing light by four tree species of varying shade tolerance. New Phytol 70: 77–84
Woolley JT (1971) Reflectance and transmittance of light by leaves. Plant Physiol 47: 656–662
Woolley JT, Stroller EW (1978) Light penetration and light-induced seed germination in soil. Plant Physiol 61: 597–600
Yocum CS, Allen LH, Lemon ER (1964) Photosynthesis under field conditions: VI. Solar radiation balance and photosynthetic efficiency. Agron J 56: 249–253
Zeiger E, Hepler PK (1977) Light and stomatal function: Blue light stimulates swelling of guard cell protoplasts. Science 196: 887–889
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1981 Springer-Verlag Berlin · Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Morgan, D.C., Smith, H. (1981). Non-photosynthetic Responses to Light Quality. In: Lange, O.L., Nobel, P.S., Osmond, C.B., Ziegler, H. (eds) Physiological Plant Ecology I. Encyclopedia of Plant Physiology, vol 12 / A. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-68090-8_5
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-68090-8_5
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-68092-2
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-68090-8
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive