Abstract
There are no reasonable grounds for doubting that all forms of life which exist today and which are very successfully adapted to their environment constitute the result of an evolutionary process stretching over millions of years. Order of all forms of life and of their complex interaction patterns has evolved during and as a result of the evolutionary process, while at the same time, producing and determining the direction of that process, a direction that we can recognize with hind sight.
The only things that evolve by themselves in an organization are disorder, friction, and malperformance. (Peter Drucker, 1) ... the only possiblity of transcending the capacity of individual minds is to rely on those superpersonal “self-organizing” forces which create spontaneous orders. (Friedrich von Hayek, 2)
Reprinted from: Cybernetics and Systems, An International Journal, 13:153–174, Hemisphere Publishing Corporation, New York, 1982
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Notes and References
This does not mean that P. Drucker only has an anti-evolutionary viewpoint, see also Drucker, F., Management, London 1973, p. 637 ff.
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Nearly all the publications about the St. Gall Systems Approach are in German. See publications of H. Ulrich, W. Krieg, P. Gomez, F. Malik, G. Probst; and Note 19; See also Gomez, P., Malik, F., Oeller, K.H., Organic Problem Solving in Management: A System-Methodology, in: Proceedings of the Third European Meeting on Cybernetics and System Research, Vienna 1976,
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See Malik, F., Management-Systems, in: Die Orientierung, Bern 1981 (in German).
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See Probst, G., Cybernetic Laws as a Basis for Rules of Design and Control in Management, Bern 1981 (in German),
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See Drucker, P., Technology, Management and Society, New York 1977, p. 1972.
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(24) See Rechenberg, J., Evolutionsstrategie, Stuttgart 1973 (in German).
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See Beer, S., The Heart of Enterprise, London 1979.
See Vester, F., Urban Systems in Crisis, Stuttgart 1976,
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See Bateson, G., Steps to an Ecology of Mind, New York 1972, Mind and Nature, New York 1979.
See Beer, S., Decision and Control, London 1966, p. 355 ff.
We think of Adam Smith, Adam Ferguson, Bernard Mandeville, David Hume.
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Malik, F., Probst, G. (1984). Evolutionary Management. In: Ulrich, H., Probst, G.J.B. (eds) Self-Organization and Management of Social Systems. Springer Series in Synergetics, vol 26. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-69762-3_8
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