Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Carbohydrates

  • Chapter
Natural Products of Woody Plants

Part of the book series: Springer Series in Wood Science ((SSWOO))

Abstract

Carbohydrates are found in all living organisms. Indeed, they are the most abundant of the natural organic compounds. It is estimated that well over half the organic carbon on earth is in the form of carbohydrates, the great majority of it in plants. Almost three-fourths of the dry weight of plants is carbohydrate, most of which is in cell walls (structural components). In higher land plants, these carbohydrate components of the cell wall are cellulose, the hemicelluloses, and the pectic substances. The subject of this chapter is the carbohydrates other than those that are constituents of primary or secondary cell walls.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Adam J W H, Churms S C, Stephen A M, Streefkerk D G, Williams E H 1977 Structural relationships of whole Acacia pycnantha gum and a component of low molecular weight. Carbohyd Res 54: 304–307

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Adams G A, Bishop C T 1960 Constitution of an arabinogalactan from maple sap. Can J Chem 38: 2380–2386

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Albersheim P 1974 The primary cell wall and control of elongation growth. Ann Proc Phytochem Soc 10 (Plant Carbohyd Biochem): 145–164

    Google Scholar 

  4. Albersheim P 1975 The walls of growing plant cells. Sci Am 232 (4): 81–95

    Google Scholar 

  5. Amin E S, Awad O M, El-Sayed M M 1970 The mucilage of Opuntia ficus-indica Mill. Carbohyd Res 15: 159–161

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Anderson A B 1953 Pinitol from sugar pine stump wood. Ind Eng Chem 45: 593–596

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Anderson A B, Erdtman H 1949 LArabinose from heartwood of western red cedar ( Thuja plicata ). J Am Chem Soc 71: 2927–2928

    Google Scholar 

  8. Anderson D M W, Bell P C 1975 Structural analysis of the gum polysaccharide from Anacardium occidentale. Anal Chim Acta 79: 185–197

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Anderson D M W, Bell P C, Gill M C L, McDougall F J, McNab C G A 1986 Studies of uronic acid materials. 83. The gum exudates from Chloroxylon swietenia, Sclerocarya caffra, Azadirachta indica and Moringa oleifera. Phytochemistry 25: 247–249

    Google Scholar 

  10. Anderson D M W, Cree G M, Marshall J J, Rahman S 1966 Studies on uronic acid materials. XIII. The composition of gum exudates from Albizia sericocephala and Albizia glaberrima with an appendix on botanical nomenclature in the genus Albizia. Carbohyd Res 2: 63–69

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Anderson D M W, dePinto G L 1982 Studies of uronic acid materials. Gum exudates from the genus Grevillea (Protaceae). Carbohyd Polym 2: 19–24

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Anderson D M W, Hendrie A 1970 Uronic acid materials. 35. Analytical study of gum exudates from some species of the genus Lannea. Phytochemistry 9: 1585–1588

    Google Scholar 

  13. Anderson D M W, Hendrie A 1971 The proteinaceous gum polysaccharide from Azadirachta indica A. Juss. Carbohyd Res 20: 259–268

    Google Scholar 

  14. Anderson D M W, Hendrie A 1972 The structure of Lannea humilis gum. Carbohyd Res 22: 265–279

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Anderson D M W, Hendrie A 1973 The structure of Lannea coromandelica gum. Carbohyd Res 26: 105–115

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Anderson D M W, Howlett J F, McNab C G A 1985 Studies of uronic acid material. 79. The amino acid composition of gum exudates from Prosopis species. Phytochemistry 24: 2718–2720

    Google Scholar 

  17. Anderson D M W, Howlett J F, McNab C G A 1985 Studies of uronic acid materials. 81. The amino acid composition of the proteinaceous component of gum tragacanth ( Asiatic Astragalus spp. ). Food Addit Contam 2: 231–235

    Google Scholar 

  18. Anderson D M W, Howlett J F, McNab C G A 1986 Studies of uronic acid materials. 89. The hydroxyproline content of gum exudates from several plant genera. Phytochemistry 26: 309–311

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Anderson D M W, Howlett J F, McNab C G A 1987 Studies of uronic acid materials. 88. Amino acid composition of gum exudates from some African Combretum, Terminalia and Anogeissus species. Phytochemistry 26: 837–839

    Google Scholar 

  20. Anderson D M W, McDougall F J 1987 The composition of the proteinaceous gums exuded by Acacia gerrardii and Acacia goetzii subsp. goetzii. Food Hydrocolloids 1: 327–331

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Anderson D M W, Munro A C 1969 An analytical study of gum exudates from the genus Araucaria Jussieu ( Gymnospermae ). Carbohyd Res 11: 43–51

    Google Scholar 

  22. Anderson D M W, Munro A C 1969 Presence of 3-O-methylrhamnose in Araucaria resinous exudates. Phytochemistry 8: 633–634

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Anderson L 1972 The cyclitols. In: Pigman W, Horton D (eds) The carbohydrates, 3rd ed, Vol 1A. Academic Press New York, 519–579

    Google Scholar 

  24. Anderson L, Wolter K E 1966 Cyclitols in plants: Biochemistry and physiology. Ann Rev Plant Physiol 17: 209–222

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Angyal S J, Anderson L 1959 The cyclitols. Adv Carbohyd Chem 14: 135–212

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Antonova G F, Maierle S N 1974 Characteristics of the composition of arabinogalactan polysaccharide produced in Siberian larchwood. Probl Fiziol Biokhim Drev Rast 1: 4–5

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Antonova G F, Malyutina E S, Shebeko V V 1983 Study of water-soluble polysaccharides in developing xylem of Scotch pine. Fiziol Rast 30: 151–157

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Antonova G F, Usov A I 1984 Structure of an arabinogalactan from Siberian larch (Larix sibirica Ladeb.) wood. Bioorg Khim 10: 1664–1669

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. ap Rees T 1974 Pathways of carbohydrate breakdown in higher plants. In: Northcote D H (ed) Biochemistry I, vol 11. Butterworth London, 89–127

    Google Scholar 

  30. Aspinall G O 1969 Gums and mucilages. Adv Carbohyd Chem Biochem 24: 333–379

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Aspinall G O, Baillie J 1963 Gum tragacanth. Part I. Fractionation of the gum and the structure of tragacanthic acid. J Chem Soc 1702–1714

    Google Scholar 

  32. Aspinall G O, Baillie J 1963 Gum tragacanth. Part II. The arabinogalactan. J Chem Soc 1714–1721

    Google Scholar 

  33. Aspinall G O, Carlyle J J 1969 Anogeissus leiocarpus gum. IV. Exterior chains of leiocarpan A. J Chem Soc (C) 851–856

    Google Scholar 

  34. Aspinall G O, Carlyle J J, McNab J M, Rudowski A 1969 Anogeissus leiocarpus gum. II. Fractionation of the gum and partial hydrolysis of leiocarpan A. J Chem Soc (C) 840–845

    Google Scholar 

  35. Aspinall G O, Fairweather R M 1965 Araucaria bidwillii gum. Carbohyd Res 1: 83–92

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Aspinall G O, Fraser R N 1965 Plant gums of the genus Sterculia. II. Sterculia caudata gum. J Chem Soc 4318–4325

    Google Scholar 

  37. Aspinall G O, Fraser R N, Sanderson G R 1965 Plant gums of the genus Sterculia. III. Sterculia setigera and Cochlospermum gossypium gums. J Chem Soc 4325–4329

    Google Scholar 

  38. Aspinall G O, Hirst E L, Johnston M J 1962 The acidic sugar components of Cochlospermum gossypium gum. J Chem Soc 2785–2789

    Google Scholar 

  39. Aspinall G O, Hirst E L, Matheson N K 1956 Plant gums of the genus Khaya. The structure of Khaya grandifolia gum. J Chem Soc 989–997

    Google Scholar 

  40. Aspinall G O, Johnston M J, Stephen A M 1960 Plant gums of the genus Khaya. II. The major component of Khaya senegalensis gum. J Chem Soc 4918–4927

    Google Scholar 

  41. Aspinall G O, Johnston M J, Young R 1965 Plant gums of the genus Khaya. III. The minor component of Khaya senegalensis gum. J Chem Soc 2701–2710

    Google Scholar 

  42. Aspinall G O, McKenna J P 1968 Araucaria bidwillii gum. II. Further studies on the polysac-charide components. Carbohyd Res 7: 244–254

    Google Scholar 

  43. Aspinall G O, McNab J M 1969 Anogeissus leiocarpus gum. III. Interior chains of leiocarpan A. J Chem Soc (C) 845–851

    Google Scholar 

  44. Aspinall G O, Molloy J A, Whitehead C C 1970 Araucaria bidwillii gum. III. Partial acid hydrolysis of the gum. Carbohyd Res 12: 143–146

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Aspinall G O, Whitehead C C 1970 Mesquite gum. I. The 4-O-methylglucuronogalactan core. Can J Chem 48: 3840–3849

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Aspinall G O, Whitehead C C 1970 Mesquite gum. II. The arabinan peripheral chains. Can J Chem 48: 3850–3855

    Google Scholar 

  47. Ballou C E, Anderson A B 1953 On the cyclitols present in sugar pine ( Pinus lambertiana Dougl. ). J Am Chem Soc 75: 648–650

    Google Scholar 

  48. Bekker P I, Churms S C, Stephen A M, Woolard G R 1972 Structural features of the gums of Acacia podalyriaefolia and Acacia elata. Standardization of the Smith degradation procedure. J S Afr Chem Inst 25: 115–130

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Belue G P, McGinnis G D 1974 High-pressure liquid chromatography of carbohydrates J Chromatogr 97: 25–31

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Beveridge T, Bruce K, Kok R 1978 Carbohydrate and mineral composition of gray birch syrup. Can Inst Food Sci Technol J 11: 28–30

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Beveridge R J, Stoddart J F, Szarek W A, Jones J K N 1969 Some structural features of the mucilage from the bark of Ulmus fulva (slippery elm mucilage). Carbohyd Res 9: 429–439

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Bhattacharyya A K, Rao C V N 1964 Gum jeol: The structure of the degraded gum derived from it. Can J Chem 42: 107–112

    Google Scholar 

  53. Bhattacharyya AK, Mukherjee AK 1964 Structural studies of the gum jeol polysaccharide. Bull Chem Soc Japan 37: 1425–1429

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Brasch D J, Jones J K N, Painter T J, Reid P E 1959 Structure of some water-soluble polysac-charides from wood. Proc 2nd Cellulose Conf 3–15

    Google Scholar 

  55. Caffini N O, Priolo de Lufrano N S 1974 Composition of gums and mucilages of higher plants. Phytochemical revision. Rev Farm (Bueños Aires) 116: 95–105

    Google Scholar 

  56. Caffini N O, Priolo de Lufrano N S 1975 Composition of gums and mucilages from higher plants. Phytochemical review. Rev Farm (Bueños Aires) 117: 38–45

    Google Scholar 

  57. Churms S C, Freeman B H, Stephen A M 1973 Composition of the polysaccharide fraction of Araucaria klinkii gum. J S Afr Chem Inst 26: 111–117

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Churms S C, Merrifield E H, Miller C L, Stephen AM 1979 Some new aspects of the molecular structure of the polysaccharide gum from Acacia salinge (syn. cyanophylla). S Afr J Chem 32: 103–106

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Churms S C, Merrifield E H, Stephen AM 1977 Structural features of the gum exudates from some Acacia species of the series Phyllodineae and Botryocephalae. Carbohyd Res 55: 3–10

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Churms S C, Merrifield E H, Stephen A M 1978 Regularity within the molecular structure of arabinogalactan from Western larch (Larix occidentalis). Carbohyd Res 64: C1 - C2

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Churms S C, Merrifield E H, Stephen A M 1981 Chemical and chemotaxonomic aspects of the polysaccharide gum from Acacia longifolia. S Afr J Chem 34: 8–11

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Churms S C, Merrifield E H, Stephen AM 1981 Smith degradation of gum exudates from some Prosopis species. Carbohyd Res 90: 261–267

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Churms S C, Merrifield E H, Stephen A M, Stephen E W 1978 Evidence for sub-unit structure in the polysaccharide gum from Acacia mearnsii. S Afr J Chem 31: 115–116

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Churms S C, Stephen AM 1971 Structural aspects of the gum of Cussonia Thunb. ( Araliaceae ). Carbohyd Res 19: 211–221

    Google Scholar 

  65. Clarke A E, Anderson R L, Stone B A 1979 Form and function of arabinogalactans and arabinogalactan proteins. Phytochemistry 18: 521–540

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Corbishley D A, Miller W 1984 Tapioca, arrowroot, and sago starches: Production. In: Whistler R L, BeMiller J N, Paschall E F (eds) Starch: Chemistry and technology, 2nd ed. Academic Press Orlando, 469–478

    Google Scholar 

  67. Côté W A Jr, Simson B W, Timell TE 1967 Studies on larch arabinogalactan. II. Degradation within the living tree. Holzforschung 21: 85–88

    Google Scholar 

  68. Cranswick A M, Zabkiewicz J A 1979 Quantitative analysis of monosaccharides, cyclitols, sucrose, quinic and shikimic acids in Pinus radiata extracts on a glass support-coated open tubular capillary column by automated gas chromatography. J Chromatogr 171: 233–242

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Davies D R 1974 Some aspects of sucrose metabolism. Ann Proc Phytochem Soc 10 (Plant Carbohyd Biochem): 145–164

    Google Scholar 

  70. Dey P M, Brinson K 1984 Plant cell-walls. Adv Chem Biochem 42: 265–382

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Diamantoglou S 1974 Variation of cyclitol content in vegetative parts of higher plants. Biochem Physiol Pflanzen 166: 511–523

    Google Scholar 

  72. Diamantoglou S 1980 Carbohydrate content and osmotic conditions of leaves and bark of Pinus halepensis Mill, and Schinus molle L. throughout a year. Ber Deutsch Bot Ges 93: 449–457

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Dietrichs H H, Garves K, Behrensdorf D, Sinner M 1978 Studies on the carbohydrates of barks of native trees. Holzforschung 32: 60–67

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Drummond D W, Percival E 1961 Structural studies on the gum exudate of Albizzia zygia ( Mac- bride ). J Chem Soc 3908–3917

    Google Scholar 

  75. Dutton G G S, Kabir S 1973 Structural studies of sapote ( Sapota achras) gum. Carbohyd Res 28: 187–200

    Google Scholar 

  76. Dutton G G S, Unrau A M 1963 Periodate oxidation of mesquite gum. Can J Chem 41: 1417–1423

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Essiamah S K 1980 Spring sap of trees. Ber Deutsch Bot Ges 93: 257–267

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Feingold D S, Avigad G 1980 Sugar nucleotide transformations in plants. In: Preiss J (ed) The biochemistry of plants, vol 3. Academic Press New York, 102–107

    Google Scholar 

  79. Ferguson A R, Eiseman J A, Dale J R 1981 Xylem sap from Actinidia chinensis: Gradients in sap composition. Ann Bot (London) 48: 75–80

    Google Scholar 

  80. Fincher G B, Stone B A, Clarke A E 1983 Arabinogalactan-proteins: Structure, biosynthesis, and function. Ann Rev Plant Physiol 34: 47–70

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Gander J E 1976 Mono– and oligosaccharides. In: Bonner J, Varner J E (eds) Plant biochemistry, 3rd ed. Academic Press New York, 337–339

    Google Scholar 

  82. Giaquinta R T 1980 Translocation of sucrose and oligosaccharides. In: Preiss J (ed) The biochemistry of plants, vol 3. Academic Press New York, 271–320

    Google Scholar 

  83. Gill R E, Hirst E L, Jones J K N 1946 Mucilage from the bark of Ulmus fulva. II. Sugars formed in the hydrolysis of the methylated mucilage. J Chem Soc 1025–1029

    Google Scholar 

  84. Glicksman M 1983 Gum karaya (Sterculia gum). In: Glicksman M (ed) Food hydrocolloids, vol II. CRC Press Boca Raton FL, 39–47

    Google Scholar 

  85. Glicksman M, Sand RE 1973 Gum arabic. In: Whistler R L, BeMiller J N (eds) Industrial gums. Academic Press New York, 197–263

    Google Scholar 

  86. Gregory R A, Hawley G J 1983 Sap extraction and measurement of soluble sap sugars in sugar maple. Can J For Res 13: 400–404

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Haissig B E, Dickson R E (1979) Starch measurement in plant tissue using enzymatic hydrolysis. Physiol Plant 47: 151–157

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Hansen P, Grausland J 1978 Levels of sorbitol in bleeding sap in relation to leaf mass and assimilate demand in apple trees. Physiol Plant 42: 129–133

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Hirst E L, Hough L, Jones J K N 1949 The structure of Sterculia setigera gum. I. An investigation by the method of paper partition chromatography of the products of hydrolysis of the gum. J Chem Soc 3145–3151

    Google Scholar 

  90. Hirst E L, Hough L, Jones J K N 1951 Constitution of the mucilage from the bark of Ulmus fulva (slippery elm mucilage). III. The isolation of 3-monomethyl D-galactose from the products of hydrolysis. J Chem Soc 323–325

    Google Scholar 

  91. Hirst E L, Percival E, Williams R S 1958 The structure of Brachychiton diversifolium gum ( Sterculia caudata ). J Chem Soc 1942–1950

    Google Scholar 

  92. Hocking P J 1983 The dynamics of growth and nutrient accumulation by fruits of Grevillea leucopteris Meissn., a proteaceous shrub, with special reference to the composition of xylem and phloem sap. New Phytol 93: 511–529

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. Höll W 1981 A thin-layer chromatographic demonstration of the annual fluctuation of soluble sugars in the trunkwood of three angiosperms and one gymnosperm. Holzforschung 35: 173–175

    Google Scholar 

  94. Hough L, Jones J K N 1950 The structure of Sterculia setigera gum. II. An investigation by the method of paper partition chromatography of the products of hydrolysis of the methylated gum. J Chem Soc 1199–1203

    Google Scholar 

  95. Hudson C S, Sherwood S F 1918 The occurrence of melezitose in a manna from the Douglas fir. J Am Chem Soc 40: 1456–1460

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. Ichiki S, Yamaya H 1982 Sorbitol in tracheal sap of dormant apple (Malus domestica Borkh) shoots as related to cold hardiness. Plant Cold-Hardiness Freezing Stress: Mech Crop Implic (Proc Int Plant Cold-Hardiness Seminar) 2: 181–187

    Google Scholar 

  97. IUPAC Commission on the Nomenclature of Organic Chemistry and the IUPAC-IUB Commission on Biochemical Nomenclature 1974 Nomenclature of cyclitols. Recommendations (1973) Pure Appl Chem 37:283–297. In: Fasman GD (ed) Handbook of biochemistry and molecular biology. Lipids, carbohydrates, steroids, 3rd ed. CRC Press Cleveland OH, 89–99

    Google Scholar 

  98. Jeremias K 1962 The influence of temperature on the accumulation of raffinose sugar. Ber Deutsch Bot Ges 75: 313–322

    Google Scholar 

  99. Jiang K S, Timell T E 1972 Polysaccharides in the bark of aspen (Populus tremuloides). I. Isolation and constitution of a 4-O-methylglucuronoxylan. Cellul Chem Technol 6: 493–498

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. Jiang K S, Timell T E 1972 Polysaccharides in the bark of aspen (Populus tremuloides). II. Isolation and structure of an arabinan. Cellul Chem Technol 6: 499–502

    Google Scholar 

  101. Johnston J F W 1843 Phil Mag 23:14–18 reported by Dey P M 1980 Biochemistry of a-D-galac- tosidic linkages in the plant kingdom. Adv Carbohyd Chem Biochem 37: 283–372

    Google Scholar 

  102. Joseleau J-P, Chambat G, Vignon M, Barnoud F 1977 Chemical and 13C n. m. r. studies on two arabinans from the inner bark of young stems of Rosa glauca. Carbohyd Res 58: 165–175

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  103. Kallio H, Ahtonen S, Raulo J, Linko R R 1985 Identification of the sugars and acids in birch sap. J Food Sci 50: 266–267

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  104. Kandler O, Hopf H 1980 Metabolism and function of oligosaccharides. In: Preiss J (ed) The bio-chemistry of plants, vol 3. Academic Press New York, 221–270

    Google Scholar 

  105. Karacsonyi S, Toman R, Janecek F, Kubrackova M 1975 Polysaccharides from the bark of the white willow ( Salix alba L. ): Structure of an arabinan. Carbohyd Res 44: 285–290

    Google Scholar 

  106. Kardošová A, Rosik J, Kubala J 1978 Neutral oligosaccharides from the enzyme hydrolysate of the polysaccharide of peach-tree gum (Prunus persica ( L.) Batsch). Coll Czech Chem Commun 43: 3428–3432

    Google Scholar 

  107. Kardosova A, Rosik J, Kubala J, Kovacik V 1979 Structure of neutral oligosaccharides from the enzyme hydrolysate of polysaccharide of peach gum (Prunus persica ( L.) Batsch). Coll Czech Chem Commun 44: 2250–2254

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  108. Kasapenko L F 1983 Variation in the polysaccharide content of Larix gmelini wood. Prodovol Kormovye Resur Lesor Sib, 114–121

    Google Scholar 

  109. Kaverzina L N, Prokushkin S G, Degermendzhi N N 1981 Composition and dynamics of root exudates in scotch pine. Isovedenie 32–38

    Google Scholar 

  110. Kazaryan V V, Zakaryan S O, Oganesyan L N 1982 Seasonal dynamics of carbohydrates, nitrogen and phosphorus compounds in the roots of woody newly acclimatized plants. Biol Zh Avm 35: 667–672

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  111. Keegstra K, Talmadge K W, Bauer W D, Albersheim P 1973 The structure of plant cell walls. III. A model of the walls of suspension-cultured sycamore cells based on the interconnections of the macromolecular components. Plant Physiol 51: 188–196

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  112. Klason P 1929 Constitution of pine wood lignin. VIII. The nutritive sap of the pine. Ber 62B: 635–639

    Google Scholar 

  113. Komatsu S, Ueda H 1925 The constitution of polysaccharides. III. On plant mucilage I. Mem Coll Sci Kyoto Imp Univ 8: 51–57

    Google Scholar 

  114. Kretz A 1973 Sugars, cyclitols, and organic acids in the cambial sap of Pinus sylvestris L., Picea abies Karst., and Abies alba Mill. Planta (Berlin) 110: 1–14

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  115. Kuliev V B, Kasumov K N 1982 Polysaccharide of the gums of Astragalus microcephalus Willd. from Azerbaijan. Rastit Resur 18: 390–394

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  116. Lee S H 1961 The new polysaccharides of gum tragacanth. I. Isolation of the polysaccharide and monosaccharide components. Seoul Univ J Ser D 10: 47–54

    Google Scholar 

  117. Lee S H 1962 New polysaccharide of gum tragacanth. II. The chemical structure of polysaccharide C. J Korean Agr Chem Soc 3: 25

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  118. Loewus F, Chen M-S, Loewus M W 1980 The myo-inositol pathway to cell wall polysaccharides. In: Loewus F (ed) Biogenesis of cell wall polysaccharides. Academic Press New York, 1–27

    Google Scholar 

  119. Loewus F A, Loewus M W 1980 myo-Inositol: Biosynthesis and metabolism. In: Preiss J (ed) The biochemistry of plants, vol 3. Academic Press New York, 43–76

    Google Scholar 

  120. Loewus F A, Loewus M W 1983 myo-Inositol: Its biosynthesis and metabolism. Ann Rev Plant Physiol 34: 137–161

    Google Scholar 

  121. Marvin J W 1957 Investigations of the sugar content and flow mechanism of maple sap. Tappi 40: 209–216

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  122. McDonald A J S, Ericsson A, Lohammar T 1986 Dependence of starch storage on nutrient availability and photon flux density in small birch ( Betula pendula Roth ). Plant Cell Environ 9: 433–438

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  123. McGarvie D, Parolis H 1979 The mucilage of Opuntia ficus-indica. Carbohyd Res 69: 171–179

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  124. McGarvie D, Parolis H 1979 The mucilage of Opuntia ficus-indica. 2. The degraded polysaccharide. J Chem Soc Perkin Trans I 1464–1466

    Google Scholar 

  125. McGarvie D, Parolis H 1981 The acid-labile, peripheral chains of the mucilage of Opuntia ficusindica. Carbohyd Res 94: 57–65

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  126. McGarvie D, Parolis H 1981 The mucilage of Opuntia aurantiaca. Carbohyd Res 94: 67–71

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  127. Meer G, Meer W A, Gerard T 1973 Gum tragacanth. In: Whistler R L, BeMiller J N (eds) Industrial gums. Academic Press New York, 289–299

    Google Scholar 

  128. Meier H 1962 Studies on a galactan from tension wood of beech (Fagus sylvatica L.). Acta Chem Scand 16: 2275–2283

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  129. Moyna P, DiFabio J L 1978 Composition of Cactaceae mucilages. Planta Med 34: 207–210

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  130. Nikaido H, Hassid W Z 1971 Biosynthesis of saccharides from glycopyranosyl esters of nucleoside pyrophosphates (“sugar nucleotides”). Adv Carbohyd Chem Biochem 26: 351–483

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  131. Nikitin N I 1962 The chemistry of cellulose and wood. (Translation from Khim Drev Tsellyul by J. Schmorak, Israel Program Scientific Trans, Jerusalem, 1966 )

    Google Scholar 

  132. Onuki M 1933 Chemical constitution of stachyose. J Agr Chem Soc Japan 9: 90–111

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  133. Parikh V M, Jones J K N 1966 Cholla gum. I. Structure of the degraded cholla gum. Can J Chem 44: 327–333

    Google Scholar 

  134. Parikh V M, Jones J K N 1966 Cholla gum. II. Structure of the undegraded cholla gum. Can J Chem 44: 1531–1539

    Google Scholar 

  135. Paulsen B S, Lund P S 1979 Water–soluble polysaccharides of Opuntia ficus-indica cv “Burbank’s Spineless”. Phytochem 18: 569–571

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  136. Phillips G O, Pass G, Jeffries M, Morley R G 1980 Use and technology of exudate gums from tropical sources. In: Neukom H, Pilnik W (ed) Gelling and thickening agents in foods. Forster Zürich, 135–161

    Google Scholar 

  137. Plouvier V 1963 Distribution of aliphatic polyols and cyclitols. In: Swain T (ed) Chemical plant taxonomy. Academic Press London, 313–336

    Google Scholar 

  138. Pontis H G 1977 Riddle of sucrose. Int Rev Biochem 13: 79–117

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  139. Pontis H G, Salerno G L 1980 Regulation of sucrose levels in plant cells. In: Marshall J J (ed) Mechanisms of saccharide polymerization and depolymerization. Academic Press New York, 31–42

    Google Scholar 

  140. Posternak T 1966 The cyclitols. Holden-Day San Francisco

    Google Scholar 

  141. Preiss J (ed) 1980 The biochemistry of plants, vol 3. Carbohydrates: structure and function. Academic Press, New York

    Google Scholar 

  142. Roudier A J, Eberhard L 1963 Investigation of the hemicelluloses of maritime pine of swamps (Pinus maritima). III. Polyosides extracted from the wood with boiling water. Constitution of a glucuronoarabinoxylogalactan among them. Bull Soc Chim Fr 844–850

    Google Scholar 

  143. Roudier A J, Eberhard L 1965 Hemicelluloses of wood of the maritime pine of Landes. IV. Polysaccharides extracted by boiling water. Structure of an arabinan present in the extract. Bull Soc Chim Fr 460–464

    Google Scholar 

  144. Roudier A J, Eberhard L 1967 Hemicelluloses from maritime pine of swamps (Pinus maritima) VI. Polysaccharides extracted from this wood by hot water. Structure of a galactoglucomannan present among them. Bull Soc Chim Fr 1741–1745

    Google Scholar 

  145. Saag L M K, Sanderson G R, Moyna P, Ramos G 1975 Cactaceae mucilage composition. J Sei Fd Agr 26: 993–1000

    Google Scholar 

  146. Sarkar M, Rao C V N 1974 Graded hydrolysis of the gum from Rhizophora mangle. Indian J Chem 11: 1129–1133

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  147. Sarkar M, Rao C V N 1975 Structure of degraded mangle gum. Carbohyd Res 41: 163–174

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  148. Sauter J J 1980 Seasonal variation of sucrose content in the xylem sap of Salix. Z Pflanzenphysiol 98: 377–391

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  149. Sauter J J, Ambrosius T 1986 Changes in the partitioning of carbohydrates in the wood during bud break in Betula pendula Roth. J Plant Physiol 124: 31–43

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  150. Schwalbe C G, Ender W 1931 Wood saps. I. Sap of the red beech ( Fagus sylvatica ). Cellulosechemie 12: 316–318

    Google Scholar 

  151. Sebrell W H Jr, Harris R S (eds) 1971 Inositols. In: The vitamins, 2nd ed., Vol III. Academic Press New York, 340–415

    Google Scholar 

  152. Selvendran R R 1985 Developments in the chemistry and biochemistry of pectic and hemicellulosic polymers. J Cell Sei (Suppl) 2: 51–88

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  153. Sherrard E C, Kurth E F 1928 Occurrence of pinite in redwood. Ind Eng Chem 20: 722–723

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  154. Simson B W, Côté A W Jr, Timell TE 1968 Larch arabinogalactan. IV. Molecular properties. Svensk Papperstidn 71: 699–710

    Google Scholar 

  155. Simson B W, Timell T E 1978 Polysaccharides in cambial tissues of Populus tremuloides and Tilia americana. I. Isolation, fractionation, and chemical composition of the cambial tissues. Cellul Chem Technol 12: 39–50

    Google Scholar 

  156. Simson B W, Timell T E 1978 Polysaccharides in cambial tissues of Populus tremuloides and Tilia americana. II. Isolation and structure of a xyloglucan. Cellul Chem Technol 12: 51–62

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  157. Simson B W, Timell T E 1978 Polysaccharides in cambial tissues of Populus tremuloides and Tilia americana. III. Isolation and constitution of an arabinogalactan. Cellul Chem Technol 12: 63–77

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  158. Simson B W, Timell T E 1978 Polysaccharides in cambial tissues of Populus tremuloides and Tilia americana. IV. 4-O-Methylglucuronoxylan and pectin. Cellul Chem Technol 12: 79–84

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  159. Smith F, Montgomery R 1959 The chemistry of plant gums and mucilages. Van Nostrand-Reinhold Princeton NJ

    Google Scholar 

  160. Smith L V, Zavarin E 1960 Free mono- and oligosaccharides of some California conifers. Tappi 43: 218–221

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  161. Stephen A M 1956 The composition of Hakea acicularis gum. J Chem Soc 4487–4490

    Google Scholar 

  162. Stephen A M 1983 Other plant polysaccharides. In: Aspinall G O (ed) The polysaccharides, vol 2. Academic Press New York, 97–193

    Google Scholar 

  163. Stephen A M, de Bruyn D C 1967 The gum exudate of Encephalartos longifolius Lehm, (female) (family Cycadaceae). Carbohyd Res 5: 256–265

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  164. Stephen A M, Van der Bijl P 1974 Structural studies of Brabeium stellatifolium gum by methylation analysis and Smith degradation. J S Afr Chem Inst 27: 37–43

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  165. Stephen A M, van der Bijl P 1975 Molecular structure of Grevillea robusta gum. J S Afr Chem Inst 28: 43–46

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  166. Stewart C M, Melvin J F, Ditchburne N, Tham S H, Zerdoner E 1973 The effect of season of growth on the chemical composition of cambial saps of Eucalyptus regnans trees. Oecologia 12: 349–372

    Google Scholar 

  167. Stinson E E, Dooley C J, Purcell J M, Ard J S 1967 Quebrachitol — a new component of maple sap and sirup. J Agr Food Chem 15: 394–397

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  168. Tanret C 1902 Bull Soc Chim (3) 27: 947

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  169. Terazawa M, Miyake M 1984 Phenolic compounds in living tissue of woods. II. Seasonal variations of phenolic glycosides in the cambial sap of woods. Mokuzai Gakkaishi 30: 329–334

    Google Scholar 

  170. Thivend P, Mercier C, Guilbot A 1972 Determination of starch with glucoamylase. Methods Carbohyd Chem 6: 100–105

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  171. Toman R, Karácsonyi S, Kováčcik V 1972 Polysaccharides from the bark of the white willow ( Salix alba L. ): Structure of a galactan. Carbohyd Res 25: 371–378

    Google Scholar 

  172. Wallner W E, Gregory R A 1980 Relationship of sap sugar concentrations in sugar maple to ray tissue and parenchyma flecks caused by Phytobia setosa. Can J For Res 10: 312–315

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  173. Whistler R L, Smart C L 1953 Polysaccharide chemistry. Academic Press New York, 331–332

    Google Scholar 

  174. Willets C O, Hills C H 1976 Maple sirup producers manual. US Dept Agr, Agr Handbook No. 134

    Google Scholar 

  175. Williams M W, Raese J T 1974 Sorbitol in tracheal sap of apple as related to temperature. Physiol Plant 30: 49–52

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  176. Wise L E 1952 Miscellaneous extraneous components of wood. In: Wise L E, Jahn E C (eds) Wood chemistry, 2nd ed. Reinhold New York, 644 pp

    Google Scholar 

  177. Wright L C, Berryman A A, Gurusiddaiah S 1979 Host resistance to the fir engraver bettle, Scolytus ventralis (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). 4. Effect of defoliation on wound monoterpene and inner bark carbohydrate concentrations. Can Entomol 111: 1255–1262

    Google Scholar 

  178. Yoshimoto T, Saburi Y, Samejima M, Taoka S, Ogawa T 1984 Fatty acids, terpenes, and sugars in extracts from coniferous barks. Mokuzai Gakkaishi 30: 335–339

    CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors
  1. J. N. BeMiller
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, USDA, One Gifford Pinchot Drive, Madison, WI, 53705-2398, USA

    John W. Rowe

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1989 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

BeMiller, J.N. (1989). Carbohydrates. In: Rowe, J.W. (eds) Natural Products of Woody Plants. Springer Series in Wood Science. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-74075-6_5

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-74075-6_5

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-642-74077-0

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-642-74075-6

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation