Skip to main content

Part of the book series: Springer Series in Wood Science ((SSWOO))

Abstract

The spent liquors from chemical pulping contain varying amounts of organic compounds derived from all wood constituents (Table 7.1). The nature and amount of these compounds depend on the pulping method and on the raw material used for the pulp production.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 349.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 449.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 599.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Adams TN, Frederick WJ 1988 Kraft recovery boiler physical and chemical processes. American Paper Institute, New York, 256 pp

    Google Scholar 

  • Alén R 1988a Formation of aliphatic carboxylic acids from hardwood polysaccharides during alkaline delignification in aqueous alcohols. Cellul Chem Technol 22: 443–448

    Google Scholar 

  • Alén R 1988b Formation of aliphatic carboxylic acids from softwood polysaccharides during alkaline delignification in aqueous alcohols. Cellul Chem Technol 22: 507–512

    Google Scholar 

  • Alén R, Hentunen P, Sjöström E, Paavilainen L, Sundström O 1991 A new approach for process control of kraft pulping. J Pulp Pap Sci 17: J6 - J9

    Google Scholar 

  • Alén R, Jännäri P, Sjöström E 1985a Gas-liquid chromatographic determination of volatile fatty acids as their benzyl esters on a fused-silica capillary column. Finn Chem Lett 190–192

    Google Scholar 

  • Alén R, Lahtela M, Niemelä K, Sjöström E 1985b Formation of hydroxy carboxylic acids from softwood polysaccharides during alkaline pulping. Holzforschung 39: 235–238

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Alén R, Niemelä K, Sjöström E 1984 Gas-liquid chromatographic separation of hydroxy mono-carboxylic acids and dicarboxylic acids on a fused-silica capillary column. J Chromatogr 301: 273–276

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Alén R, Vikkula A 1989a Formation of lignin monomers during alkaline delignification of softwood. Holzforschung 43: 397–400

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Alén R, Vikkula A 1989b Formation of lignin monomers during kraft pulping of birch wood. Cellul Chem Technol 23: 579–583

    Google Scholar 

  • Berthold F, Gellerstedt G 1993 Reactive structures formed during initial phase of a kraft cook. Proc 7th Int Symp Wood Pulping Chem, Beijing, PR China 3: 160–163

    Google Scholar 

  • Bethge PO, Lindström K 1974 Determination of organic acids of low relative molecular mass (C1 to C4) in dilute aqueous solution. Analyst 99: 137–142

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chapman DI, Chapman JR, Clark J 1970 Identification of phenolic acids in horse urine by combined gas-liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. Int J Biochem 1: 465–473

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Christofferson K 1967 Separation and determination of carbonyl compounds in sulfite spent liquor by ion exchange chromatography. Svensk Papperstidn 70: 540–544

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Clayton D, Easty D, Einspahr D, Lonsky W, Malcom E, McDonough T, Schroeder L, Thompson N 1989 Part one–Chemistry of alkaline pulping. In: Kocurek M, Malcom E, Grace TM (eds) Pulp and paper manufacture vol 5. Alkaline pulping, 3rd edn. The Joint Textbook Committee of the Paper Industry, Montreal, 1–128

    Google Scholar 

  • Croon I 1962 The isolation of a xylobiose monoacetate from the waste liquor of a birch cook. Acta Chem Scand 16: 827–830

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dahlman O, Mânsson K 1996 Analysis of low molecular weight lignin-derived sulphonates by capillary zone electrophoresis. J Wood Chem Technol 16: 47–60

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Douek M, Sullivan J, Ing J 1993 Effect of sample-related sources of error on the analysis of pulp and paper mill process liquids by ion chromatography: Part I - Determination of sulfur species. J Wood Chem Technol 13: 439–462

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ekman R, Sjöholm RT, Sjöholm R 1979 A degraded lignan from alkaline hydrolysis of Norway spruce root extractives. Finn Chem Lett 126–128

    Google Scholar 

  • Engström N, Vikkula A, Teleman A, Vuorinen A 1995 Structure of hemicelluloses in pine kraft cooking liquors. 8th Int Symp Wood Pulping Chem, Helsinki, June 6–9, 1995, vol III, 195–200

    Google Scholar 

  • Enkvist T, Alfredsson B, Merikallio M, Pääkkönen P, Järvelä 0 1954 Formation of methylcyclopentenelone by digestion of spruce wood or galactose with sodium hydroxide solutions at 100°C. Acta Chem Scand 8: 51–59

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Evershed RP 1993 Advances in silylation. In: Blau K, Halket JM (eds) Handbook of derivatives for chromatography. John Wiley, Chichester, 51–108

    Google Scholar 

  • Franklin GO 1982 Ion chromatography provides useful analysis of the chemistry of pulping and bleaching liquors. Tappi 65 (5): 107–111

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fullerton TJ, Fleming BI 1980 Anthraquinone condensation products formed during pulping. Svensk Papperstidn 83: 396–397

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gierer J, Lindeberg O 1980 Reactions of lignin during sulfate pulping. Part XIX. Isolation and identification of new dimers from a spent sulfate liquor. Acta Chem Scand B34: 161–170

    Google Scholar 

  • Gierer J, Wännström S 1984 Formation of alkali-stable C-C-bonds between lignin and carbohydrate fragments during kraft pulping. Holzforschung 38: 181–184

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Goni MA 1992 The use of CuO reaction products to characterize organic matter in the marine environment. PhD Thesis, University of Washington, 312 pp

    Google Scholar 

  • Goni MA, Hedges JI 1990 Cutin-derived CuO reaction products from purified cuticles and tree leaves. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 54: 3065–3072

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Grace TM 1989 Black liquor evaporation. In: Kocurek M, Malcom E, Grace TM (eds) Pulp and paper manufacture, vol 5. Alkaline pulping, 3rd edn. The Joint Textbook Committee of the Paper Industry, Montreal, 477–530

    Google Scholar 

  • Hachey J-M, Bui VT, Trembaly Y, Houde D 1986 Physicochemical analysis of a spent sulfite liquor from a CMP pulp. J Wood Chem Technol 6: 389–410

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hardell H-L, Theander O 1965 Reaction between methyl 13-n-glucopyranoside and sulphite: isolation of propane-2,2-disulphonic acid. Svensk Papperstidn 68: 482–485

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ingruber OV 1985 Sulfite pulping cooking liquor and the four bases. In: Ingruber OV, Kocurek MJ, Wong A (eds) Pulp and paper manufacture, vol 4. Sulfite science and technology, 3rd edn. The Joint Textbook Committee of the Paper Industry, Montreal, 3–23

    Google Scholar 

  • Kim K, Zlatkis A, Horning EC, Middleditch BS 1987 Gas chromatography of volatile fatty acids as tert-butyldimethylsilyl derivatives. J High Resolut Chromatogr Commun 10: 522–523

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kolattukudy PE 1980 Cutin, suberin, and waxes. In: Stumpf PK (ed) The biochemistry of plants, vol 4. Lipids: structure and function. Academic Press, New York, 571–645

    Google Scholar 

  • Kontturi AK, Sundholm G 1986 The extraction and fractionation of lignosulfonates in spent sulfite liquors. Acta Chem Scand 40: 121–125

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kosyukova LV, Galyanova NV 1983 [Determination of volatile acids C1-05 in black liquors]. Khim Drev (4):111–114

    Google Scholar 

  • Krishnagopalan J, Hill M, Fricke AL 1985 Chromatographic analysis of kraft liquor anions. Tappi 68 (9): 108–112

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kvasnicka EA, McLaughlin RR 1955 Identification of spruce sulphite liquor components. Can J Chem 33: 637–645

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lapierre C, Pollet B, Monties B 1991 Thioacidolysis of spruce lignin: GLC-MS analysis of the main dimers recovered after Raney nickel desulphuration. Holzforschung 45: 61–68

    Google Scholar 

  • Lappan RE, Pelton R, McLennan I, Patry J, Hrymak AN 1997 Kraft lignin-poly(DADMAC) precipitate formation. Ind Eng Chem Res 36: 1171–1175

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Löwendahl L, Petersson G, Samuelson O 1976 Formation of carboxylic acids by degradation of carbohydrates during kraft cooking of pine. Tappi 59 (9): 118–121

    Google Scholar 

  • Löwendahl L, Petersson G, Samuelson O 1978 Phenolic compounds in kraft black liquor. Svensk Papperstidn 81: 392–396

    Google Scholar 

  • Luthe CE 1990 Isolation and characterization of lignosulphonates from an ultra high yield neutral sulphite pulping effluent. Holzforschung 44: 107–112

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Malinen R, Sjöström E 1975 The formation of carboxylic acids from wood polysaccharides during kraft pulping. Pap Puu 57: 728–736

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Meier D, Faix O 1992 Pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. In: Lin SY, Dence CW (eds) Methods in lignin chemistry. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, 177–199

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Milanova E, Dorris GM 1994 On the determination of residual alkali in black liquors. Nord Pulp Pap Res J 9: 4–9, 15

    Google Scholar 

  • Mimms A, Kocurek MJ, Pyatte JA, Wright EE 1993 Kraft pulping. A compilation of notes, 2nd printing. TAPPI Press, Atlanta, 55–76

    Google Scholar 

  • Mörck R, Reimann A, Kringstad KP 1988 Fractionation of kraft lignin by successive extraction with organic solvents. III. Fractionation of kraft lignin from birch. Holzforschung 42: 111–116

    Google Scholar 

  • Mörck R, Yoshida H, Kringstad KP, Hatakeyama H 1986 Fractionation of kraft lignin by successive extraction with organic solvents. I. Functional groups, 13C-NMR-spectra and molecular weight distributions. Holzforschung 40: 51–60

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nelson PF, Forbes WF, Maclaren JA 1963 The absence of thiol and disulphide groups in a commercial eucalypt kraft lignin. Holzforschung 17: 89–91

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Niemelä K 1988a GLC-MS studies on pine kraft black liquors. Part I. Identification of monomeric compounds. Holzforschung 42: 169–173

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Niemelä K 1988b GLC-MS studies on pine kraft black liquors. Part II. Identification of hydroxy acids with a stilbene structure. Holzforschung 42: 175–176

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Niemelä K 1988c The formation of 2-hydroxy-2-cyclopenten-1-ones from polysaccharides during kraft pulping of pine wood. Carbohydr Res 184: 131–137

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Niemelä K 1989a GLC-MS studies on pine kraft black liquors. Part V. Identification of catechol compounds. Holzforschung 43: 99–103

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Niemelä K 1989b GLC-MS studies on pine kraft black liquors. Part VI. Identification of thiophenecarboxylic acids. Holzforschung 43: 169–171

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Niemelä K 1989c Identification of O-a-n-galactopyranosylsaccharinic acids as their trimethylsilyl derivatives by mass spectrometry. Carbohydr Res 194: 37–47

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Niemelä K 1989d Low-molecular-weight compounds in pine kraft black liquors. Proc Vth Int Symp Wood Pulping Chem, Raleigh, North Carolina 331–335

    Google Scholar 

  • Niemelä K 1989e The formation of cyclic, colour-forming compounds from cellobiose and hydro-cellulose under the conditions of kraft pulping. Proc Vth Int Symp Wood Pulping Chem, Raleigh, North Carolina 336–338

    Google Scholar 

  • Niemelä K 1990a Conversion of xylan, starch, and chitin into carboxylic acids by treatment with alkali. Carbohydr Res 204: 37–49

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Niemelä K 1990b Low-molecular weight organic compounds in birch kraft black liquor. Ann Acad Sci Fenn Ser All (Chem) 229: 142 pp

    Google Scholar 

  • Niemelä K 1991 Carboxylic acids in eucalypt kraft black liquor. Proc 6th Int Symp Wood Pulping Chem, Melbourne, Australia 2: 453–457

    Google Scholar 

  • Niemelä K 1993a Mass spectrometry of trimethylsilyl derivatives of some ortho-vanillins and hydroxystilbenes. Proc 7th Int Symp Wood Pulping Chem, Beijing, PR China 3: 474–482

    Google Scholar 

  • Niemelä K 1993b 100th anniversary of the first detailed analysis of black liquor. Proc 7th Int Symp Wood Pulping Chem, Beijing, PR China 3: 600–605

    Google Scholar 

  • Niemelä K, Alén R, Sjöström E 1985 The formation of carboxylic acids during kraft and kraftanthraquinone pulping of birch wood. Holzforschung 39: 167–172

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Niemelä K, Sjöström E 1985a Alkaline degradation of alginates to carboxylic acids. Carbohydr Res 144: 241–249

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Niemelä K, Sjöström E 1985b Identification of a-hydroxysyringylalkanoic acids in birch kraft black liquor. Holzforschung 39: 365–366

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Niemelä K, Sjöström E 1986a The conversion of cellulose into carboxylic acids by a drastic alkali treatment. Biomass 11: 215–221

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Niemelä K, Sjöström E 1986b Alkaline degradation of mannan. Holzforschung 40: 9–14

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Niemelä K, Sjöström E 1986c Simultaneous identification of aromatic and aliphatic low molecular weight compounds from alkaline pulping liquors by capillary gas-liquid chromatographymass spectrometry. Holzforschung 40: 361–368

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nishimura O, Mihara S 1990 Investigation of 2-hydroxy-2-cyclopenten-1-ones in roasted coffee. J Agric Food Chem 38: 1038–1041

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Norrström H 1970 Spectra of lignins from pulp and spent liquor. Svensk Papperstidn 73: 619–630

    Google Scholar 

  • Oye R, Langfors NG, Phillips FH, Higgins HG 1977 The properties of kraft black liquors from various eucalypts and mixed tropical hardwoods. Appita 31: 33–41

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Palmrose GV 1935 A mill test for the exact determination of combined sulfur dioxide. Pap Trade J 100 (3): 38

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Palomo A, Cabré J 1987 Silylation of carboxylic and sulfonic acids. Afinidad 44: 234–238

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Parrish JR 1964 Monomeric lignin sulphonic acids. Tetrahedron Lett 11: 555–558

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Parrish JR 1967 Monomeric lignin sulphonic acids. Part II. J Chem Soc C: 1145–1150

    Google Scholar 

  • Paulonis MA, Krishnagopalan GA 1994a Kraft white and green liquor composition analysis. Part I Discrete sample analyzer. J Pulp Pap Sci 20: J254 - J258

    Google Scholar 

  • Paulonis MA, Krishnagopalan GA 1994b Kraft white and green liquor composition analysis. Part II Continuous analyzer. J Pulp Pap Sci 20: J296 - J301

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pearl IA, Beyer DL 1961 Studies on the chemistry of aspenwood. VII. Further studies on ether extractives of commercial aspen spent sulfite liquor. J Org Chem 26: 546–550

    Google Scholar 

  • Pearl IA, Beyer DL 1964a Studies on the chemistry of aspenwood. XVII. The ether-insoluble, water-soluble components of aspen spent sulfite liquor. Tappi 47: 458–462

    Google Scholar 

  • Pearl IA, Beyer DL 1964b The ether-insoluble, water-soluble components of several spent sulfite liquors. Tappi 47: 779–782

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pearl IA, Beyer DL, Dickey EE 1958 Studies on the chemistry of aspenwood. II. Lignans from aspen spent sulfite liquor. J Org Chem 23: 705–706

    Google Scholar 

  • Pearl IA, McCoy PF 1961 Studies on the chemistry of aspenwood. VIII. An investigation of the neutral extractives of commercial aspen spent sulfite liquor. J Org Chem 26: 550–552

    Google Scholar 

  • Petersson G 1977 Retention data in GLC analysis; carbohydrate-related hydroxy carboxylic acids and dicarboxylic acids as trimethylsilyl derivatives. J Chromatogr Sci 15: 245–255

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pettersson S, Samuelson O 1967 Uronic acids in sulfite spent liquor from spruce. Svensk Papperstidn 70: 462–468

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pfister K, Sjöström E 1977 The formation of monosaccharides and aldonic and uronic acids during sulphite pulping. Pap Puu 59: 711–720

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Poole AJ, Slater DI, Orrell DH 1976 The preparation of trimethylsilyl derivatives of sodium salts of organic acids. Clin Chim Acta 73: 527–535

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Prakash CB, Murray FE 1976 Analysis of malodorous sulphur compounds in kraft mill aqueous solutions. Svensk Papperstidn 79: 501–504

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ramamurthy P, van Heiningen ARP, Kubes GJ 1993 Viscosity and thermal conductivity of black liquor. Tappi J 76 (11): 175–179

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rydholm SA 1965 Pulping processes. Interscience, New York, 1269 pp

    Google Scholar 

  • Sakai K, Mun S-P, Imamura H 1986 Monomeric products formed from the lignin of sugi wood during alcohol sulfite pulping. J Wood Chem Technol 6: 523–534

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sakakibara A 1992 Hydrogenolysis. In: Lin SY, Dence CW (eds) Methods in lignin chemistry. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg, New York, 350–368

    Google Scholar 

  • Salin J-G 1988 Spent liquor rheology and viscosity. Pap Puu 70: 721–727

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Saltsman W, Kuiken KA 1959 Estimation of tall oil in sulphate black liquor. Tappi 42: 873–874

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Samuelson O, Simonson R 1962 An ion exchange method for the determination of aldonic acids in sulfite waste liquor. Svensk Papperstidn 65: 363–369

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Samuelson O, Sjöberg L-A 1978 Spent liquors from sodium hydroxide cooking with addition of anthraquinone. Cellul Chem Technol 12: 463–472

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sandermann W, Gerhardt U, Weissmann G 1970 Untersuchungen über flüchtige organische Säuren in einigen Holzarten. Holz Roh- Werkst 28: 59–67

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Seefelt RG, Dimmel DR 1983 Application of chemical ionization mass spectroscopy to analysis of pulp and pulping liquor extracts. Tappi J 66 (2): 89–92

    Google Scholar 

  • Simonson R 1971 The hemicellulose in the sulfate pulping process [inaugural dissertation]. Svensk Papperstidn 68: 691–700

    Google Scholar 

  • Sjöström E 1993 Wood chemistry. Fundamentals and applications, 2nd edn. Academic Press, San Diego, 293 pp

    Google Scholar 

  • Sjöström E, Haglund P 1964 Spectrophotometric determination of lignin during sulfite cooking. Tappi 47: 286–291

    Google Scholar 

  • Sjöström E, Haglund P, Janson J 1963 Changes in cooking liquor composition during sulphite pulping. Svensk Papperstidn 65: 855–869

    Google Scholar 

  • Söderhjelm L 1986 Viscosity of strong black liquor. Pap Puu 68:642–644,646–648, 650–652

    Google Scholar 

  • Söderhjelm L 1988 Viscosity of strong black liquor from birch pulping. Pap Puu 70:348–351, 353–355

    Google Scholar 

  • Söderhjelm L, Sägfors P-E 1994a Black liquor dry solids content. Pap Puu 76: 330–332

    Google Scholar 

  • Söderhjelm L, Sägfors P-E 1994b Factors influencing the viscosity of kraft black liquor. J Pulp Pap Sci 20: J106 - J110

    Google Scholar 

  • Stoy MA, Fricke AL 1994 Development of a method for measuring the heat of dilution of kraft black liquor and water. Tappi J 77 (8): 169–174

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tai D-s, Chen C-L, Gratzl JS 1990 Chemistry of delignification during kraft pulping of bamboos. J Wood Chem Technol 10: 75–99

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ulmgren P, Lindström R, Printz M 1994 The alkalinity of black liquors. Nord Pulp Pap Res J 9: 76–83, 135

    Google Scholar 

  • Van der Klashorst GH, Strauss HF 1986 Properties and potential utilization of industrial soda bagasse lignin. Holzforschung 40: 375–382

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Van der Klashorst GH, Strauss HF 1987a Properties and potential utilization of industrial eucalyptus soda/anthraquinone lignin. Part I. Isolation, identification and origin of the low molecular mass lignin fragments present in an industrial soda/anthraquinone spent pulping liquor. Holzforschung 41: 123–131

    Google Scholar 

  • Van der Klashorst GH, Strauss HF 1987b 1,1-Diarylethanes: novel compounds from alkali spent liquors. J Wood Chem Technol 7: 325–331

    Google Scholar 

  • Venkatesh V, Nguyen XN 1985 Evaporation and concentration of black liquor. In: Hough G (ed) Chemical recovery in the alkaline pulping process. TAPPI Press, Atlanta, 15–85

    Google Scholar 

  • Villar JC, Caperos A, Garcia-Ochoa F 1996 Precipitation of kraft black liquors by alcohol-calcium solutions. Sep Sci Technol 31: 1721–1739

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wada S, Iwamida T, Iizima R, Yabe K 1962 The bonds between thiolignin and synthetic rubber. VII. Fractional precipitation of thiolignin from kraft pulping waste liquor with the variation of pH and reinforcement of SBR with each fraction. Chem High Polym Jpn 19: 699–703

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilson K 1968 [Determination of effective alkali in black liquors]. Svensk Papperstidn 71:446–447

    Google Scholar 

  • Yllner S 1956 Action of neutral sulphite solution on carbohydrates at high temperatures. Part I. A sulphocarboxylic acid derived from xylose. Acta Chem Scand 10: 1251–1257

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zaman AA, Fricke AL 1995 Viscosity of softwood kraft black liquors at low solids concentrations: effects of solids content, degree of delignification and liquor composition. J Pulp Pap Sci 21: J119 - J125

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zaman A, Wight MO, Fricke AL 1994 Density and thermal expansion of black liquors. Tappi J 77 (8): 175–181

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1999 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Niemelä, K., Alén, R. (1999). Characterization of Pulping Liquors. In: Sjöström, E., Alén, R. (eds) Analytical Methods in Wood Chemistry, Pulping, and Papermaking. Springer Series in Wood Science. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-03898-7_7

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-03898-7_7

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-642-08317-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-662-03898-7

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics