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2004 | Buch

Field Methods for Geologists and Hydrogeologists

verfasst von: Fakhry A. Assaad, Philip E. LaMoreaux Sr.

herausgegeben von: Travis H. Hughes

Verlag: Springer Berlin Heidelberg

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SUCHEN

Über dieses Buch

This book is designed for scientists and engineers who want practical information to plan, manage, write, and review geologic and hydrologic projects and reports. It provides step-by-step methods to prepare more timely, readable, and technically accurate reports. Detailed guidelines are provided to prepare the different subj ects included in this book. Source references, project proposals, and checklists are included to assist authors. The use of the techniques described in this book will result in less time spent in report writ­ ing, editing, rewriting, and review, which will save time and money. This book is the result of nearly 50 years of experience in program and project development in the field of hydrogeology. The two main authors P. E. LaMoreaux and Fakhry Assaad who submitted both the idea and the major subjects of the book, have been closely associated during this period with the Geological Survey of Egypt, the General Desert Development Organization in Egypt, the u. S. Geological Survey (USGS), the Geological Survey of Alabama, the University of Alabama, and in a great variety of consulting projects in different States of America and over the world. It is based on experience from the assignment and supervision of many professionals with a great variety of academic training and experience.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

Frontmatter

Introduction

Chapter 1. Introduction
Fakhry A. Assaad, Philip E. LaMoreaux Sr.

Surface Geological and Geophysical Field Studies

Frontmatter
Chapter 2. Geology of Indurated Rocks, Unconsolidated Sedimentary Deposits and Karst Terrains
Abstract
Geology and hydrogeology are broad-based multidisciplines developed from many different sciences. The origin of hydrogeology required concepts from mathematics, physics, chemistry, hydrology, and geology. Meinzer (1942), who subdivided the science of hydrology, noted that hydrology could not be understood unless the basic concepts of geology, weathering, and soils were incorporated. Knowledge of rock type, stratigraphy, and structure is imperative as a basis of understanding ground water, recharge, storage, and discharge characteristics. An understanding of geology is a prerequisite to the understanding of the source, occurrence, availability, and movement of ground water.
Fakhry A. Assaad, Philip E. LaMoreaux Sr.
Chapter 3. Topographic and Surface Geologic Maps
Abstract
Topographic contour maps show the configuration of the earth’s surface and are constructed by studying the variations in slopes, streams, cliffs, hilltops, etc., using stereoaerial photographs and satellite imaginary. A topographic map, which is a graphic representation of a portion of the earth’s surface is constructed at a specific scale, and represents a top or surficial view of the landscape whereas a profile or cross section is constructed through certain critical points across a straight line on a map. Two types of topographic maps are usually prepared for field investigations: a regional base map and a detailed site map. The regional base map is used for location and general features and can be easily obtained from published sources and used directly for illustrative purposes. The site specific topographic map may contain o.61 to 1.22 m contour intervals depending on the details required. U.S. Geologic Survey maps (USGS) (7.5-minute quadrangles) have contour intervals of 3 m or more.
Fakhry A. Assaad, Philip E. LaMoreaux Sr.
Chapter. Surface Geophysical Exploration Methods
Abstract
Geophysical exploration methods can be used before construction to obtain information on the character of formations and on the chemical characteristics of ground water. These techniques determine density, magnetic and acoustical properties of the geologic medium. Surface geophysical methods include magnetic, gravity, seismic refraction, seismic reflection, electrical resistivity, natural potential and,ground penetrating radar. The method(s) selected will depend on the type of information needed, the nature of the subsurface materials and cultural interferences. Factors to be considered are cost, applicability, accessibility, and availability of equipment appropriate for a site.
Fakhry A. Assaad, Philip E. LaMoreaux Sr.

Surface Geological and Geophysical Methods

Frontmatter
Chapter 5. Characteristics of Sedimentary Rocks — Subsurface Geological Mapping and Computer Software Data Management Systems
Abstract
Field geology seeks to describe and explain the surface features and underground structures of the lithosphere. Subsurface geology can be obtained from surface observation, vegetation trends, drainage, geophysical studies, air photographs, satellite imagery. Reading and interpretive the subsurface geology from surficial clues is like reading a mystery book. It pertains to the study of rock relationships by the use of data obtained from the surface sources as well as test drilling and underground mines, and quarries.
Fakhry A. Assaad, Philip E. LaMoreaux Sr.
Chapter 6. Drilling and Testing: Soil Samplers, Drilling Techniques, and Equipment
Abstract
Many civilizations were based on ample supplies of ground water or surface water, and many ventures have failed for lack of water. One of the earliest biblical references to ground water is the story of Moses smiting a rock with his rod and bringing forth a fountain of water. The skill shown in construction of Joseph’s well at Cairo, Egypt has made it one of the best known of the ancient wells.
Fakhry A. Assaad, Philip E. LaMoreaux Sr.
Chapter 7. Geophysical Well Logging Methods and Interpretations
Abstract
Only basic concepts and practical guide lines are intended for this chapter on geophysical well logging. The literature is large on the subject and some select references are given for those needing more detailed information.
Fakhry A. Assaad, Philip E. LaMoreaux Sr.

Ground-Water Hydrology, Ground-Water Contamination, and Waste Management

Frontmatter
Chapter 8. Ground-Water Hydrology, Hydrogeologic Methods, and Hydrogeologic Data Acquisition
Abstract
Ground water is one of most valuable natural resources and includes about 14% of all fresh water on the earth. It is the source of about 40% of the water used for all purposes exclusive of hydroelectric generation and water for cooling electric power plants.
Fakhry A. Assaad, Philip E. LaMoreaux Sr.
Chapter 9. Ground-Water Monitoring Wells, Contamination, and Waste Management
Abstract
Ground water in granular aquifers, fractured aquifers, and in karst systems, moves in response to hydraulic gradients from points of recharge to points of discharge. The horizontal gradient of the ground-water surface, the general shape of the water table, and the general direction of movement can be determined from a water-level contour or potentiometric map. The contours generally are based on the National Geodetic Vertical Datum (NGVD). However, in remote areas it is sometimes necessary to establish a temporary bench mark (TBM) and base line. The general direction of ground-water movement can be estimated by drawing flow lines perpendicular to the water-level contours. Results from tracer test studies can be used to support the interpretation of the direction of ground-water movement as shown by the water-level contour map.
Fakhry A. Assaad, Philip E. LaMoreaux Sr.

Case Studies

Frontmatter
Chapter 10. A New Approach on the Nubian Sandstone Aquifer of the Western Desert of Egypt
Abstract
The Egyptian government decided to overcome the problem of having more than 95% of the population residing along the River Nile, an area that encompasses 1705 km2 through the Egyptian territory (LaMoreaux 1964, 1976). The remaining 5% of the Egyptian population live in the Egyptian deserts that constitute more than 95% of Egypt.
F. Assaad
Chapter 11. Sulfate and Chloride Karstification and Its Economical Significance
Abstract
Easily soluble rocks, such as sulfatic and chloridic salts, show a wide spectrum of karstification and distribution, especially in central Europe (Upper Permian Zechstein and also Triassic rocks). Surrounding older rocks of Variscan orogeny, (e.g. gypsum, anhydrides, halites, and potassium salts) are subsurface deposits, which are in contact with ground water. Very intensive karstifications, e.g. sinkholes, depressions, subsidence and landslides, in the vicinity of worked-out salt mines are found active in the present. Therefore, they are a permanent danger for engineering, mining, and public affairs.
F. Reiter, H. Jordan, H. Molek
Chapter 12. Occurence of DNAPL near an Interceptor Well — Pump and Test Treatment for Remediation
Abstract
A dense, non-aqueous phase liquid (DNAPL) was detected during routine maintenance of an interceptor (pumping) well at a chemical manufacturing facility. The well is one of 1o interceptor wells at the site, and is screened at the base of an alluvial aquifer. Preliminary analysis indicated that the DNAPL was composed of a mixture of liquids (including chlorobenzene) and dissolved solid-phase organic compounds (including DDT). The location of the DNAPL indicated a potential for migration offsite.
D. S. Green, B. A. Memon, P. E. LaMoreaux

Technical Applications in the Field and Project Performance

Frontmatter
Chapter 13. Laboratory Tests for Soils
Abstract
Dirt, ground, earth, and soil are remarkably useful loose stuff that forms at the interface of earth’s rocky crust and the atmosphere. The term soil is a layer of weathered, unconsolidated material on top of bedrock (a term used for rock beneath soil). Soil is a mixture of mineral particles, organic matter, chemicals, air, and water that supports life. The texture of the soil is determined by the proportions of sand, silt, and clay; the term “loam” refers to a medium-textured soil composed of sand, silt, and clay as well as organic matter. Loamy soils are usually well drained and fertile.
Fakhry A. Assaad, Philip E. LaMoreaux Sr.
Chapter 14. Project Performance
Abstract
A successful project has specific objectives, a work schedule and a time limit for completion, assigned staffing, and adequate funding. The project should be completed on schedule and produce a technically and editorially correct report (Waste Management of North America Inc. 1989; Green 1991; Moore 1991; U.S. Geological Survey 1991, 1959–60).
Fakhry A. Assaad, Philip E. LaMoreaux Sr.
Backmatter
Metadaten
Titel
Field Methods for Geologists and Hydrogeologists
verfasst von
Fakhry A. Assaad
Philip E. LaMoreaux Sr.
herausgegeben von
Travis H. Hughes
Copyright-Jahr
2004
Verlag
Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Electronic ISBN
978-3-662-05438-3
Print ISBN
978-3-662-05440-6
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-05438-3