Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi belong to the phylum Glomeromycota and form symbioses with more than 80 % of terrestrial plants. They have a range of roles related to soil functions. AM fungi and ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi are the most abundant and common symbionts in agricultural and forest ecosystems, respectively. The functions of mycorrhizas in sustainable agriculture and forestry ecosystems are well demonstrated. In this review, we highlight functions of AM and ECM fungi in native forest ecosystems and the function of AM fungi in agricultural ecosystems.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Abbott LK, Gazey C (1994) An ecological view of the formation of VA mycorrhizas. Plant Soil 159:69–78
Abbott LK, Robson AD, Gazey C (1987) Selection of inoculant VA mycorrhizal fungi. In: Sylvia DM, Hung LL, Graham JH (eds) Mycorrhizas in the next decade, practical applications and research priorities. Abstract. Proceedings of the 7th North American Conference on Mycorrhizas, pp 10–12. Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida
Agnew C, Warren A (1996) A framework for tackling drought and land degradation. J Arid Environ 33:309–320
Akema T, Futai K (2005) Ectomycorrhizal development in a Pinus thunbergii stand in relation to location on a slope and effect on tree mortality from pine wilt disease. J For Res 10:93–99
Allen MF (1991) The ecology of mycorrhiza. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, p 184. Chapman and Hall, New York, NY, p 534
Asai E, Futai K (2001) Retardation of pine wilt disease symptom development in Japanese black pine seedlings exposed to simulated acid rain and inoculated with Bursaphelenchus xylophilus. J For Res 6:297–302
Augé RM (2004) Arbuscular mycorrhizae and soil/plant water relations. Can J Soil Sci 84:373–381
Azćon-Aguilar C, Barea JM (1996) Arbuscular mycorrhizas and biological control of soil-borne plant pathogens – an overview of the mechanisms involved. Mycorrhiza 6:457–464
Azćon-Aguilar C, Palenzuela J, Roldan A, Bautista S, Vallejo R, Barea JM (2003) Analysis of the mycorrhizal potential in the rhizosphere of representative plant species from desertification-threatened Mediterranean shrublands. Appl Soil Ecol 22:29–37
Balestrini R, Bonfante P (2005) The interface compartment in arbuscular mycorrhizae: a special type of plant cell wall? Plant Biosyst 139:8–15
Balzergue C, Chabaud M, Barker DG, Becard G, Rochange SF (2013) High phosphate reduces host ability to develop arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis without affecting root calcium spiking responses to the fungus. Front Plant Sci 4, article no 426. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2013.00426
Bedini S, Avio L, Sbrana C, Turrini A, Migliorini P, Vazzana C, Giovannetti M (2013) Mycorrhizal activity and diversity in a long-term organic Mediterranean agroecosystem. Biol Fertil Soils 49:781–790
Benhamou N, Fortin JA, Hamel C, St-Arnaud M, Shatilla A (1994) Resistance responses of mycorrhizal Ri T-DNA-transformed carrot roots to infection by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. chrysanthemi. Phytopathology 84:958–968
Brito I, Carvalho M, Goss MJ (2013) Soil and weed management for enhancing arbuscular mycorrhiza colonization of wheat. Soil Use Manage 29:540–546
Brundrett MC (2002) Coevolution of roots and mycorrhizas of land plants. New Phytol 154:275–304
Brundrett MC, Nanjappa A (2013) Glomeromycotan mycorrhizal fungi from tropical Australia III. Measuring diversity in natural and disturbed habitats. Plant Soil 370:419–433
Bucher M (2007) Functional biology of plant phosphate uptake at root and mycorrhiza interfaces. New Phytol 173:11–26
Cameron DD, Neal AL, van Wees SCM, Ton J (2013) Mycorrhiza-induced resistance: more than the sum of its parts? Trends Plant Sci 18:539–545
Carrillo-García A, Leon de la Luz JL, Bashan Y, Bethlenfalvay GJ (1999) Nurse plants, mycorrhizae, and plant establishment in a disturbed area of the Sonoran Desert. Restor Ecol 7:321–335
Chalot M, Blaudez D, Brun A (2006) Ammonia: a candidate for nitrogen transfer at the mycorrhizal interface. Trend Plant Sci 11:263–266
Cooper KM, Tinker PB (1981) Translocation and transfer of nutrients in vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizas. IV. Effect of environmental variables on movement of phosphorus. New Phytol 88:327–339
Cox G, Sanders FE, Tinker PB, Wild JA (1975) Ultrastructure evidence relating to host/endophyte transfer in a vesicular–arbuscular mycorrhizae. In: Sanders FE, Mosse B, Tinker PB (eds) Endomycorrhizae. Academic Press, London, pp 297–312
Daniell TJ, Husband R, Fitter AH, Young JPW (2001) Molecular diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi colonising arable crops. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 36:203–209
Djuuna IAF, Abbott LK, Solaiman MZ (2009) Use of mycorrhiza bioassays in ecological studies. In: Varma A, Kharkwal AC (eds) Symbiotic fungi, vol 18, Soil Biology. Springer, Berlin
Duchesne LC (2000) Role of ectomycorrhizal fungi in biocontrol. In: Pfleger FL, Linderman RG (eds) Mycorrhiza and plant health. APS Press, St Paul, MN, pp 27–46
Ellerbeck M, Schüßler A, Brucker D, Dafinger C, Loos F, Brachmann A (2013) Characterization of three ammonium transporters of the Glomeromycotan fungus Geosiphon pyriformis. Eukaryot Cell 12:1554–1562
Gamper HA, Young JPW, Jones DL, Hodge A (2008) Real-time PCR and microscopy: are the two methods measuring the same unit of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal abundance? Fungal Genet Biol 45:581–596
Gianinazzi-Pearson V, Dumas-Gaudot E, Gollotte A, Tahiri-Alaoui A, Gianinazzi S (1996) Cellular and molecular defence related root responses to invasion by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. New Phytol 133:45–57
Gollotte A, van Tuinen D, Atkinson D (2004) Diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi colonising roots of the grass species Agrostis capillaris and Lolium perenne in a field experiment. Mycorrhiza 14:111–117
Govindarajulu M, Pfeffer P, Jin H, Abubaker J, Douds DD, Allen JW, Bücking H, Lammers PJ, Shachar-Hill Y (2005) Nitrogen transfer in the arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis. Nature 435:819–823
Guerin-Laguette A, Shindo K, Matsushita N, Suzuki K, Lapeyrie F (2004) The mycorrhizal fungus Tricoloma matsutake stimulates Pinus densiflora seedling growth in vitro. Mycorrhiza 14:397–400
Hacskaylo E (1972) Mycorrhiza: the ultimate in reciprocal parasitism? BioSci 22:577–582
Hamel C, Strullu D-G (2006) Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in field crop production: potential and new direction. Can J Plant Sci 86:941–950
Harrier LA, Watson CA (2004) The potential role of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi in the bioprotection of plants against soil-borne pathogens in organic and/or other sustainable farming systems. Pest Manag Sci 60:149–157
Harrison MJ (1996) A sugar transporter from Medicago truncatula: altered expression pattern in roots during vesicular-arbuscular (VA) mycorrhizal associations. Plant J 9:491–503
Harrison M (1999) Biotrophic interfaces and nutrient transport in plant/fungal interfaces. J Exp Bot 50:1013–1022
Harrison MJ, van Buuren ML (1995) A phosphate transporter from the mycorrhizal fungus Glomus versiforme. Nature 378:626–629
Harrison MJ, Dewbre GR, Liu J (2002) A phosphate transporter from Medicago truncatula involved in the acquisition of phosphate released by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Plant Cell 14:2413–2429
Herrera MA, Salamanca CP, Barea JM (1993) Inoculation of woody legumes with selected arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and rhizobia to recover desertified Mediterranean ecosystems. Appl Environ Microbiol 59:129–133
Hibbett DS, Gilbert LB, Donoghue MJ (2000) Evolutionary instability of ectomycorrhizal symbioses in basidiomycetes. Nature 407:506–508
Hodge A, Storer K (2014) Arbuscular mycorrhiza and nitrogen: implications for individual plants through to ecosystems. Plant Soil. doi:10.1007/s11104-014-2162-1
Hodge A, Campbell CD, Fitter AH (2001) An arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus accelerates decomposition and acquires nitrogen directly from organic material. Nature 413:297–299
Janos DP (2007) Plant responsiveness to mycorrhizas differs from dependence upon mycorrhizas. Mycorrhiza 17:75–91
Jansa J, Mozafar A, Kuhn G, Anken T, Ruh R, Sanders IR, Frossard E (2003) Soil tillage affects the community structure of mycorrhizal fungi in maize roots. Ecol Appl 13:1164–1176
Javot H, Penmetsa RV, Terzaghi N, Cook DR, Harrison MJ (2007a) A Medicago truncatula phosphate transporter indispensable for the arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 104:1720–1725
Javot H, Pumplin N, Harrison MJ (2007b) Phosphate in the arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis: transport properties and regulatory roles. Plant Cell Environ 30:310–322
Javot H, Penmetsa RV, Breuillin F, Bhattarai KK, Noar RD, Gomez SK, Zhang Q, Cook DR, Harrison MJ (2011) Medicago truncatula mtpt4 mutants reveal a role for nitrogen in the regulation of arbuscule degeneration in arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis. Plant J 68:954–965
Jawson MD, Franzlubbers AJ, Galusha DK, Aiken RM (1993) Soil fumigation within monoculture and rotations—response of corn and mycorrhizae. Agron J 85:1174–1180
Jeffries P, Barea JM (2000) Arbuscular mycorrhiza—a key component of sustainable plant-soil ecosystems. In: Hock B (ed) The mycota. IX. Fungal associations. Springer KG, Berlin, pp 95–113
Kjøller R, Rosendah S (2001) Molecular diversity of glomalean (arbuscular mycorrhizal) fungi determined as distinct Glomus specific DNA sequences from roots of field grown peas. Mycol Res 105:127–132
Knudsen IMB, Debosz K, Hockenhull J, Jensen DF, Elmholt S (1995) Suppressiveness of organically and conventionally managed soils towards brown foot rot of barley. Appl Soil Ecol 12:61–72
Kohout P, Sudová R, Janousková M, Ctvrtlíková M, Hejda M, Pánková H, Slavíková R, Stajerová K, Vosátka M, Sýkorová Z (2014) Comparison of commonly used primer sets for evaluating arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal communities: is there a universal solution? Soil Biol Biochem 68:482–493
Lakhanpal TN (2000) Ectomycorrhiza – an overview. In: Mukerji KG, Chamola BP, Singh J (eds) Mycorrhizal biology. Kluwer Academic/Plenum, New York, NY, pp 101–118
Leigh EG, Davidar P, Dick CW, Puyravaud J, Terborgh J, ter Steege H, Wright SJ (2004) Why do some tropical forests have so many species of trees? Biotropica 36:445–473
Li YJ, Liu ZL, He XY, Tian CJ (2013) Nitrogen metabolism and translocation in arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiote and its ecological implications. J Appl Ecol 24:861–868
Liu RJ, Jiao H, Li Y, Li M, Zhu X-C (2009) Research advances in species diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. J Appl Ecol 20:2301–2307
Lopez-Pedrosa A, Gonzalez-Guerrero M, Valderas A, Azcon-Aguilar C, Ferrol N (2006) GintAMT1 encodes a functional high-affinity ammonium transporter that is expressed in the extraradical mycelium of Glomus intraradices. Fungal Genet Biol 43:102–110
Machόn P, Santamaria O, Pajares JA, Alves-Santos FM, Diez JJ (2006) Influence of the mycorrhizal fungus Laccaria laccaria on pre-emergence, post-emergence and the late damping-off by Fusarium moniliforme and F. oxysporum on Scots pine seedlings. Symbiosis 42:153–160
Manoharachary C, Kunwar IK, Tilak KVBR, Adholeya A (2010) Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi – taxonomy, diversity, conservation and multiplication. Proc Natl Acad Sci Ind Sect B Biol Sci 80:1–13
McNear DH Jr (2013) The rhizosphere – roots, soil and everything in between. Nat Educ Knowl 4(3):1
Menkis A, Lygis V, Burokiene D, Vasaitis R (2012) Establishment of ecto-mycorrhiza inoculated Pinus sylvestris seedlings on coastal dunes following a forest fire. Baltic Forestry 18:33–40
Minchin RF, Ridgway HJ, Condron L, Jones EE (2012) Influence of inoculation with a Trichoderma bio-inoculant on ectomycorrhizal colonisation of Pinus radiata seedlings. Ann Appl Biol 161:57–67
Morin C, Samson J, Dessureault M (1999) Protection of black spruce seedlings against Cylindrocladium root rot with ectomycorrhizal fungi. Can J Bot 77:169–174
Morton JB, Redecker D (2001) Two new families of Glomales, Archaeosporaceae and Paraglomaceae, with two new genera Archaeospora and Paraglomus, based on concordant molecular and morphological characters. Mycologia 93:181–195
Oehl F, Sieverding E, Javier P, Kurt I, da Silva GA (2011) Advances in Glomeromycota taxonomy and classification. IMA Fungus 2:191–199
Olsson PA, Rahm J, Aliasgharzad N (2010) Carbon dynamics in mycorrhizal symbioses is linked to carbon costs and phosphorus benefits. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 72:125–131
Opik M, Vanatoa A, Vanatoa E, Moora M, Davison J, Kalwij JM, Reier U, Zobel M (2010) The online database MaarjAM reveals global and ecosystemic distribution patterns in arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (Glomeromycota). New Phytol 188:223–241
Pellegrino E, Bedini S (2014) Enhancing ecosystem services in sustainable agriculture: biofertilization and biofortification of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Soil Biol Biochem 68:429–439
Phillips RP, Brzostek E, Midgley M (2013) The mycorrhizal-associated nutrient economy: a new framework for predicting carbon-nutrient couplings in temperate forests. New Phytol 199:41–51
Redecker D (2002) Molecular identification and phylogeny of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Plant Soil 244:67–73
Redecker D, Morton JB, Bruns TD (2000) Ancestral lineages of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (Glomales). Mol Phylogen Evol 14:276–284
Renker C, Heinrichs J, Kaldorf M, Buscot F (2003) Combining nested PCR and restriction digest of the internal transcribed spacer region to characterize arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on roots from the field. Mycorrhiza 13:191–198
Requena N, Jeffries P, Barea JM (1996) Assessment of natural mycorrhizal potential in a desertified semiarid ecosystem. Appl Environ Microbiol 62:842–847
Rillig MC (2004) Arbuscular mycorrhizae, glomalin, and soil aggregation. Can J Soil Sci 84:355–363
Rillig MC, Caldwell BA, Wosten HAB, Sollins P (2007) Role of protein in soil carbon and nitrogen storage: controls on persistence. Biogeochemistry 85:25–44
Rosendahl S (2008) Communities, populations and individuals of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. New Phytol 178:253–266
Saito M (2000) Symbiotic exchange of nutrients in arbuscular mycorrhizas: transport and transfer of phosphorus. In: Douds DD, Kapunik Y (eds) Arbuscular mycorrhizas: physiology and function. Kluwer, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, pp 85–106
Saks Ü, Davison J, Öpik M, Vasar M, Moora M, Zobel M (2013) Root-colonizing and soil-borne communities of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in a temperate forest understorey. Botany 92:277–285
Sanders IR, Alt M, Groppe K, Boller T, Wiemken A (1995) Identification of ribosomal DNA polymorphisms among and within spores of the Glomales – application to studies on the genetic diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal communities. New Phytol 130:419–427
Schreiner RP, Milhara KL, McDaniel H, Bethlenfalvay GJ (1997) Mycorrhizal fungi influence plant and soil functions and interactions. Plant Soil 188:199–209
Schüßler A, Schwarzott D, Walker C (2001) A new fungal phylum, the Glomeromycota: phylogeny and evolution. Mycol Res 105:1413–1421
Schussler A, Martin H, Cohen D, Fitz M, Wipf D (2006) Characterization of a carbohydrate transporter from symbiotic glomeromycotan fungi. Nature 444:933–936
Schwarzott D, Walker C, Schussler A (2001) Glomus, the largest genus of the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (Glomales), is nonmonophyletic. Mol Phylogenet Evol 21:190–197
Siddiqui ZA, Akhter MS, Futai K (eds) (2008) Mycorrhizae: sustainable agriculture and forestry. Springer Science + Business Media B.V., 365 pp
Skujins J, Allen MF (1986) Use of mycorrhizae for land rehabilitation. MIRCEN J 2:161–176
Smith SE, Read DJ (2008) Mycorrhizal symbiosis. Academic Press, London, 800 pp
Smith SE, Smith FA (2012) Fresh perspectives on the roles of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in plant nutrition and growth. Mycologia 104:1–13
Smith SE, Robson AD, Abbott LK (1992) The involvement of mycorrhizas of genetically-dependent efficiency of nutrient uptake and use. Plant Soil 146:169–179
Solaiman ZM, Abbott LK (2003) Phosphorus uptake by a community of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in jarrah forest. Plant Soil 248:313–320
Solaiman ZM, Abbott LK (2008) Influence of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, inoculum level and phosphorus placement on growth and phosphorus uptake of Phyllanthus calycinus in jarrah forest soil. Biol Fertil Soils 44:815–821
Solaiman ZM, Hirata H (1997) Effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi inoculation of rice seedlings at the nursery stage upon performance in the paddy field and greenhouse. Plant Soil 191:1–12
Solaiman ZM, Saito M (2001) Phosphate efflux from intraradical hyphae of Gigaspora margarita in vitro and its implication for phosphorus. New Phytol 151:525–533
Solaiman ZM, Saito M (1997) Use of sugars by intraradical hyphae of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi revealed by radiorespirometry. New Phytol 136:533–538
Solaiman ZM, Ezawa T, Kojima T, Saito M (1999) Polyphosphates in intraradical and extraradical hyphae of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Appl Environ Microbiol 65:5604–5606
Stürmer SL (2012) A history of the taxonomy and systematics of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi belonging to the phylum Glomeromycota. Mycorrhiza 22:247–258
Tinker PB (1975) Effects of vesicular–arbuscular mycorrhizas on higher plants. Symp Soc Exp Biol 29:325–350
Uehlein N, Fileschi K, Eckert M, Bienert GP, Bertl A, Kaldenhoff R (2007) Arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis and plant aquaporin expression. Phytochemistry 68:122–129
Valencia RH, Balslev H, Paz H, Mino CG (1994) High tree alpha-diversity in Amazonian Ecuador. Biodiv Conserv 3:21–28
Vandenkoornhuyse P, Ridgway KP, Watson IJ, Fitter AH, Young JPW (2003) Co-existing grass species have distinctive arbuscular mycorrhizal communities. Mol Ecol 12:3085–3095
Vierheilig H, Alt M, Gut-Rella M, Lange J, Boller T, Wiemken A (1996) Colonization of tobacco constitutively expressing pathogenesis-related proteins by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. In: Azcón-Aguilar C, Barea JM (eds) Mycorrhizas in integrated systems: from genes to plant development. European Commission, EUR 16728, Luxembourg, pp 270–273
Warren A, Sud YC, Rozanov B (1996) The future of deserts. J Arid Environ 32:75–89
Willis A, Rodrigues BF, Harris PJC (2013) The ecology of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Crit Rev Plant Sci 32:1–20
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2014 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Solaiman, Z.M., Mickan, B. (2014). Use of Mycorrhiza in Sustainable Agriculture and Land Restoration. In: Solaiman, Z., Abbott, L., Varma, A. (eds) Mycorrhizal Fungi: Use in Sustainable Agriculture and Land Restoration. Soil Biology, vol 41. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-45370-4_1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-45370-4_1
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-662-45369-8
Online ISBN: 978-3-662-45370-4
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)