nach oben

Erschienen in:

2019 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

Smart Contracts for Bribing Miners

verfasst von : Patrick McCorry, Alexander Hicks, Sarah Meiklejohn

Erschienen in: Financial Cryptography and Data Security

Verlag: Springer Berlin Heidelberg

Einloggen

Aktivieren Sie unsere intelligente Suche, um passende Fachinhalte oder Patente zu finden.

search-config

KI-gestützte Suche

Aus

Abstract

We present three smart contracts that allow a briber to fairly exchange bribes to miners who pursue a mining strategy benefiting the briber. The first contract, CensorshipCon, highlights that Ethereum’s uncle block reward policy can directly subsidise the cost of bribing miners. The second contract, HistoryRevisionCon, rewards miners via an in-band payment for reversing transactions or enforcing a new state of another contract. The third contract, GoldfingerCon, rewards miners in one cryptocurrency for reducing the utility of another cryptocurrency. This work is motivated by the need to understand the extent to which smart contracts can impact the incentive mechanisms involved in Nakamoto-style consensus protocols.

Sie haben noch keine Lizenz? Dann Informieren Sie sich jetzt über unsere Produkte:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 102.000 Bücher
über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Automobil + Motoren
Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
Finance + Banking
Management + Führung
Marketing + Vertrieb
Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Jetzt informieren

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 67.000 Bücher
über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Automobil + Motoren
Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Jetzt informieren

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 67.000 Bücher
über 340 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Finance + Banking
Management + Führung
Marketing + Vertrieb
Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Jetzt informieren

Nächstes Kapitel A Systematic Approach to Cryptocurrency Fees

Nur mit Berechtigung zugänglich

A surge in the Bitcoin price this year made mining profitable in the short-term for “hobbyist miners” [21].

In such an attack, a miner sends only partial proofs-of-work to the pool master, discarding all full proofs-of-work. The miner is rewarded by the master for attempting to find a new block but does not contribute to the pool’s income as new blocks are discarded.

A partial implementation is available at [15].

The contract environment provides access via block.blockhash(uint) for the latest 256 blocks (except the current block).

This is similar to how a proof-of-stale block is verified by Velner et al. [27].

A partial implementation is available at [15].

This can be accessed in the contract environment as block.coinbase.

It is also possible to bribe miners for building an alternative fork by dictating that a block hash $H(b^{i}_{B})$ cannot be in the blockchain.

$1\text { gwei}=10^{-18}$ ether.

All early coinbase transactions (including block 50,000) used pay-to-pubkey bitcoin scripts.

Andresen, G.: Ways to enhance Post-fork withering of Core chain. RedditBTC, March 2017

Bloomberg: Ethereum Bandits Stole \$225 Million This Year. Fortune, August 2017

Bonneau, J.: Why buy when you can rent? In: Clark, J., Meiklejohn, S., Ryan, P.Y.A., Wallach, D., Brenner, M., Rohloff, K. (eds.) FC 2016. LNCS, vol. 9604, pp. 19–26. Springer, Heidelberg (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-53357-4_2CrossRef

Buterin, V.: Change difficulty adjustment to target mean block time including uncles. Ethereum EIP Github Repository, October 2017

Dinkins, D.: If Hard Fork Happens, Chain Backed By Majority of Miners Will Likely Win. Cointelegraph, October 2017

Donnelly, J.: Winter is Coming: Bitcoin Mining for Heat (And Profit). CoinDesk, September 2016

Dorier, N.: Proof-of-Work update is not a threat to miners, it is a necessity for users. Medium, March 2017

ETHGasStation: Bribery Contracts. ETH Gas Station, October 2016

Eyal, I., Sirer, E.G.: Majority is not enough: bitcoin mining is vulnerable. In: Christin, N., Safavi-Naini, R. (eds.) FC 2014. LNCS, vol. 8437, pp. 436–454. Springer, Heidelberg (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-45472-5_28CrossRef

10.

Hanson, R.: A \$50 Million Hack Just Showed That the DAO Was All Too Human. Wired, June 2016

11.

Kroll, J.A., Davey, I.C., Felten, E.W.: The economics of Bitcoin mining, or Bitcoin in the presence of adversaries. In: WEIS 2013 (2013)

12.

Lerner, S.D.: Uncle Mining, an Ethereum Consensus Protocol Flaw. Bitslog blog, April 2016

13.

Liao, K., Katz, J.: Incentivizing blockchain forks via whale transactions. In: Brenner, M., et al. (eds.) FC 2017. LNCS, vol. 10323, pp. 264–279. Springer, Cham (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-70278-0_17CrossRef

14.

Luu, L., Velner, Y., Teutsch, J., Saxena, P.: Smart pool: practical decentralized pooled mining. IACR Cryptology ePrint Archive, 2017:19 (2017)

15.

McCorry, P.: Bribery Contracts. GitHub, January 2017

16.

McCorry, P., Heilman, E., Miller, A.: Atomically trading with Roger: gambling on the success of a hardfork. In: Garcia-Alfaro, J., Navarro-Arribas, G., Hartenstein, H., Herrera-Joancomartí, J. (eds.) ESORICS/DPM/CBT -2017. LNCS, vol. 10436, pp. 334–353. Springer, Cham (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-67816-0_19CrossRef

17.

Nakamoto, S.: Bitcoin: a peer-to-peer electronic cash system (2008)

18.

Nayak, K., Kumar, S., Miller, A., Shi, E.: Stubborn mining: generalizing selfish mining and combining with an eclipse attack. In: IEEE European Symposium on Security and Privacy (EuroS&P), pp. 305–320. IEEE (2016)

19.

Quentson, A.: Bitcoin Market Needs Big Blocks. Says Founder of BTC.TOP Mining Pool, Cryptocoinsnews, February 2017

20.

Redman, J.: The Scaling Bitcoin Workshop Hong Kong Wrap-Up. BitcoinComNews, December 2015

21.

Reutzel, B.: Bitcoin’s Price Surge is Making Hobby Mining Profitable Again. CoinDesk, July 2017

22.

Sapirshtein, A., Sompolinsky, Y., Zohar, A.: Optimal selfish mining strategies in Bitcoin. In: Grossklags, J., Preneel, B. (eds.) FC 2016. LNCS, vol. 9603, pp. 515–532. Springer, Heidelberg (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-54970-4_30CrossRef

23.

Sompolinsky, Y., Zohar, A.: Secure high-rate transaction processing in Bitcoin. In: Böhme, R., Okamoto, T. (eds.) FC 2015. LNCS, vol. 8975, pp. 507–527. Springer, Heidelberg (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-47854-7_32CrossRef

24.

Song, J.: Why Miners Are Mining Bitcoin Cash - and Losing Money Doing It. CoinDesk, August 2017

25.

Teutsch, J., Jain, S., Saxena, P.: When cryptocurrencies mine their own business. In: Grossklags, J., Preneel, B. (eds.) FC 2016. LNCS, vol. 9603, pp. 499–514. Springer, Heidelberg (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-54970-4_29CrossRef

26.

Tuwiner, J.: Bitcoin Mining in China. Buy Bitcoin Worldwide, March 2017

27.

Velner, Y., Teutsch, J., Luu, L.: Smart contracts make Bitcoin mining pools vulnerable. IACR Cryptology ePrint Archive, 2017:230 (2017)

28.

Voight, F.: Wiki on P2Pool. Bitcoin Wiki, June 2011

29.

Wood, G.: Ethereum: a secure decentralised generalised transaction ledger. Ethereum Project Yellow Paper, 151 (2014)

30.

Zhuo’er, J.: [Ending the Soft/Hard Fork Debate] – A Safe Hard Fork is the same as a Soft Fork. Medium, October 2016

Titel: Smart Contracts for Bribing Miners
verfasst von: Patrick McCorry
Alexander Hicks
Sarah Meiklejohn
Verlag: Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Buch: Financial Cryptography and Data Security
Print ISBN: 978-3-662-58819-2

Electronic ISBN: 978-3-662-58820-8

Copyright-Jahr: 2019
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-58820-8_1

Springer Professional

Abstract

Bitte loggen Sie sich ein, um Zugang zu Ihrer Lizenz zu erhalten.

Sie haben noch keine Lizenz? Dann Informieren Sie sich jetzt über unsere Produkte:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Springer Professional "Technik"

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"