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2008 | Buch

Sustainable City Regions:

Space, Place and Governance

herausgegeben von: Tetsuo Kidokoro, Ph.D., Noboru Harata, Ph.D., Leksono Probo Subanu, Ph.D., Johann Jessen, Dr., Alain Motte, Ethan Paul Seltzer, Ph.D.

Verlag: Springer Japan

Buchreihe : cSUR-UT Series: Library for Sustainable Urban Regeneration

Enthalten in: Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" , Springer Professional "Technik" , Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

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Über dieses Buch

How should regional cities develop regional development strategies for their sustainable future? How can such strategies work effectively? Regional cities are now at a crossroads: will they decline or be regenerated under the impacts of globalization? Their sustainable regeneration as creative regional centers will play a decisive role in their sustainable development as a whole, but only with viable regional spatial strategies that strengthen the network of cities and their hinterlands. The concern here lies in urban regeneration and strategic spatial planning at the city-region level. This book records observations of 12 dynamically changing regional cities in Asia, Europe and the United States. The form of the city region, urban regeneration and strategic spatial planning as well as the local and regional governance of each city are examined. Through this empirical and comparative analysis, essential lessons are drawn, which will add a new perspective to discussions on the sustainable future of regional cities in an age of globalization.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

Frontmatter

Introduction

Frontmatter

1.. New Directions in Urban Regeneration and the Governance of City Regions

Abstract

Cities should be recognized as social, economic as well as environmental systems formed through networks of cities, towns and villages rather than as isolated entities. Conceptualized as such, they are often called city regions. Central cities of city regions, which we call regional cities, play a decisive role in regional as well as national development. In an age of globalization, competition among such city regions is one of the major driving forces in their on-going transformation. Globalization may strengthen the sustainability of some city regions through enlarging their economic bases, or may weaken their sustainability through the loss of industrial competitiveness or loss of geopolitical importance. Indeed, regional cities are now at a crossroads of whether they decline or are regenerated under the impacts of globalization.

Tetsuo Kidokoro, Akito Murayama, Kensuke Katayama, Norihisa Shima

2.. Strategy for a Sustainable Transportation System in City Regions: Strategic Approaches and Consensus Building

Abstract

In this chapter we explain approaches to developing a strategy for a transportation system that will provide sustainable mobility. The chapter explains the strategic planning process from goal setting to plan making and implementation, and then examines the relationship between transport strategy planning and decision-making processes. Then, we will discuss setting sustainable goals for transportation in city regions, and explain a strategy for rearranging the spatial development pattern. Finally, we cover possible outcomes of the strategic planning process, such as suggestions for institutional reform, recognition of a need for consensus building regarding the strategic vision developed, and the creation of bodies for local governance in city regions.

Noboru Harata

China Korea Indonesia Thailand

Frontmatter

3.. Governing Urban Development in Dualistic Societies: A Case Study of the Urban Region of Yogyakarta, Indonesia

Abstract

The development of cities in the developing countries often takes on a character of a certain mixture between modernity and tradition. This mixture can be seen in the mixture between structured urban forms of the modern sector and organic landscape of the traditional compounds. Socially, the mixed or dualistic nature is also evident in the public behavior of urban dwellers, which is only partially based on formal rules of behavior while traditional customs for social relations often still dominate. The nature of duality may well explain some behaviors in formal institutions, where written laws and rules more often than sometimes are not properly observed and enforced. The incidence of official corruption, for example, may have been partially influenced by the generally slack observance of rules and regulations that characterizes dualistic societies.

Leksono Probo Subanu

4.. Problems and Prospects for Sustainable Regeneration of Traditional Markets in Yogyakarta City

Abstract

The city of Yogyakarta is the capital of the Special Province of Yogyakarta. Located in the middle-south of the island of Java (Fig. 4-1). The number of population of the Yogyakarta city was 510.914 in the year 2002. Table 4-1 depicts the number of population of regional cities and medium sized cities in Central Java and Yogyakarta provinces in 1999. Yogyakarta city is surrounded by several neighboring districts, i.e. Sleman, Bantul, Kulon Progo and Gunung Kidul (Fig. 4-1). The administrativeterritory of Yogyakarta city covers a geographic area of 32.5 km square. The number of population living in the city and its suburbs was about 700 thousands in 1998 (Chamber of Commerce DIY (1998). The annual increase rate of population in Yogyakarta was 7.6 percent. Strong migration into urban areas, especially to the capital of Yogyakarta, is the result of low living standard of the rural households.

Kawik Sugiana

5.. De Facto Urban Regeneration: A Case Study of Chiang Mai City, Thailand

Abstract

Urban regeneration has been used as a means to address the decline of many urban areas. The problems include new social trends resulting from demographic change, the decentralization of people and jobs, and the move out of the city of younger and more able populations. A number of other problems include the continued physical deterioration of urban environments, the physical decay of towns and cities that results in a serious underutilization of scarce resources and creates pressure for the expansion of urban areas, and the decay or obsolescence of urban social and economic infrastructure. These urban problems are complex and interconnected by nature, and thus cannot be solved by a single-sector or singleagency approach. According to (2000), urban regeneration is defined as “comprehensive and integrated vision and action which leads to the resolution of urban problems and which seeks to bring about a lasting improvement in the economic, physical and environmental condition of an area that has been subject to change.” This implies an overall strategic framework for city-wide development and a departure from previous methods such as urban renewal, urban rehabilitation, or urban redevelopment which used short-term, fragmented, and project-based development. Significant elements of urban regeneration are described below.

Niramon Kulsrisombat

6.. Spatial Regeneration and Beyond: Daegu, Korea

Abstract

Daegu, located in the southeast of the Korean Peninsula, boasts ample historic and cultural assets in and adjacent to the town. As agreed by many scholars, press, and ordinary people, not only has the city and region been distinguished in terms of Buddhism, but it has also been home to a number of persons of distinguished talents in many other fields: politics, economy and culture. However, recent decades have seen Daegu downgraded from Korea’s top regional center to a mere declining local city. It has now even been argued that Daegu, which has already dropped to Korea’s fourth largest city population-wise, might deteriorate even further.

Shi-Chul Lee, Seungkeun Park

7.. Urban Form and Rail Transit Development in Dalian, China

Abstract

Dalian, known as ‘the Pearl of Northern China,’ is located on the east coast of Eurasia and the southern tip of the Liaodong Peninsula. It stretches from 320°58′ to 123°31′ east longitude and 38°43′ to 40°10′ north latitude, with the Yellow Sea on the east, Bohai Sea on the west. Because of the superb geographical location, Dalian serves as a marine gateway to Beijing and vast northern China.

Shengchuan Zhao, Zhiwei Yang

Japan

Frontmatter

8.. Urban Regeneration and the Shift of Planning Approaches: The Case of Japanese Regional Cities

Abstract

Japan’s population started to decrease in 2005. Large cities with populations exceeding 1 million people are forecasted to continue seeing population increases until 2015, while the populations of small to medium-sized cities have already started to decline. Thus, the competition for growth among small to medium-sized cities is particularly harsh. Another demographic issue to consider is aging. Japan is the world’s fastest aging society and it is predicted that nearly one-third of the total population will be over 65-years old in 2030. It is surely a big challenge to find ways to maintain social vitality in an aging society. Rural areas surrounding regional cities are aging much more quickly than large metropolitan areas such as Tokyo. Thus, regional cities that serve as central cities of fast aging rural areas play important roles as driving forces of regional economic development.

Tetsuo Kidokoro

9.. Activities of Local Organizations for Downtown Revitalization in Regional Cities

Abstract

One of the most serious problems at present in regional cities in Japan is the decay of downtowns, caused mainly by the acceleration of motorization and suburbanization. Though the phenomena are similar to the problems facing inner cities in most large cities in Western countries, the main concerns are different. While deterioration of public safety and segregation are among the main concerns for inner cities in Western metropolises, the primary problems confronting downtowns — and whole cities — in Japan’s regional cities are depression of downtown shopping streets, degradation of the living environment, and the collapse of community identities.

Fumihiko Seta

10.. Sustainable Regeneration of a Car-dependent City: The Case of Toyama toward a Compact City

Abstract

Toyama Prefecture is one of three prefectures that comprise the Hokuriku Region at the Sea of Japan side of central Japan. Toyama City is its prefectural capital, and the second-largest city in Hokuriku after Kanazawa City (Fig. 10-1). About 420,000 people live in the city after the merger of seven municipalities in 2005, and the population of its metropolitan area is about 540,000.

Kiyoshi Takami, Kiichiro Hatoyama

Denmark Germany France

Frontmatter

11.. Copenhagen, Denmark: Urban Regeneration at Economic and Social Sustainability

Abstract

Copenhagen is the capital of Denmark, a small country in northern Europe with only 5.5 million inhabitants. The metropolitan region has about 1.8 million inhabitants while the central borough, the city, contains half a million. This gives Copenhagen a strong position as both the largest city in the country (number two, Århus, has a population of only 300,000) and the capital with all the associated functions: national government, the parliament, central administration, and major national organizations (industrial unions, cultural institutions, media, entertainment, sport and much else) which have, with one or two exceptions, established their headquarters in the city. Thus, Copenhagen plays a particular role due to its huge size compared to the rest of the country. As the biggest city, most legislation and initiatives in relation to urban conditions have had their start in the city. There is a clear Copenhagen mark on urban thinking, planning and policies in the country.

Hans Thor Andersen

12.. Regional Governance and Urban Regeneration: The Case of the Stuttgart Region, Germany

Abstract

The Stuttgart region is placed in the heart of Baden-Württemberg, one of the 16 states of the Federal Republic of Germany. It comprises the city of Stuttgart, the state capital, and five counties (kreise)—Ludwigsburg, Esslingen, Göppingen, Rems-Murr and Böblingen- and covers 3,654 square kilometers. It is home to about 2.7 million people who live in a total of 179 municipalities; some of them are big towns, others small rural villages. With more than 700 inhabitants/square kilometer it is one of the most densely populated urban regions in Germany. Over 20 million people live within a 200-kilometer radius of Stuttgart.

Johann Jessen

13.. City-Region Planning and Urban Projects “Coexistence or Integration?”: The Case of Marseille-Aix in France (1990–2006)

Abstract

The Marseille-Aix city region developed in a geographic location which conditioned its urban organization. This Mediterranean littoral territory is structured by coastal mountains (Cassis la Ciotat, Calanques, Côte Bleue), fragile humid spaces (Etang de Berre, Camargue), and a river (Rhône and its distributory La Durance). The land littoral itself has constraints: the mountain amphitheater of the Marseille commune, Alpilles and Lubéron. All these elements have imposed the circulation corridors and influenced the urbanization processes.

Alain Motte, Jérôme Dubois

America

Frontmatter

14.. Regional Planning and Local Governance: The Portland Story

Abstract

The Portland, Oregon, metropolitan region has acquired an international reputation for regional planning and governance. Planners, designers, and civic leaders from around the world have visited the Portland region as a means for gathering information about what it means to plan and govern at a metropolitan scale. Why this interest in regional planning and governance? Why Portland?

Ethan Paul Seltzer

15.. Sustainable Urban Regeneration in Phoenix, Arizona: Implications for Multi-dimensional Governance

Abstract

Human activity on earth and the increasing gregarious movement into cities are some of the most fascinating enterprises of mankind. This impact is difficult to measure, but (1971) and (2005) have defined it as a composite measure of population, affluence, technology and governance. Central to this equation is the long-term dimension of population impact and our ability to govern ourselves in order to minimize our impact on the planet. The sustainable development construct addresses intergenerational equity but also provides a framework to address city living and its regulatory milieu. Urban sustainability is now a major policy goal in many planning instruments and processes. Even though sustainable development means different things to different people, there is a consensus that sustainability is needed in order to achieve and maintain higher levels of economic prosperity, environmental quality and social responsiveness (Newman and Kenworthy (1999); (Berke (2002); (Gunder (2006).

Carlos Balsas

Conclusion

Frontmatter

16.. Towards Sustainable Regeneration of City Regions

Abstract

As the competition among city regions becomes increasingly harsh in the age of globalization, regional cities have increasingly be requested to play key roles as driving forces of city regions. Sustainable urban regeneration is understood as the regeneration of the attractiveness of cities in a sustainable manner in response to an ever-changing external world. How can this conceptual meaning of sustainable urban regeneration be interpreted in spatial terms? Fig. 16-1 illustrates the relationships between urbanization and the directions of urban spatial development. In the age of urbanization and motorization, selective redevelopment of city center areas and suburban development are facilitated at the same time and sprawl type of spatial development occurs (suburbanization stage). Generally, cities in the developing world are now at this stage of urban development. On the other hand, in the cities where urbanization has already reached a matured stage as observed in most developed countries, investment in extended urban areas becomes a mainstream trend as evidenced in the emergence of edge cities, and investment in old city center areas decreases significantly, in particular, in the old industrial areas. This stage of urban development can be called as the exsurbanization stage.

Tetsuo Kidokoro, Noboru Harata, Leksono Probo Subanu, Johann Jessen, Alain Motte, Ethan Paul Seltzer

Titel: Sustainable City Regions:
herausgegeben von: Tetsuo Kidokoro, Ph.D.
Noboru Harata, Ph.D.
Leksono Probo Subanu, Ph.D.
Johann Jessen, Dr.
Alain Motte
Ethan Paul Seltzer, Ph.D.
Verlag: Springer Japan
Electronic ISBN: 978-4-431-78147-9
Print ISBN: 978-4-431-78146-2
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-78147-9