Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Subjective Well-Being

  • Chapter
Book cover The Science of Well-Being

Part of the book series: Social Indicators Research Series ((SINS,volume 37))

Abstract

The literature on subjective well-being (SWB), including happiness, life satisfaction, and positive affect, is reviewed in three areas: measurement, causal factors, and theory. Psychometric data on single-item and multi-item subjective well-being scales are presented, and the measures are compared. Measuring various components of subjective well-being is discussed. In terms of causal influences, research findings on the demographic correlates of SWB are evaluated, as well as the findings on other influences such as health, social contact, activity, and personality. A number of theoretical approaches to happiness are presented and discussed: telic theories, associationistic models, activity theories, judgment approaches, and top-down versus bottom-up conceptions.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 89.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 119.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Adams, D. L. (1969). Analysis of a life satisfaction index. Journal of Gerontology, 24, 470–474.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Adams, D. L. (1971). Correlates of satisfaction among the elderly. The Gerontologist, 11, 64–68.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Allen-Kee, D. (1980). The relationship of psychological androgyny to self-esteem and life satisfaction in career-oriented and home-oriented women (Doctoral dissertation, University of Southern California, 1980). Dissertation Abstracts International, 41, 1479A.

    Google Scholar 

  • Alston, J. P., Lowe, G. D., & Wrigley, A. (1974). Socio-economic correlates for four dimensions of self-perceived satisfaction, 1972. Human Organization, 33, 99–102.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anderson, M. R. (1977). A study of the relationship between life satisfaction and self-concept, locus of control, satisfaction with primary relationships, and work satisfaction (Doctoral dissertation, Michigan State University, 1977). Dissertation Abstracts International, 38, 2638 9A. (University Microfilms No. 77–25,214).

    Google Scholar 

  • Andrews, F. M., & Inglehart, R. F. (1979). The structure of well-being in nine western societies. Social Indicators Research, 6, 73–90.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Andrews, F. M., & Withey, S. B. (1974). Developing measures of perceived life quality: Results from several national surveys. Social Indicators Research, 1, 1–26.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Andrews, F. M., & Withey, S. B. (1976). Social indicators of well-being: America’s perception of life quality. New York: Plenum Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baker, E. K. (1977). Relationship of retirement and satisfaction with life events to locus-of-control (Doctoral dissertation, University of Wisconsin—Madison, 1976). Dissertation Abstracts International, 37, 4748B. (University Microfilms No. 76–28, 900)

    Google Scholar 

  • Barnston, A. G. (1975). The effect of weather on mood, productivity, and frequency of emotional crisis in a temperate continental climate in early autumn. Unpublished master’s thesis, University of Illinois at Urbana—Champaign.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barry, H., Jr., & Bousfield, W. A. (1935). A quantitative determination of euphoria and its relation to sleep. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 29, 385–389.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Beiser, M. (1974). Components and correlates of mental well-being. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 15, 320–327.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bortner, R. W., & Hultsch, D. F. (1970). A multivariate analysis of correlates of life satisfaction in adulthood. Journal of Gerontology, 25, 41–47.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bousfield, W. A. (1938). Further evidence of the relation of the euphoric attitude to sleep and exercise. Psychological Record, 2, 334–344.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bousfield, W. A. (1942). Certain subjective correlates of sleep quality and their relation to the euphoric attitude. Journal of Applied Psychology, 26, 487–498.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bower, G. H. (1981). Mood and memory. American Psychologist, 36, 129–148.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bradburn, N. M. (1969). The structure of psychological well-being. Chicago: Aldine.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bradburn, N. M., & Caplovitz, D. (1965). Reports on happiness. Chicago: Aldine.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brandt, A. S. (1980). Relationship of locus of control, environmental constraint, length of time in the institution and twenty-one other variables to morale and life satisfaction in the institutionalized elderly (Doctoral dissertation, Texas Woman’s University, 1979). Dissertation Abstracts International, 40, 5802B. (University Microfilms No. 80–12, 153).

    Google Scholar 

  • Braun, P. M. W. (1977). Psychological well-being and location in the social structure (Doctoral dissertation, University of Southern California, 1976). Dissertation Abstracts International, 38, 2351A.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brenner, B. (1975). Enjoyment as a preventive of depressive affect. Journal of Community Psychology, 3, 346–357.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brickman, P., & Campbell, D. T. (1971). Hedonic relativism and planning the good society. In M. H. Appley (Ed.), Adaptation level theory: A symposium (pp. 287–302). New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brickman, P., Coates, D., & Janoff-Bulman, R. (1978). Lottery winners and accident victims: Is happiness relative? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 36, 917–927.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bryant, F. B., & Veroff, J. (1982). The structure of psychological well-being: A sociohistorical analysis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 43, 653–673.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bull, C. N., & Aucoin, J. B. (1975). Voluntary association participation and life satisfaction: A replication note. Journal of Gerontology, 30, 73–76.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bultena, G. L., & Oyler, R. (1971). Effects of health on disengagement and morale. Aging and Human Development, 2, 142–148.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cameron, P. (1974). Social stereotypes: Three faces of happiness. Psychology Today, 8, 63–64.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cameron, P. (1975). Mood as an indicant of happiness: Age, sex, social class, and situational differences. Journal of Gerontology, 30, 216–224.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cameron, P., Titus, D. G., Kostin, J., & Kostin, M. (1973). The life satisfaction of nonnormal persons. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 41, 207–214.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Campbell, A. (1976). Subjective measures of well-being. American Psychologist, 31, 117–124.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Campbell, A. (1981). The sense of well-being in America: Recent patterns and trends. New York: McGraw-Hill.

    Google Scholar 

  • Campbell, A., Converse, P. E., & Rodgers, W. L. (1976). The quality of American life. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cantril, H. (1965). The pattern of human concerns. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carp, F. M., & Carp, A. (1982). Test of a model of domain satisfactions and well-being: Equity considerations. Research on Aging, 4, 503–522.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Catalano, R., & Dooley, C. D. (1977). Economic predictors of depressed mood and stressful life events in a metropolitan community. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 18, 292–307.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chekola, M. G. (1975). The concept of happiness (Doctoral dissertation, University of Michigan, 1974). Dissertation Abstracts International, 35, 4609A. (University Microfilms No. 75–655).

    Google Scholar 

  • Cherlin, A., & Reeder, L. G. (1975). The dimensions of psychological well-being: A critical review. Sociological Methods and Research, 4, 189–214.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Clemente, F., & Sauer, W. J. (1976a). Life satisfaction in the United States. Social Forces, 54, 621–631.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Clemente, F., & Sauer, W. J. (1976b). Racial differences in life satisfaction. Journal of Black Studies, 7, 3–10.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Coan, R. W. (1977). Hero, artist, sage, or saint? New York: Columbia University.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cohn, R. M. (1979). Age and the satisfactions from work. Journal of Gerontology, 34, 264–272.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Conte, V. C., & Salamon, M. J. (1982). An objective approach to the measurement and use of life satisfaction with older persons. Measurement and Evaluation in Guidance, 15, 194–200.

    Google Scholar 

  • Costa, P. T., & McCrae, R. R. (1980). Influence of extraversion and neuroticism on subjective well-being: Happy and unhappy people. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 38, 668–678.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1975). Beyond boredom and anxiety. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

    Google Scholar 

  • Csikszentmihalyi, M., & Figurski, T. J. (1982). Self-awareness and aversive experience in everyday life. Journal of Personality, 50, 15–24.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Culberson, C. E. (1977). A holistic view of joy in relation to psychotherapy derived from Lowen, Maslow, and Assagioli (Doctoral dissertation, California School of Professional Psychology, 1977). Dissertation Abstracts International, 38, 2853B. (University Microfilms No. 77–27, 591)

    Google Scholar 

  • Cumming, E., Dean, L. R., & Newell, D. S. (1958). What is “morale”? A case history of a validity problem. Human Organization, 17, 3–8.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cutler, S. J. (1973). Voluntary association participation and life satisfaction: A cautionary research note. Journal of Gerontology, 28, 96–100.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cutler, S. J. (1976). Membership in different types of voluntary associations and psychological well-being. The Gerontologist, 16, 335–339.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cutler, N. E. (1979). Age variations in the dimensionality of life satisfaction. Journal of Gerontology, 34, 573–578.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Czaja, S. J. (1975). Age differences in life satisfaction as a function of discrepancy between real and ideal self-concepts. Experimental Aging Research, 1, 81–89.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • DeGuire, K. S. (1974). Activity choice, psychological functioning, degree of satisfaction, and personality factors in educated, middle-aged women (Doctoral dissertation, Fordham University, 1974). Dissertation Abstracts International, 35, 2424B. (University Microfilms No. 74–25, 045).

    Google Scholar 

  • Dember, W. N., & Penwell, L. (1980). Happiness, depression, and the Pollyanna principle. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society, 15, 321–323.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dermer, M., Cohen, S. J., Jacobsen, E., & Anderson, E. A. (1979). Evaluative judgments of aspects of life as a function of vicarious exposure to hedonic extremes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37, 247–260.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dicken, P., & Lloyd, P. E. (1981). Modern western society: A geographical perspective on work, home and well-being. London: Harper & Row.

    Google Scholar 

  • Diener, E., & Emmons, R. A. (in press). The independence of positive and negative affect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology.

    Google Scholar 

  • Diener, E., Emmons, R., Larsen, R., & Griffin, S. (1983). The Satisfaction with Life scale. Manuscript submitted for publication, University of Illinois at Urbana—Champaign.

    Google Scholar 

  • Diener, E., & Griffin, S. (in press). Happiness and life satisfaction: Bibliography. Psychological Documents.

    Google Scholar 

  • Diener, E., & Larsen, R. J. (in press). Temporal stability and cross-situational consistency of positive and negative affect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology.

    Google Scholar 

  • Diener, E., Larsen, R. J., & Emmons, R. A. (in press). Person $×$ situation interactions: Choice of situations and congruence response models. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology.

    Google Scholar 

  • Diener, E., Larsen, R. J., Levine, S., & Emmons, R. A. (in press). Frequency and intensity: The underlying dimensions of positive and negative affect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dixon, L. K., & Johnson, R. C. (1980). The roots of individuality: A survey of human behavior genetics. Monterey, CA: Brooks/Cole.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dobson, C., Powers, E. A., Keith, P. M., & Goudy, W. J. (1979). Anomia, self-esteem, and life satisfaction: Interrelationships among three scales of well-being. Journal of Gerontology, 34, 569–572.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Drumgoole, W. P. (1981). Self-concept and life satisfaction as perceived by young, middle-aged, and senior adults (Doctoral dissertation, East Texas State University, 1980). Dissertation Abstracts International, 41, 2939A. (University Microfilms No. 80–27, 666).

    Google Scholar 

  • Dupuy, H. J. (1978). The research edition of the general psychological well-being schedule. Unpublished manuscript.

    Google Scholar 

  • Easterlin, R. A. (1974). Does economic growth improve the human lot? Some empirical evidence. In P. A. David & M. W. Reder (Eds.), Nations and households in economic growth (pp. 89–125). New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Edwards, N. J., & Klemmack, D. L. (1973). Correlates of life satisfaction: A re-examination. Journal of Gerontology, 28, 497–502.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eisenberg, D. M. (1981). Autonomy, health and life satisfaction among older persons in a life care community (Doctoral dissertation, Bryn Mawr College, 1980). Dissertation Abstracts International, 41, 3724A. (University Microfilms No. 81–03, 906).

    Google Scholar 

  • Emmons, R. A., & Diener, E. (1983). Influence of impulsivity and sociability on positive and negative affect. Manuscript submitted for publication, University of Illinois at Champaign—Urbana.

    Google Scholar 

  • Emmons, R. A., Larsen, R. J., Levine, S., & Diener, E. (1983, May). Factors predicting satisfaction judgments. Paper presented at the meeting of the Midwestern Psychological Association Convention, Chicago.

    Google Scholar 

  • Estes, R. J., & Wilensky, H. L. (1978). Life cycle squeeze and the morale curve. Social Problems, 25, 277–292.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Falkman, P. W. (1973). Objective, subjective and continuity correlates of life satisfaction in an elderly population (Doctoral dissertation, Iowa State University, 1972). Dissertation Abstracts International, 33, 4556–7A. (University Microfilms No. 73–3880).

    Google Scholar 

  • Feinman, S. (1978). The blind as “ordinary people.” Journal of Visual Impairment and Blindness, 72, 231–238.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fellows, E. W. (1956). A study of factors related to a feeling of happiness. Journal of Educational Research, 50, 231–234.

    Google Scholar 

  • Felton, B., & Kahana, E. (1974). Adjustment and situationally bound locus of control among institutionalized aged. Journal of Gerontology, 29, 295–301.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fordyce, M. W. (1977a). Development of a program to increase personal happiness. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 24, 511–521.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fordyce, M. W. (1977b). The Happiness Measures: A sixty second index of emotional well-being and mental health. Unpublished manuscript, Edison Community College, Ft. Myers, Florida.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fordyce, M. W. (1978). Prospectus: The self-description inventory. Unpublished manuscript, Edison Community College, Ft. Myers, Florida.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fordyce, M. W. (1983). A program to increase happiness: Further studies. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 30, 483–498.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Forrester, N. G. (1980). Factors contributing to life satisfaction of divorced women (Doctoral dissertation, Arizona State University, 1980). Dissertation Abstracts International, 41, 1401A. (University Microfilms No. 80–21,663)

    Google Scholar 

  • Freedman, J. (1978). Happy people: What happiness is, who has it, and why. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.

    Google Scholar 

  • Freudiger, P. T. (1980). Life satisfaction among American women (Doctoral dissertation, North Texas State University, 1979). Dissertation Abstracts International, 40, 6438A. (University Microfilms No. 80–12,882).

    Google Scholar 

  • Gallup, G. H. (1976–1977). Human needs and satisfactions: A global survey. Public Opinion Quarterly, 40, 459–467.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • George, L. K. (1979). The happiness syndrome: Methodological and substantive issues in the study of social psychological well-being in adulthood. The Gerontologist, 19, 210–216.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • George, L. K., & Bearon, L. B. (1980). Quality of life in older persons: Meaning and measurement. New York: Human Sciences Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gerrard, C. K., Reznikoff, M., & Riklan, M. (1982). Level of aspiration, life satisfaction and locus of control in older adults. Experimental Aging Research, 8, 119–121.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gershon, E. S., Bunney, W. E., Lecksman, J. F., Van Erwegh, M., & DeBauche, B. A. (1976). The inheritance of affective disorders: A review of data and hypotheses. Behavior Genetics, 6, 227–261.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gibbs, B. A. M. (1973). Relative deprivation and selfreported happiness of blacks: 1946–1966 (Doctoral dissertation, The University of Texas, 1972). Dissertation Abstracts International, 34, 885A. (University Microfilms No. 73–18,429).

    Google Scholar 

  • Ginandes, C. S. (1977). Life satisfaction and self-esteem values in men of four different socioeconomic groups (Doctoral dissertation, Boston University, 1977. Dissertation Abstracts International, 38, 1880B. (University Microfilms No. 77–21,590).

    Google Scholar 

  • Glenn, N. D. (1975). The contribution of marriage to the psychological well-being of males and females. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 37, 594–600.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Glenn, N. D. (1981). The well-being of persons remarried after divorce. Journal of Family Issues, 2, 61–75.

    Google Scholar 

  • Glenn, N. D., & McLanahan, S. (1981). The effects of offspring on the psychological well-being of older adults. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 43, 138–150.

    Google Scholar 

  • Glenn, N. D., & Weaver, C. N. (1979). A note on family situation and global happiness. Social Forces, 57, 960–967.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Glenn, N. D., & Weaver, C. N. (1981a). The contribution of marital happiness to global happiness. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 43, 161–168.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Glenn, N. D., & Weaver, C. N. (1981b). Education’s effects on psychological well-being. Public Opinion Quarterly, 45, 22–39.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Goodhart, D. (in press). Some psychological effects associated with positive and negative thinking about stressful event outcomes: Was Pollyanna right? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goodstein, J., Zautra, A., & Goodhart, D. (1982). A test of the utility of social indicators for behavioral health service planning. Social Indicators Research, 10, 273–295.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gordon, R. M. (1975). The effects of interpersonal and economic resources upon values and the quality of life (Doctoral dissertation, Temple University, 1975). Dissertation Abstracts International, 36, 3122B. (University Microfilms No. 75–28, 220).

    Google Scholar 

  • Gorman, B. S. (1972). A multivariate study of the relationships of cognitive control and cognitive style principles to reported daily mood experiences. (Doctoral dissertation, City University of New York, 1971). Dissertation Abstracts International, 32, 4211B. (University Microfilms, No. 72–5071).

    Google Scholar 

  • Graney, M. J. (1975). Happiness and social participation in aging. Journal of Gerontology, 30, 701–706.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gurin, G., Veroff, J., & Feld, S. (1960). Americans view their mental health. New York: Basic Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Guttmann, D. (1978). Life events and decision making by older adults. The Gerontologist, 18, 462–467.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hadaway, C. K. (1978). Life satisfaction and religion: A re-analysis. Social Forces, 57, 636–643.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Harding, S. D. (1982). Psychological well-being in Great Britain: An evaluation of the Bradburn Affect Balance Scale. Personality and Individual Differences, 3, 167–175.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Harry, J. (1976). Evolving sources of happiness for men over the life cycle: A structural analysis. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 38, 289–296.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hartmann, G. W. (1934). Personality traits associated with variations in happiness, Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 29, 202–212.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hasak, P. A. (1978). Relationships among decentration, personality, and life satisfaction in the elderly (Doctoral dissertation, University of Kentucky, 1977). Dissertation Abstracts International, 39, 2986B. (University Microfilms No. 78–24, 397).

    Google Scholar 

  • Higgins, D. H. (1978). Self-concept and its relation to everyday stress in middle-aged women: A longitudinal study (Doctoral dissertation, Illinois Institute of Technology, 1977). Dissertation Abstracts International, 38, 4537B. (University Microfilms No. 78–00,865).

    Google Scholar 

  • Houston, J. P. (1981). The pursuit of happiness. Glenview, IL: Scott, Foresman.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoyt, D. R., & Creech, J. C. (1983). The Life Satisfaction Index: Methodological and theoretical critique. Journal of Gerontology, 38, 111–116.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hoyt, D. R., Kaiser, M. A., Peters, G. R., & Babchuk, N. (1980). Life satisfaction and activity theory: A multidimensional approach. Journal of Gerontology, 35, 935–941.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jasper, H. H. (1930). The measurement of depressionelation and its relation to a measure of extraversion–introversion. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 25, 307–318.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jones, H. M. (1953). The pursuit of happiness. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Joshi, B. L. (1964). Personality correlates of happiness (Doctoral dissertation, University of California, Berkeley, 1964). Dissertation Abstracts, 25, 2083. (University Microfilms No. 64–9039).

    Google Scholar 

  • Kammann, R. (1982, August). Personal circumstances and life events as poor predictors of happiness. Paper presented at the 90th Annual Convention of the American Psychological Association, Washington, DC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kammann, R. (1983). Objective circumstances, life satisfactions and sense of well-being: Consistencies across time and place. New Zealand Psychologist, 12, 14–22.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kammann, R., & Campbell, K. (1982). Illusory correlation in popular beliefs about the causes of happiness. New Zealand Psychologist, 11, 52–62.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kammann, R., Christie, D., Irwin, R., & Dixon, G. (1979). Properties of an inventory to measure happiness (and psychological health). New Zealand Psychologist, 8, 1–9.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kammann, R., Farry, M., & Herbison, P. (1982). The analysis and measurement of the sense of well-being. Manuscript submitted for publication, University of Otago, New Zealand.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kammann, R., & Flett, R. (1983). Affectometer 2: A scale to measure current level of general happiness. Australian Journal of Psychology, 35, 257–265.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kearl, M. C. (1981–1982). An inquiry into the positive personal and social effects of old age stereotypes among the elderly. International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 14, 277–290.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kimmel, D. C., Price, K. F., & Walker, J. W. (1978). Retirement choice and retirement satisfaction. Journal of Gerontology, 33, 575–585.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Klemmack, D. L., Carlson, J. R., & Edwards, J. N. (1974). Measures of well-being: An empirical and critical assessment. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 15, 267–270.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Knapp, M. R. J. (1976). Predicting the dimensions of life satisfaction. Journal of Gerontology, 31, 595–604.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Knippa, W. B. (1979). The relationship of antecedent and personality variables to the life satisfaction of retired military officers (Doctoral dissertation, University of Texas at Austin, 1979). Dissertation Abstracts International, 40, 1360A. (University Microfilms No. 79–20,146).

    Google Scholar 

  • Kozma, A., & Stones, M. J. (1978). Some research issues and findings in the study of psychological well-being in the aged. Canadian Psychological Review, 19, 241–249.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kozma, A., & Stones, M. J. (1980). The measurement of happiness: Development of the Memorial University of Newfoundland Scale of Happiness (MUNSH). Journal of Gerontology, 35, 906–912.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kozma, A., & Stones, M. J. (1982). Predictors of happiness. Unpublished manuscript, Memorial University of Newfoundland.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kozma, A., & Stones, M. J. (1983). Rater bias in the assessment of happiness. Unpublished manuscript, Memorial University of Newfoundland.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kuhlen, R. G. (1948). Age trends in adjustment during the adult years as reflected in happiness ratings. American Psychologist, 3, 307.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kushman, J., & Lane, S. (1980). A multivariate analysis of factors affecting perceived life satisfaction and psychological well-being among the elderly. Social Science Quarterly, 61, 264–277.

    Google Scholar 

  • Larsen, R. J. (1983). Manual for the Affect Intensity Measure. Unpublished manuscript, University of Illinois at Champaign—Urbana.

    Google Scholar 

  • Larsen, R. J., Diener, E., & Emmons, R. A. (1983a). An evaluation of subjective well-being measures. Manuscript submitted for publication, University of Illinois at Champaign—Urbana.

    Google Scholar 

  • Larsen, R. J., Diener, E., & Emmons, R. A. (1983b). Affect intensity and reactions to daily life events. Manuscript submitted for publication, University of Illinois at Champaign—Urbana.

    Google Scholar 

  • Larsen, R. J., Emmons, R. A., & Diener, E. (1983, May). Validity and meaning of measures of subjective well-being. Paper presented at the Midwestern Psychological Association Convention, Chicago.

    Google Scholar 

  • Larson, R. (1978). Thirty years of research on the subjective well-being of older Americans. Journal of Gerontology, 33, 109–125.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lawler, E. E., & Suttle, J. L. (1972). A causal correlational test of the need hierarchy concept. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 7, 265–278.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lawton, M. P. (1972). The dimensions of morale. In D. P. Kent, R. Kastenbaum, & S. Sherwood (Eds.), Research, planning and action for the elderly (pp. 144–165). New York: Behavioral Publications.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lawton, M. P. (1975). The Philadelphia Geriatric Center Morale Scale: A revision. Journal of Gerontology, 30, 85–89.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Laxer, R. M. (1964). Relation of real self-rating to mood and blame, and their interaction in depression. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 28, 538–546.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lemon, B. W., Bengston, V. L., & Peterson, J. A. (1972). An exploration of the activity theory of aging: Activity types and life satisfaction among in-movers to a retirement community. Journal of Gerontology, 27, 511–523.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lewinsohn, P. M., & Amenson, C. S. (1978). Some relations between pleasant and unpleasant events and depression. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 87, 644–654.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lewinsohn, P. M., & MacPhillamy, D. J. (1974). The relationship between age and engagement in pleasant activities. Journal of Gerontology, 29, 290–294.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Liang, J., Kahana, E., & Doherty, E. (1980). Financial well-being among the aged: A further elaboration. Journal of Gerontology, 35, 409–420.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lohmann, N. L. P. (1977). Comparison of life satisfaction, morale and adjustment scales on an elderly population (Doctoral dissertation, Brandeis University, 1977). Dissertation Abstracts International, 38, 418B. (University Microfilms No. 77–15,272).

    Google Scholar 

  • London, M., Crandall, R., & Seals, G. W. (1977). The contribution of job and leisure satisfaction to quality of life. Journal of Applied Psychology, 62, 328–334.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Maddox, G. L. (1963). Activity and morale: A longitudinal study of selected elderly subjects. Social Forces, 42, 195–204.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mancini, J. A., & Orthner, D. K. (1980). Situational influences on leisure satisfaction and morale in old age. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 28, 466–471.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Markides, K. S., & Martin, H. W. (1979). A causal model of life satisfaction among the elderly. Journal of Gerontology, 34, 86–93.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mathes, E. W., & Kahn, A. (1975). Physical attractiveness, happiness, neuroticism and self-esteem. Journal of Psychology, 90, 27–30.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Matlin, M. W., & Gawron, V. J. (1979). Individual differences in Pollyannaism. Journal of Personality Assessment, 43, 411–412.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Matlin, M. W., & Stang, D. (1978). The Pollyanna principle. Cambridge, MA: Schenkman.

    Google Scholar 

  • McGill, V. J. (1967). The idea of happiness. New York: Praeger.

    Google Scholar 

  • McClure, R. F., & Loden, M. (1982). Religious activity, denomination membership and life satisfaction. Psychology, A Quarterly Journal of Human Behavior, 19, 12–17.

    Google Scholar 

  • McKennell, A. (1974). Surveying subjective welfare: Strategies and methodological considerations. In B. Strumpel (Ed.), Subjective elements of well-being (pp. 45–72). Paris: Organization for Economic Development and Cooperation.

    Google Scholar 

  • Medley, M. L. (1980). Life satisfaction across four stages of adult life. International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 11, 193–209.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Messer, M. (1968). Race differences in selected attitudinal dimensions of the elderly. The Gerontologist, 8, 245–249.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Michalos, A. C. (1980). Satisfaction and happiness. Social Indicators Research, 8, 385–422.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Miller, M. L. (1980). Adaptation and life satisfaction of the elderly (Doctoral dissertation, Boston College, 1980). Dissertation Abstracts International, 41, 7367B. (University Microfilms No. 80–16,611).

    Google Scholar 

  • Mitchell, R. M. (1976). Paths to happiness: residence locality and interpersonal relationships (Doctoral dissertation, University of Notre Dame, 1976). Dissertation Abstracts International, 37, 3944A. (University Microfilms No. 76–27,291).

    Google Scholar 

  • Morawetz, D. (1977). Income distribution and self-rated happiness: Some empirical evidence. The Economic Journal, 87, 511–522.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Morganti, J. B., Nehrke, M. F., & Hulicka, I. M. (1980). Resident and staff perceptions of latitude of choice in elderly institutionalized men. Experimental Aging Research, 6, 367–384.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Moriwaki, S. Y. (1974). The Affect Balance Scale: A validity study with aged samples. Journal of Gerontology, 29, 73–78.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Morris, A. F., & Husman, B. F. (1978). Life quality changes following and endurance conditioning program. American Correctional Therapy Journal, 32, 3–6.

    Google Scholar 

  • Morris, J. N., & Sherwood, S. (1975). A retesting and modification of the Philadelphia Geriatric Center Morale Scale. Journal of Gerontology, 30, 77–84.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Natale, M., & Hantas, M. (1982). Effect of temporary mood states on selective memory about the self. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 42, 927–934.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Near, J. P., Rice, R. W., & Hunt, R. G. (1978). Work and extra-work correlates of life and job satisfaction. Academy of Management Journal, 21, 248–264.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Near, J. P., Rice, R. W., & Hunt, R. G. (1980). The relationship between work and nonwork domains: A review of empirical research. Academy of Management Review, 5, 415–429.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Neugarten, B. L., Havighurst, R. J., & Tobin, S. S. (1961). The measurement of life satisfaction, Journal of Gerontology, 16, 134–143.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Noberini, M. R. (1977). Adaptive behavior in middle-aged women: A follow-up study (Doctoral dissertation, University of Chicago, 1976). [Dissertation Abstracts International, 38, 881B. Maryland, 1979).] Dissertation Abstracts International, 40, 5211A. (University Microfilms No. 80–07,107).

    Google Scholar 

  • Okun, M. A., Stock, W. A., Haring, M. J., & Witter, R. A. (in press-a). Health and subjective well-being: A meta-analysis. Journal of Aging and Human Development.

    Google Scholar 

  • Okun, M. A., Stock, W. A., Haring, M. J., & Witter, R. A. (in press-b). A quantitative synthesis of the social activity/subjective well-being relationship. Research on Aging.

    Google Scholar 

  • Olsen, J. K. (1980). The effect of change in activity in voluntary associations on life satisfaction among people 60 and over who have been active through time (Doctoral dissertation, University of Maryland, 1979). Dissertation Abstracts International, 40, 5211A. (University Microfilms No. 80–07,107).

    Google Scholar 

  • O’Sullivan, W. M. (1980). A study of the relationship between life satisfaction of the aged and perceptions they hold concerning their own masculinity or femininity (Doctoral dissertation, New York University, 1980). Dissertation Abstracts International, 41, 6745B. (University Microfilms No. 80–17,520).

    Google Scholar 

  • Paintal, H. K. (1978). A correlational study of the three tools for measuring successful aging. Indian Journal of Clinical Psychology, 5, 69–76.

    Google Scholar 

  • Palmore, E. (1979). Predictors of successful aging. The Gerontologist, 19, 427–431.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Palmore, E., & Kivett, V. (1977). Change in life satisfaction: A longitudinal study of persons aged 46–70. Journal of Gerontology, 32, 311–316.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Palmore, E., & Luikart, C. (1972). Health and social factors related to life satisfaction. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 13, 68–80.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Palys, T. S., & Little, B. R. (1983). Perceived life satisfaction and the organization of personal projects systems. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 44, 1221–1230.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Parducci, A. (1968). The relativism of absolute judgements. Scientific American, 219, 84–90.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Parducci, A. (1982, August). Toward a relational theory of happiness. Paper presented at the 90th Annual Convention of the American Psychological Association, Washington, DC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Perry, G., & Warr, P. (1980). The measurement of mothers’ work attitudes. Journal of Occupational Psychology, 53, 245–252.

    Google Scholar 

  • Peterson, J. L. (1975). Personality effects of self-esteem, need motivation, and locus of control on the life satisfaction of older black adults (Doctoral dissertation, University of Michigan, 1974). Dissertation Abstracts International, 35, 5700B. (University Microfilms No. 75–10,256).

    Google Scholar 

  • Phillips, D. L. (1967). Social participation and happiness. American Journal of Sociology, 72, 479–488.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pierce, J. R. (1981). The relationship between continuing education and life satisfaction in older adults (Doctoral dissertation, Georgia State University, 1980). Dissertation Abstracts International, 41, 3909A. (University Microfilms No. 81–06, 835).

    Google Scholar 

  • Pomerantz, S. C. (1978). Adolescent identity, self-esteem, and physical self-satisfaction as a function of age and sex: Do they predict satisfaction with one’s social milieu? (Doctoral dissertation, Temple University, 1978). Dissertation Abstracts International, 39, 961B. (University Microfilms No. 78–12, 191).

    Google Scholar 

  • Ray, R. O. (1979). Life satisfaction and activity involvement: Implications for leisure service. Journal of Leisure Research, 11, 112–119.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reffruschini, J. O. (1978). Some multi-dimensional and value aspects of happiness (Doctoral dissertation, University of Arizona, 1978). Dissertation Abstracts International, 39, 2479B. (University Microfilms No. 78–20, 402).

    Google Scholar 

  • Reich, J. W., & Zautra, A. (1981). Life events and personal causation: Some relationships with satisfaction and distress. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 41, 1002–1012.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Reich, J. W., & Zautra, A. (1983). Demands and desires in daily life: Some influences on well-being. American Journal of Community Psychology, 11, 41–58.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Reid, D. W., & Ziegler, M. (1977). A survey of the reinforcements and activities elderly citizens feel are important for their general happiness. Essence, 2, 5–24.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reid, D. W., & Ziegler, M. (1980). Validity and stability of a new desired control measure pertaining to psychological adjustment of the elderly. Journal of Gerontology, 35, 395–402.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rhodes, A. A. (1980). The correlates of life satisfaction in a sample of older Americans from a rural area (Doctoral dissertation, University of Arkansas, 1980). Dissertation Abstracts International, 41, 1958–9A. (University Microfilms No. 80–26, 072).

    Google Scholar 

  • Rice, R. W., Near, J. P., & Hunt, R. G. (1979). Unique variance in job and life satisfaction associated with workrelated and extra-workplace variables. Human Relations, 32, 605–623.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rice, R. W., Near, J. P., & Hunt, R. G. (1980). The job satisfaction/life satisfaction relationship: A review of empirical research. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 1, 37–64.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Riddick, C. C. (1980). The life satisfaction of retired and employed older women: A re-examination of the disengagement theory (Doctoral dissertation, Pennsylvania State University, 1980). Dissertation Abstracts International, 41, 2327A. (University Microfilms No. 80–24, 483).

    Google Scholar 

  • Roth, T., Kramer, M., & Roehrs, T. (1976). Mood before and after sleep. The Psychiatric Journal of the University of Ottawa, 1, 123–127.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rux, J. M. (1977). Widows and widowers: Instrumental skills, socio-economic status, and life satisfaction (Doctoral dissertation, Pennsylvania State University, 1976). Dissertation Abstracts International, 37, 7352A. (University Microfilms No. 7–09, 724).

    Google Scholar 

  • Sandvik, E., & Diener, E. (1983). An evaluation of an opponent process theory of happiness. Manuscript submitted for publication, University of Illinois at Champaign—Urbana.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sauer, W. (1977). Morale of the urban aged: A regression analysis by race. Journal of Gerontology, 32, 600–608.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schaffer, N. G. (1977). The influence of activity level, personality traits, and social-demographic variables on life satisfaction in elderly women (Doctoral dissertation, Catholic University of America, 1977). Dissertation Abstracts International, 37, 5845B. (University Microfilms No. 77–11,042).

    Google Scholar 

  • Schneider, M. (1975). The quality of life in large American cities: Objective and subjective social indicators. Social Indicators Research, 1, 495–509.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schwarz, N., & Clore, G. L. (1983). Mood, misattribution, and judgments of well-being: Informative and directive functions of affective states. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 45, 513–523.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Scitovsky, T. (1976). The joyless economy. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Seidman, E., & Rapkin, B. (1983). Economics and psychosocial dysfunction: Toward a conceptual framework and prevention strategies. In R. D. Felner, L. A. Jason, J. N. Moritsugu, & S. S. Farber (Eds.), Preventive psychology (pp. 175–198). New York: Pergamon Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sherman, L. K. G. (1980). The correlates of happiness in post-separation adjustment (Doctoral dissertation, University of Oregon, 1979). Dissertation Abstracts International, 40, 5022B. (University Microfilms No. 80–05,800).

    Google Scholar 

  • Shin, D. C., & Johnson, D. M. (1978). Avowed happiness as an overall assessment of the quality of life. Social Indicators Research, 5, 475–492.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sigelman, L. (1981). Is ignorance bliss? A reconsideration of the folk wisdom. Human Relations, 34, 965–974.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Silver, M. (1980). Money and happiness? Towards “eudaimonology.” Kyklos, 33, 157–160.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, H. C. (1961). Personality adjustment. New York: McGraw-Hill.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, T. W. (1979). Happiness: Time trends, seasonal variations, intersurvey differences, and other mysteries. Social Psychology Quarterly, 42, 18–30.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, K. J., & Lipman, A. (1972). Constraint and life satisfaction. Journal of Gerontology, 27, 77–82.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Solomon, R. L. (1980). The opponent-process theory of acquired motivation: The costs of pleasure and the benefits of pain. American Psychologist, 35, 691–712.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Solomowitz, N. (1979). Life styles, life satisfaction and ego development in late adulthood (Doctoral dissertation, University of Kentucky, 1979). Dissertation Abstracts International, 40, 2857B. (University Microfilms No. 79–27, 719).

    Google Scholar 

  • Spreitzer, E., & Snyder, E. E. (1974). Correlates of life satisfaction among the aged. Journal of Gerontology, 29, 454–458.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Springer, N. N., & Roslow, S. A. (1935). A study in the estimation of feelings. Journal of Applied Psychology, 19, 379–384.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stock, W., Okun, M., Stock, S., Haring, M., & Witter, R. A. (1982, August). Reporting reliability: A case study of life satisfaction research. Paper presented at the 90th Annual Convention of the American Psychological Association, Washington, DC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stock, W. A., Okun, M. A., Haring, M. J., & Witter, R. A. (1983). Age and subjective well-being: A metanalysis. In R. J. Light (Ed.), Evaluation studies: Review annual (Vol. 8, pp. 279–302). Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Suchman, E., Phillips, B., & Strieb, G. (1958). An analysis of the validity of health questionnaires. Social Forces, 36, 223–232.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sudman, S., Greeley, A. M., & Pinto, L. J. (1967). The use of self-administered questionnaires. In S. Sudman (Ed.), Reducing the cost of surveys (pp. 46–57). Chicago: Aldine.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sundre, D. L. (1978). The relationship between happiness and internal–external locus of control. Unpublished master’s thesis, California State University, Chico.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sweeney, P. D., Schaeffer, D. E., & Golin, S. (1982). Pleasant events, unpleasant events, and depression. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 43, 136–144.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tatarkiewicz, W. (1976). Analysis of happiness. The Hague, Netherlands: Martinus Nijhoff.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tellegen, A. (1979). Differential Personality Questionnaire. Unpublished manuscript, University of Minnesota.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tolor, A. (1978). Personality correlates of the joy of life. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 34, 671–676.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Toseland, R., & Rasch, J. (1979–1980). Correlates of life satisfaction: An AID analysis. International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 10, 203–211.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tredway, V. A. (1978). Mood and exercise in older adults (Doctoral dissertation, University of Southern California, 1978). Dissertation Abstracts International, 39, 2531B.

    Google Scholar 

  • Underwood, B., & Framing, W. J. (1980). The mood survey: A personality measure of happy and sad moods. Journal of Personality Assessment, 44, 404–414.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Usui, W. M., Keil, T. J., & Phillips, D. C. (1983). Determinants of life satisfaction: A note on a race-interaction hypothesis. Journal of Gerontology, 38, 107–110.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • VanCoevering, V. G. R. (1974). An exploratory study of middle-aged and older widows to investigate those variables that differentiate high and low life satisfaction (Doctoral dissertation, Wayne State University, 1973). Dissertation Abstracts International, 34, 3895A. (University Microfilms No. 73–31, 788).

    Google Scholar 

  • Wahba, M. A., & Bridwell, L. G. (1976). Maslow reconsidered: A review of research on the need hierarchy theory. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 15, 212–240.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Warr, P. (1978). A study of psychological well-being. British Journal of Psychology, 69, 111–121.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Warr, P., Barter, J., & Brownbridge, G. (1983). On the independence of negative and positive affect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 44, 644–651.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Washburne, J. N. (1941). Factors related to the social adjustment of college girls. Journal of Social Psychology, 13, 281–289.

    Google Scholar 

  • Watson, G. (1930). Happiness among adult students of education. The Journal of Educational Psychology, 21, 79–109.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Weaver, C. N. (1978). Job satisfaction as a component of happiness among males and females. Personnel Psychology, 31, 831–840.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Weinstein, L. (1982). Positive contrast as due to happiness. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society, 19, 97–98.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wessman, A. E. (1957). A psychological inquiry into satisfactions and happiness (Doctoral dissertation, Princeton University, 1956). Dissertation Abstracts International, 17, 1384. (University Microfilms No. 00–20, 168).

    Google Scholar 

  • Wessman, A. E., & Ricks, D. F. (1966). Mood and personality. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wills, T. A. (1981). Downward comparison principles in social psychology. Psychological Bulletin, 90, 245–271.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, W. R. (1960). An attempt to determine some correlates and dimensions of hedonic tone (Doctoral dissertation, Northwestern University, 1960). Dissertation Abstracts, 22, 2814. (University Microfilms No. 60–6588).

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, W. (1967). Correlates of avowed happiness. Psychological Bulletin, 67, 294–306.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, R. S., & Matheny, A. P. (1983). Assessment of temperament in infant twins. Developmental Psychology, 19, 172–183.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wiltsey, R. G. (1967). Some relationship between verbal reports of pleasant and unpleasant moods, sleep duration and sleep quality variables in college students (Doctoral dissertation, University of Rochester, 1967). Dissertation Abstracts International, 28, 346–7B. (University Microfilms No. 67–8982).

    Google Scholar 

  • Wish, C. W. (1977). The relationship of sex role typing to life satisfaction in older persons (Doctoral dissertation, Ohio State University, 1976). Dissertation Abstracts International, 37, 5820-1B. (University Microfilms No. 77–10,627).

    Google Scholar 

  • Wolk, S., & Telleen, S. (1976). Psychological and social correlates of life satisfaction as a function of residential constraint. Journal of Gerontology, 31, 89–98.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wood, V., Wylie, M. L., & Sheafor, B. (1969). An analysis of a short self-report measure of life satisfaction: Correlation with rate judgments. Journal of Gerontology, 24, 465–469.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wortman, C., & Silver, R. (1982, August). Coping with undesirable life events. Paper presented at the 90th Annual Convention of the American Psychological Association, Washington, DC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wright, J. D. (1978). Are working women really more satisfied? Evidence from several national surveys. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 40, 301–313.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zajonc, R. B. (1980). Feeling and thinking: Preferences need no inferences. American Psychologist, 35, 151–175.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zautra, A. J. (1983). Social resources and the quality of life. American Journal of Community Psychology, 11, 275–290.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zautra, A., Hempel, A. (1983). Subjective well-being and physical health: A review of literature and some suggestions for future research. Manuscript submitted for publication, Arizona State University.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zautra, A., & Reich, J. W. (1980). Positive life events and reports of well-being: Some useful distinctions. American Journal of Community Psychology, 8, 657–670.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zautra, A. J., & Reich, J. W. (1983). Life events and perceptions of life quality: Developments in a two-factor approach. Journal of Community Psychology, 11, 121–132.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zeglen, M. E. (1977). The impact of primary relationships on life satisfaction of the elderly (Doctoral dissertation, Washington State University, 1976). Dissertation Abstracts International, 37, 5372A. (University Microfilms No. 77–2892).

    Google Scholar 

  • Zevon, M. A., & Tellegen, A. (1982). The structure of mood change: An idiographic/nomothetic analysis, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 43, 111–122.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Psychology, University of Illinois, 603 East Daniel, Champaign, ILL 61820, USA

    Ed Diener

Authors
  1. Ed Diener
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Dept. Psychology, University of Illinois, 603 E. Daniel St, Champaign, IL 61820, USA

    Ed Diener

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2009 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Diener, E. (2009). Subjective Well-Being. In: Diener, E. (eds) The Science of Well-Being. Social Indicators Research Series, vol 37. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-2350-6_2

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation