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Sustainable Agriculture and Climate Changes in Egypt

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Sustainable Agriculture Reviews

Part of the book series: Sustainable Agriculture Reviews ((SARV,volume 12))

Abstract

Egypt is one of the most populous countries in Africa. Most of Egypt 82.2 million people live near the banks of the Nile River, in an area of about 40,000 km2, where the only arable land is found. The large areas of the Sahara Desert are sparsely inhabited. About half of Egypt’s residents live in urban areas, with most people spread across the densely populated centers of greater Cairo, Alexandria and other major cities in the Nile Delta. Egypt’s fertile area totals about 3.3 million ha, about one-quarter of which is land reclaimed from the desert. However, the reclaimed lands only add 7% to the total value of agricultural production. Even though only 3% of the land is arable, it is extremely productive and can be cropped two or even three times annually. Most land is cropped at least twice a year, but agricultural productivity is limited by salinity, which afflicts an estimation of 35% of cultivated land, and drainage issues. Climate change is a natural phenomenon, but humankind has drastically altered the process. Climate change has the potential to affect agriculture through changes in temperature, rainfall timing and quantity, CO2, and solar radiation. Agriculture can both mitigate or worsen global warming. Some of the increase in CO2 in the atmosphere comes from the decomposition of organic matter in the soil, and much of the methane emitted into the atmosphere is caused by the decomposition of organic matter in wet soils such as rice paddies. Egypt’s agricultural development has been constrained by, among other factors, the need to conserve scarce natural resources, the pressures of rapid urbanization, the onslaught of the desert, and, not least important, technological limitations and restrictive economic structures.

The major conclusions are (1) due to increasing recognition of climate change, agriculture in Egypt is increasingly supporting issues of sustainable agricultural production systems, and (2) most effects of climate change on sustainable agriculture in Egypt could be changed through mitigation and adaptation.

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Abbreviations

BC:

Before Christ

CAPMAS:

Central Agency for Public Mobilization and Statistics

GDP:

Gross Domestic Production

GCOS:

Global Climate Observing System

GHGE:

Greenhouse Gases Emissions

IPCC:

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

EEAA:

Egyptian Environmental Affairs Agency

INC:

Initial National Communication

MDGs:

Millennium Development Goals

MSL:

Mean Sea Level

NGOs:

Non-Governmental Organizations

SNC:

Second National Communication

SRU:

Strategic Research Unit

UNDP:

United Nations Development Programme

UNESCO:

United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization

UNFCCC:

United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

WMO:

World Meteorological Organization

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Soil and Water Sciences Dept, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafrelsheikh Uni, 33516, Kafr El-Sheikh, Egypt

    Hassan R. El-Ramady

  2. Soil, Water and Environment Research Institute (SEWRI), Agricultural Research Center, Giza, Egypt

    Samia M. El-Marsafawy

  3. University of California, Rambla de Catalunya 47, 08007, Barcelona, Spain

    Lowell N. Lewis (Emeritus Professor)

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  1. Hassan R. El-Ramady
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  2. Samia M. El-Marsafawy
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  3. Lowell N. Lewis
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Correspondence to Hassan R. El-Ramady .

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  1. INRA-CMSE-PME, rue Sully 17, Dijon, 21000, France

    Eric Lichtfouse

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El-Ramady, H.R., El-Marsafawy, S.M., Lewis, L.N. (2013). Sustainable Agriculture and Climate Changes in Egypt. In: Lichtfouse, E. (eds) Sustainable Agriculture Reviews. Sustainable Agriculture Reviews, vol 12. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-5961-9_2

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