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1989 | Buch

Management’s Perspective on Underground Gas Storage Kapitel lesen Erstes Kapitel lesen

Underground Storage of Natural Gas

Theory and Practice

herausgegeben von: M. R. Tek

Verlag: Springer Netherlands

Buchreihe : NATO ASI Series

Enthalten in: Professional Book Archive

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Über dieses Buch

This book contains the proceedings of NATO Advanced Study Institute, 'Underground Storage of Natural Gas - Theory and Practice', which was held at The Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey during 2-10 May 1988. Underground storage is the process which effectively balances a variable demand market with a desirably constant supply provided by pipelines. Storage reservoirs are the unique warehouses designed and developed to provide a ready supply of natural gas in response to high, peak demands during cold weather. The natural' gas is injected into the underground storage environment when the market demand falls below the supply available from the pipeline. It is withdrawn from the storage reservoir to supplement the steady supply provided by the pipelines whenever the demand exceeds the supply. The overall wellbeing of the entire western world in general and of the NATO member count­ ries in particular depend critically upon having sufficient energy resources. Of over 80 quad Btus of energy consumed each year in the western world, about 30~ comes from natural gas, a figure only exceeded by oil. The technology related to supply and demand of natural gas has been in the focus of long range energy planning during the last decade in Western Europe. In view of recent developments related to natural gas in Europe and Turkey, an "Advanced Study Institute" programme in Turkey on underground storage of natural gas was deemed particularly relevant and timely.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

Frontmatter

Management Perspective and International Aspects

Frontmatter
Management’s Perspective on Underground Gas Storage
Abstract
Certainly the views of the Management of Coastal Corporation’s Natural Gas Group on gas storage have been very favorable throughout the years, evidenced by our system companies having developed 25 storage fields and 340 Bcf of working storage capacity since 1941 for our own system needs. And, building on the extensive storage development and operating experience we gained over the forty years, we started my company, ANR Storage Company, in 1978 to develop and operate gas storage facilities for non-affiliated customers as a new corporate business opportunity. Since then ANR Storage has developed and placed into operation four new fields in the state of Michigan and one in Kansas which is owned on a 50/50 partnership basis. Today, we are preparing the necessary applications for government permits to develop, thru a partnership, a depleted gas field in the state of New York to provide storage service to 5 east coast gas distribution companies and are also currently involved in proposed gas storage projects in several other regions of the country.
John D. Kobasa
Underground Storage of Natural Gas
Abstract
The total global primary energy consumption for the year 1986 amounted to 322 000 PJ = 10 989 million tonnes HCE (hard coal equivalent). The percentage share of the various energy sources is shown in Fig. 1. Assuming a global population of 5 billion people this represents an average annual per capita consumption of about 2 t HCE. Regional differences are quite substantial. The highest per capita figure of 11,5 t HCE is found in the U.S.A., closely followed by Norway with some 11 t HCE. In West Germany the specific annual per capita consumption is around 6 t HCE. Fig. 2 shows a graphic representation of the per capita consumption of arbitrarily selected countries. It is noticeable in this context that about 1/3 of the world’s primary energy is consumed in North America.
Hans-Guenter Haddenhorst
Review of World Wide Storage Projects
Keywords/Abstract
Underground natural gas storage/France/Role of storage/storage types/French storage characteristics.
For the transporter and distributor of natural gas, storage is an activity of utmost importance which cannot be dispensed with. GAZ DE FRANCE, in charge of supplying its customers with natural gas, in cooperation with ELF-AQUITA1NE, is no exception to this rule.
GAZ DE FRANCE has an extensive natural gas underground storage system completed by those operated by ELF-AQUITAINE.
This paper presents the role of underground natural gas storage in FRANCE, the storage types and their characteristics.
Michel Dussaud
Underground Gas Storage in Denmark - An Overview
Abstract
Dansk Olie & Naturgas A/S is a stateowned company which owns and operates the natural gas transmission system in Denmark (figure 1). The gas is produced from 4 offshore fields in the Danish sector of the North Sea and flows to shore through a 220 km (137 miles) pipeline of 0.76 m (30 inches) diameter.
Hans Oebro
Needs for Underground Storage of Natural Gas in Spain. Prospects, Potentials and Developments: The Serrablo Field.
Abstract
Spain, 38 million inhabitants in 500.000 Km2, started using LNG in 1969 in the area of Barcelona, under a contract with EXXON in Libya.
Emilio Sotomayor

Theory and Practice

Frontmatter
Fundamental Equations for Transport Processes in Storage Reservoirs
Abstract
The objective of this paper is to present an overview of the fundamental equations governing transport phenomena in compressible storage reservoirs. A general mathematical model will be presented for the important thermo-mechanical processes operative in a reservoir. Such a formulation would include equations governing multiphase fluid (gas-water-hydrocarbon) flow, energy transport, and reservoir skeleton deformation. The model allows phase changes due to gas solubility. Furthermore, Terzaghi’s concept of effective stress and stress-strain relations are incorporated into the general model. The functional relations among various model parameters which cause the nonlinearity of the system of equations are explained within the context of reservoir engineering principles. Simplified equations and appropriate boundary conditions have also been presented for various cases.
M. Yavuz Corapcioglu, Sorab Panday
Dual-Mechanism Gas Flow Dynamics in Single- and Dual-Porosity Systems
Abstract
Unconventional natural gas has been defined as pipeline quality (high BTU-content) gas produced from geologic formations that have not been exploited by the oil and gas industry due to the cost and difficulty of producing the gas. These unconventional gas resources include tight sands, geopressured aquifers, Devonian shales, and coal seams. These unconventional gas reservoirs arc characterized by low permeability and porosity characteristics which make it difficult for the gas to flow through the geologic formations towards the well. Furthermore, presence of extensive natural fracture networks, soiption phenomena, and dispersed gas bubbles complicate the performance analysis of these reservoirs because phenomenologically more complicated mechanisms control the flow dynamics.
T. Ertekin
Geostatistics Applied to Underground Gas Storage
Abstract
The spatial distribution of many parameters concerning a gas reservoir is of primary interest to engineers and geologists throughout the study, development, and operation of a field.
Several needs must be satisfied : simple graphical representation, statistical interpretation and the input of data on models using two or three dimensional grids.
New methods have been developed under the name of Geostatistics to deal with these geographical variables.
This paper describes briefly the theory of Geostatistics and its most recent improvements for the specific problem of subsurface description.
The interest of the external drift technique has been especially emphasized.
Four different real case studies related to gas reservoirs which show the wide range of applications of geostatistics are also presented.
Guy Fasanino, Gilbert Meunier
Deliverability of Natural Gas
Abstract
In evaluating the operation of storage reservoirs, three performance attributes are defined. These are concepts related to:
1.1
Verification of inventory
 
1.2
Containment against migration, and
 
1.3
Assurance of deliverabi1ity.
 
M. R. Tek
The Development of a Generalized Drawdown Equation for Real Gas FLCW Including the Effects of Wellbore Storage and Turbulence
Abstract
When a gas well is opened at the surface for flow at a constant rate, the initial flow is caused primarily by depletion of gas stored in the wellbore rather than from the formation. The flow from the formation increases gradually from zero until the specified wellhead flowrate is reached. At this point, wellbore storage effects have completely decayed and the flow behavior is known as transient flow. Transient flow represents that duration of flow when flowing pressure-time data plot as a straight line on semilogarithmic coordinates. The analysis of transient flow data is often refered to as semilog analysis.
Paul E. Oren, R. L. Lee, M. D. Stevenson, M. R. Tek
Inventory Verification Isopore Volumetric Method
Abstract
There are various analytical methods available to the reservoir engineer for verifying the inventories of underground gas storage. Some methods are more adaptable than others to a particular type of reservoir or set of reservoir conditions. The methodology described herein is primarily applicable to gas storage reservoirs that were developed from depleted gas production fields.
The volumetric formulae are sensitive to changes in the variables involved in the equations. Therefore, when calculating the gas content in a heterogeneous reservoir, care must be taken to compensate for the disparity in porosity as it occurs throughout the reservoir. The isopore method provides the means to properly delineate this change in reservoir porosity.
Richard W. Mantia
Use of Pulse Test Technique and Reservoir Simulation for Developing Aquifer Storage
Abstract
In contrast to the case of a conversion of a partial depleted oil- or gasfield to an underground-storage the amount of data-knowledge about an aquifer-storage-project is very limited. Especially the future pressure-behavior of an aquifer is normally an unknown.
Werner Toelcke
Drilling and Completion Problems Related to Underground Gas Storage Wells
Abstract
In the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG) we have a well developed gas market. More than 15% of the total energy consumption is covered by natural gas. The country is however largely dependent on gas imports. The imported gas comes mainly from the Netherlands, North Sea and UdSSR (Sibiria).
C. Marx
Storage of Natural Gas in Salt Caverns
Abstract
The storage of natural gas meets the following primary objectives:
1.
Improvement of the economics of gas-transport- pipeline networks.
 
2.
Compensation of seasonal fluctuations in consumption.
 
3.
Covering demand fluctuations (Peak Shaving).
 
4.
Maintaining gas supplies in case of operating faults at production sites or in the transport system.
 
5.
Emergency supplies.
 
Hans-Guenter Haddenhorst
Underground Storage of Liquefied Gases at Low Temperature
Abstract
The technical and economical advantages of the underground storage of petroleum products have, over the last few decades, made it possible to provide a particularly attractive alternative to open-air storage tanks for most petroleum products.
P. V. de Laguerie
Compressed Air Energy Storage (Peak Shaving Plant Neuenhuntorf)
Abstract
The possibility of generating peak power with a gas turbine plant in conjunction, with an underground compressed air storage has been researched for many years.
Hans-Guenter Haddenhorst
Computer-Aided Pipeline Facilities and Control Systems
Abstract
In recent years, major structural changes have occurred in the gas industry and in its underlying economics. These changes demand responses from the pipeline operating companies in order that optimum efficiency and profitability is maintained within the new environment. As a result, a major effort has taken place aimed at reducing overall operating costs and in particular the cost of transporting natural gas. To assist their efforts, several companies have resorted to transient simulation models some of which incorporate various degrees of optimising capability.
L. R. Ellul

Recent Developments

Frontmatter
Mechanism of Gas-Mater Flow in Storage Reservoirs
Abstract
Equilibrium of two immiscible fluids in a porous medium: capillary pressure.
Guy Fasanino, Jean-Eric Molinard
Two-Phase Flow Simulation
Abstract
The ability to predict a reservoir’s responses to a variety of conditions is the first goal of a study of this type, and through analysis of the reservoir’s behavior it is possible to effectively determine its reaction within any given situation. The technical and economic project to be carried out before developing an underground gas storage system generally consists of a feasibility study, which takes into account all the available parameters of the field. Data collected locally, such as well and interference tests, will be integrated to perform a whole field study. And precise tools are needed to determine the proper development of a reservoir.
Guy Fasanino, Jean-Eric Molinard
Mixing in Underground Gas Storage
Abstract
Underground storage fields developed on aquifers or converted from producing reservoirs frequently encounter problems related to mixing phenomena. The need for understanding flow and displacement processes as affected by mixing in the porous matrix surrounding storage wells is important, both in design and operation of storage units.
There are five specific occasions where mixing and dispersion take on practical significance in storage
1.
- Total or partial conversion of working inventory from native to pipeline quality gas,
 
2.
- Use of the storage unit for selective storage of gases having different compositions,
 
3.
- Prospects of replacing part of the cushion gas by a lean or inert substitute,
 
4.
- Use of chemical or radioactive tracers in investigating possible leak paths,
 
5.
- Compressed Air Energy Storage in depleted gas fields.
 
In order to provide a capability to predict the field performance as affected by mixing (or dispersion), a methodology has been developed which emphasizes numerical simulation implemented by appropriate computer. The programmes permit calculation and graphical tracking of the front separating the gases involved in the miscible displacement process as affected’ by heterogeneities, operating conditions and the physical dispersion. Identification of physical parameters necessary for appropriate modeling is included.
The field data reported in the paper include one storage reservoir where an entire working inventory and about half of the cushion gas, have been displaced by cycling a gas of different characteristics. Similar conversions have been successfully carried out.
In an area which will have profound implications in economics of underground storage, interesting data have been collected by substituting inert gas for part of the cushion gas in two storage reservoirs. One of these substitutions has recently been completed while the other is in progress.
Guy Fasanino, Jean-Eric Molinard
Geochemical Fingerprinting: Identification of Storage Gas Using Chemical and Isotopic Analysis
Abstract
Distinguishing natural gases from different sources is of critical importance to the gas industry and to the general public. Gas which migrates from gas or oil wells, pipelines, or storage reservoirs can result in a significant loss to the company and can sometimes reach the surface or enter public water supplies and result in hazardous situations. In some cases, gas which is thought to be leakage gas or migrated gas is, in fact, naturally occurring (native) gas. It is therefore of prime importance to be able to distinguish gases from different sources.
Dennis D. Coleman
Establishing a Data Base for Gas Identification
Abstract
Geochemical fingerprinting of natural gas uses inherent differences in chemical and isotopic compositions to distinguish gases from different sources. This technique has been shown to be an effective means of storage gas identification2,4. Although it is not necessary to add any “tracers” to the gas, the procedure can be greatly enhanced by the availability of an adequate data base to compare to. For example, distinguishing native gas from migrated storage gas requires establishing the geochemical compositions of gases from both sources. The most unequivocal samples of pure native gas are those collected prior to injection of any storage gas. Documentation of the occurrence of bacterial gases near gas storage reservoirs prior to storage activity can reduce the incidence of “false alarms” of reservoir leakage.
Dennis D. Coleman
Numerical Simulation of Miscible Displacement Processes in Gas Storage Reservoirs
Abstract
The Gas Research Institute has proposed a gas storage operating plan whereby an inert gas, such as nitrogen, is to be injected into a storage reservoir. This inert gas would serve a two-fold purpose. First the inert gas would act as a displacing fluid during injection/withdrawal cycles and second could also replace part of the cushion gas at the outer limits of the storage reservoir. During periods of injection and withdrawal, the convective mixing of the inert and hydrocarbon gases would be important and, during off-season shut-in periods, the mixing of the gases by physical diffusion or dispersion could be significant. In order to study this process, a reservoir simulation model was developed that can simulate the immiscible How of gas and water. The gas phase was treated as a miscible mixture of two gas components, one representing the inert and another representing the hydrocarbon gases. The model uses different PVT properties for the two gases and calculates mixture properties as a function of composition throughout the simulation. The basic model is a two-phase fully implicit reservoir simulator and contains the effects of gravity, capillary pressure, relative permeability and variable reservoir properties.
D. C. Shaw
New Techniques in Underground Storage of Natural Gas in France
Abstract
Operator of some nine underground gas storages in aquifers, GAZ DE FRANCE has decided for economical reasons, to replace part of cushion gas of these storages by a less costly inert gas. After a brief description of the inert gas production facilities developed for that purpose, the case history of Saint - Clair - sur - Epte is presented with special emphasis on the analysis of the mixing phenomena between inert and natural gas during storage development and cyclic operation.
Michel Dussaud

Case Histories

Frontmatter
Case Histories in Underground Storage
Abstract
The oilfield Reitbrook Kreide is located 15 km south east Hamburg in northern part of West Germany (FRG).
Siegfried Meister
West Unionville Storage Field a Case History of Gas Migration
Abstract
The history of the West Unionville Storage Field illustrates the mechanism of lateral gas migration from a storage reservoir to a gas production field. The reservoir study together with the gas loss calculations are detailed. Also, the current and future use of the storage field is discussed.
The West Unionville story establishes why the exact geology of, not only the storage reservoir, but the area surrounding the storage field must be clearly identified. It demonstrates how a reservoir with lateral migration may be restored for storage service with a well defined injection/withdrawal pattern and reservoir monitoring program.
Richard W. Mantia
Huntsman and West Engelland Fields a Case History of Gas Migration
Abstract
During the years 1982–85, a lengthy litigation took place between KN Energy and Marathon Oil Corp. The case involved performance of two fields on structures adjacent to a common saddle and suspected migration of storage gas into the gas cap of a producing oil field. After some 3 years of extensive study, discovery proceedings and preparations, the case came to trial in U.S. District Court in Lincoln, Nebraska, 8 July 1985. After nearly a month in court, agreement was reached between the parties to settle the case on 6 August 1985. The purpose of this paper is not to redress and reargue the legal controversy. Rather, it is to share in the technical forum of gas technology, the lessons learned from the synergistic study leading to a forensic conclusion.
The case history is unique and significant because it relates to extensive data from 2 fields and provides insight helpful to understanding major geological and operational factors affecting migration, exchange and mixing of mobile fluids underground.
The paper, written from the perspectives of applied reservoir engineering and geology, includes methodologies applicable to other similar situations - often suspected but not sufficiently investigated.
Application and calculations involving inventory verification methods, production-pressure trends, study of well records, gas-water, gas-oil contacts and computer simulation by finite element method.
M. R. Tek
Backmatter
Metadaten
Titel
Underground Storage of Natural Gas
herausgegeben von
M. R. Tek
Copyright-Jahr
1989
Verlag
Springer Netherlands
Electronic ISBN
978-94-009-0993-9
Print ISBN
978-94-010-6936-6
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-0993-9