Abstract
The problem of analyzing conceptual change in science has been substantially refined since its introduction by logical empiricists, particularly Karl Popper, and its radical critique by Kuhn. Recently, philosophers of biology have added to the growing wealth of conceptions of change through their studies of evolutionary biology. Those who study evolutionary theory recognize it as a very broad framework in which to characterize dynamic processes. Moreover, there have been numerous attempts to generalize evolutionary theories beyond organic adaptation to explain the origin of life (Eigen et al. 1981), the origin of moral systems (Darwin 1871), the development of reasoning faculties (Campbell 1965, 1974), the origin and spread of culture (e.g., Boyd and Richerson 1985), as well as the dynamics of scientific communities and conceptual systems (e.g., Toulmin 1972; Hull 1975, 1978, 1980, 1982, 1983, 1985, 1988; Richards 1977; 1981; see Bradie 1986 for a recent review).
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Bibliography of Diagrams of Weismannism
Arthur W. (1987). Theories of life: Darwin, Mendel, and beyond. Middlesex: Penguin. Figure 9, p. 63: a. Organisms as lines through time. b. The Weismannian view. Figure 19, p. 135: A morphogenetic tree showing the distinction between germ-line and soma. Figure 20, p. 137: A nested morphogenetic tree system of insect development.
Conklin E. (1920). Heredity and environment, 2nd ed. Princeton: Princeton University Press. (1st ed 1915.) Figure 41, p. 126: Diagram showing the ‘cell lineage’ of the body cells and germ cells in a worm or mollusk
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Dendy A. (1928). Outlines of evolutionary biology. New York/London: Appleton. (1st ed. 1912.) Figure 83, p. 200: Diagram to illustrate the contrast between Darwin’s Theory of pangenesis and Weismann’s theory of the continuity of the germ-plasm.
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Geddes P., Thomson J. (1889). The evolution of sex. London: Walter Scott. Unnumbered figure, p. 94: The relation between reproductive cells and the ‘body’ (vertical). Unnumbered figure, p. 261: The relation between reproductive cells and the ‘body’ (horizontal).
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Herbert S. (1910). The first principles of heredity. London: A&C Black. Figure 36, p. 61 (copy of Weismann 1892, fig. 16). Figure 37, p. 62 (copy from Geddes and Thomson 1889, p. 94).
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Kerr J.G. (1926). Evolution. London: MacMillan. Figure 28, p. 109: Diagram to illustrate the continuous strand of gonad associated with an ancestral chain of individuals.
Lock R.H. (1906). Recent progresss in the study of variation, heredity and evolution. New York: Dutton. Figure 1, p. 68: Diagram illustrating Weismann’s theory of inheritance. (Copied from Wilson, 1896.).
Lull, R.S. (1917). Organic Evolution. New York: MacMillan. Figure 17, p. 144: Diagram to illustrate the continuity of the germ-plasm. (Copied from Walter 1913, fig. 3.).
Maynard Smith J. (1958). The theory of evolution, 1st ed. Middlesex: Penguin. Figure 5, p. 63: Chains of causation for three kinds of inheritance in which the egg cytoplasm is important: A. Delayed gene action B. Transmission of environmentally induced changes C. Cytoplasmic inheritance. (Not in 2nd or 3rd editions.).
Maynard Smith J. (1965). The theory of evolution. 2nd. ed. Middlesex: Pengun. (3rd ed. 1975). Figure 8, p. 67: Weismarm and the central dogma. (Not in 1st ed., 1958.).
Maynard Smith J. (1972). John Maynard Smith on evolution. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. Figure 2, p. 39: Diagram of the theory of heredity. Figure 3, p. 40: Diagram of a theory of evolution.
McLaren A. (1981). Germ cells and soma. New Haven: Yale University Press. Figure 1, p. 2: Two contrasting views of the relation between germ cells and soma. Figure 2, p. 4: An alternative view of the relations between germ cells and soma.
Moore J. (1972). Readings in heredity and development. London: Oxford University Press. Figure 5, p. 79 (reprint from Wilson 1896).
Thomson J. (1908). Heredity. London: John Murray. Figure 9, p. 43: Diagram illustrating the idea of germinal continuity, (copied from Wilson, 1896.) Figure 35, p. 344: Diagram illustrating segregation of germ cells. Figure 43, p. 434: The relation between reproductive cells and the ‘body’. (From Geddes and Thomson 1889.).
Walter H. (1922). Genetics. New York: MacMillan. (1st ed. 1913.) Figure 3, p. 14: Scheme to illustrate the continuity of the germ-plasm. Figure 14, p. 91: The theoretical results in the offspring of parental acquisitions. Figure 58, p. 224: Diagram to show typical maturation and fertilization. Figure 79, p. 256: Differentiation in somatogenesis according to Weismann. (After Conklin.) Figure 80, p. 258: Differentiation in somatogenesis according to De Vries. (After Cronklin.).
Weismann A. (1892). Das Keimplasma, Eine Theorie der Vererbung. Jena: Gustav Fischer. English translation (1893) by Parker W., Ronnfeldt H. The germ-plasm, A theory of heredity. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons. Figure 3, p. 102: Diagram of the cell-generations in the forelimb of a Triton. Figure 13, p. 193: Three early stages in the development of Sagitta. Figure 14, p. 194: Three early stages in the development of the summer eggs of Moina. Figure 15, p. 195: Stages in the segmentation of the ovum and formation of the germinal layers in Rhabditis nigrovenosa. Figure 16, p. 196: Diagram of the germ-track of Rhabditis nigrovenosa.
Wells H., Huxley J., Wells G. (1929). The science of life. New York: The Literary Guild. Figure 164, p. 458: The continuity of the generations.
Williams G. (1986). Comments by George C. Williams on Sober’s ‘The nature of selection’. Biology & Philosophy 1: 114–122. Figure 2, p. 117: leaves on the phylogenetic trees represent recurring physical effects of the continuity of information.
Wilson E.B. (1896). The cell in development and inheritance. London: Macmillan. (2nd ed. 1900.) Figure 5, p. 13: Diagram illustrating Weismann’s theory of inheritance.
Wilson E.B. (1925). The cell in development and heredity. 3rd ed. New York: MacMillan. Figure 5, p. 13: Diagram illustrating the Nussbaum-Weismann theory of heredity. Figure 135, p. 311: General diagram of the germ-line in animals.
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Griesemer, J.R., Wimsatt, W.C. (1989). Picturing Weismannism: A Case Study of Conceptual Evolution. In: Ruse, M. (eds) What the Philosophy of Biology Is. Nijhoff International Philosophy Series, vol 32. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-1169-7_6
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