Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Sea Ice Characteristics and the Role of Sediment Inclusions in Deep-Sea Deposition: Arctic — Antarctic Comparisons

  • Chapter
Book cover Geological History of the Polar Oceans: Arctic versus Antarctic

Part of the book series: NATO ASI Series ((ASIC,volume 308))

Abstract

Much of Arctic sea ice forms over the shallow continental shelves along the perimeter of the basin. Ice which escapes the shelf is transported several years within the Beaufort Gyre and Transpolar Drift stream, before exiting the Arctic Basin through Fram Strait. This ice, and especially that in the Siberian branch of the Transpolar Drift stream in the Eurasian Basin, may incorporate large quantities of particulate matter during formation on the shelf. Subsequent seasonal surface melting and winter freezing on the ice underside results in surface accumulation of particulate matter. Rafting of floes over and under each other results in a complex ice stratigraphy and redistribution of sediment accumulations. In contrast, Antarctic sea ice has only limited sources for sediment incorporation, and most of the ice-cover melts each year. These variations in Arctic and Antarctic ice characteristics are illustrated by analyses of ice crystal texture, c-axis orientations, salinity, δ 18O on ice cores and discussion of potential sediment input.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 259.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 329.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 329.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Ackley, S. F.: 1982, ‘Ice scavenging and nucleation: Two mechanisms for incorporation of algae into newly-forming ice’, EOS Trans. Amer. Geophys. Union 63, 54–55.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anderson, J. B., C. Brake, E. W. Domack, N. Meyers, and R. C. Wright: 1983, ‘Development of a polar glacial-marine sedimentation model from Antarctic Quaternary deposits and glaciological information’, in B. F. Molnia (ed.): Glacial-Marine Sedimentation, Plenum Press, New York, pp. 233–264.

    Google Scholar 

  • Andreas, E. L., and S. F. Ackley: 1982, ‘On the differences in ablation seasons of Arctic and Antarctic sea ice’, J. Atm. Sci. 39, 440–447.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Anonymous: 1978, Polar Regions Atlas, National Foreign Assessment Center, Central Intelligence Agency, Washington, 66 p.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anonymous: 1985, Sea Ice Climatic Atlas, Vol. I: Antarctic, National Oceanography Command Detachment, Asheville, 132 p.

    Google Scholar 

  • Arnason, B.: 1972, comments on ‘Sea currents, ice drift and ice composition in the East Greenland Current’, in T. Karlsson (ed.), Sea Ice, Proc. Int. Conf., Reykjavik, 32.

    Google Scholar 

  • Arnason, B.: 1985, ‘The use of deuterium to trace the origin of drifting sea ice’, Rit Fiskideildar 9, 85–89.

    Google Scholar 

  • Arnason, B.: in prep., ‘The possible use of deuterium and oxygen-18 to identify sea masses and to trace the origin and drifting of sea ice’.

    Google Scholar 

  • Arnold, K.: 1961, ‘An investigation into methods of accelerating the melting of ice and snow by artificial dusting’, in G. O. Raasch (ed.), Geology of the Arctic, University of Toronto Press, Toronto, pp. 989–1013.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barnes, P. W., and E. Reimnitz: 1974, ‘Sedimentary processes on Arctic Shelves off the northern coast of Alaska’, in J. C. Reed, and J. E. Sater (eds.), The Coast and Shelf of the Beaufort Sea, Arctic Institute of North America, Arlington, pp. 439–476.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barnes, P. W., E. M. Kempema, and E. Reimnitz: 1988, ‘Source, characteristics and significance of sediment pellets formed on the sea ice of the Arctic Basin’, EOS Trans. Amer. Geophys. Union 69, 1263, (abstr.).

    Google Scholar 

  • Barnes, P. W., E. Reimnitz, and D. Fox: 1982, ‘Ice rafting of fine-grained sediment, asorting and transport mechanism, Beaufort Sea, Alaska’, J. Sediment Petrol. 52, 493–502.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barrett, P. J., A. R. Pyne, and B. L. Ward: 1983, ‘Modern sedimentation in McMurdo Sound, Antarctica’, in R. L. Oliver, P. R. James, and J. B. Jago (eds.), Antarctic Earth Science, Austr. Acad. Sci., Canberra, pp. 550–554.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barry, R. G., A. Henderson-Sellers, and K. P. Shine: 1984, ‘Climate sensitivity and the marginal cryosphere’, in J. E. Hansen, and T. Takahashi (eds.), Climate Processes and Climate Sensitivity, Geophys. Monogr. 29, M. Ewing Vol. 5, Amer. Geophys. Union,Washington, pp. 221–237.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Beck, N., and K. O. Münnich: 1988, ‘Freezing of water: Isotopic fractionation’, Chem. Geol. 70, 168.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brennecke, W.: 1921, ‘Die ozeanographischen Arbeiten der Deutschen Antarktischen Expedition, 1911–1912’, Arch. Dtsch. Seeww. 39.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burckle, L. H., D. Robinson, and D. W. Cooke: 1982, ‘Reappraisal of sea-ice distribution in Atlantic and Pacific sectors of the Southern Ocean at 18,000 yrBP’, Nature 299, 435–437.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carter, L. D., J. S. Mitchell, and N. J. Day: 1981, ‘Suspended sediment beneath permanent and seasonal ice, Ross Ice Shelf, Antarctica’, New Zealand J. Geol. Geophys. 24, 249–262.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cherepanov, N. V.: 1957, ‘Using methods of crystal optics for determining the age of drift ice’, (in Russian) Problemy Arktiki 2, 179–184.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clark, R. H.: 1965, ‘The oases in the ice’, in T. Hatherton (ed.) Antarctica, Methuen, London, pp. 321–330.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clark, D. L., M. Andrée, W. S. Broecker, and A. C, Mix: 1986, ‘Arctic Ocean chronology confirmed by accelerator 14C dating’, Geophys. Res. Lett. 13, 319–321.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Clark, D. L., and A. Hanson: 1983, ‘Central Arctic Ocean sediment texture: Key to ice transport mechanisms’, in B. F. Molnia (ed.), Glacial-Marine Sedimentation, Plenum Press, New York. pp. 301–330.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clark, D. L., R. R. Whitman, K. A. Morgan, and S. D. Mackay: 1980, ‘Stratigraphy and glacial-marine sediments of the Amerasian Basin, central Arctic Ocean’, Geol. Soc. Amer. Spec. Paper 181, 57 p.

    Google Scholar 

  • Codispoti, L. A., and F. A. Richards: 1968, ‘Micronutrient distributions in the East Siberian and Laptev Seas during summer 1963’, Arctic 21, 67–83.

    Google Scholar 

  • Colony, R., and A. S. Thorndike: 1985, ‘Sea ice motion as a drunkard’s walk’, J. Geophys. Res. 90, 965–974.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cooke, D. W., and J. D. Hays: 1982, ‘Estimates of Antarctic Ocean seasonal ice cover during glacial intervals’ in C. Craddock (ed.), Antarctic Geoscience, University of Wisconsin Press, Madison, pp. 1017–1024.

    Google Scholar 

  • Darby, D. A., L. H. Burckle, and D. L. Clark: 1974, ‘Airborne dust on the Arctic pack ice, its composition and fallout rate’, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 24, 166–172.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dayton, P. K., G. A. Robilliard, and A. L. DeVries: 1969, ‘Anchor ice formation in McMurdo Sound, Antarctica, and its biological effects’, Science 163, 273–274.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Debenham, F.: 1920, ‘A new mode of transportation by ice: The raised marine muds of South Victoria Land (Antarctica)’, Quat. J. Geol Soc. London 75, 51–76.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Drewry, D. J.: 1986, Glacial Geologic Processes, Arnold, London, 276 p.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eicken, H., M. A. Lange, and C. Kottmeier: 1988, ‘Meeresbildung in Küstenpolynyen - ein Beitrag zum Eishaushalt des Weddellmeeres?’, 15th Int. Polar Meeting, German Soc. Polar Res., 93–94., (abstr.).

    Google Scholar 

  • Eicken, H., and M. A. Lange: 1989, ‘Development and properties of sea ice in the coastal regime of the southeastern Weddell Sea’, J. Geophys. Res. 94, 8193–8206.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Elverhøi, A., S. Pfirman, A. Solheim, and B. B. Larsen: 1989, ‘Glaciomarine sedimentation in epicontinental seas exemplified by the northern Barents Sea’, Mar. Geol. 85, 225–250.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Friedman, I., B. Schoen, and J. Harris: 1961, ‘The deuterium concentration in Arctic sea ice’, J. Geophys. Res. 66, 1861–1864.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Garrison, D. L., S. F. Ackley, and K. R. Buck: 1983, ‘A physical mechanism for establishing algal populations in frazil ice’, Nature 306, 363–365.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gierloff-Emden, H.-G.: 1982, Das Eis des Meeres, de Gruyter, Berlin, pp. 767–940.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goldstein, R. H.: 1983, ‘Stratigraphy and sedimentology of ice-rafted and turbidite sediment, Canada Basin, Arctic Ocean’, in B. F. Molnia (ed.), Glacial-Marine Sedimentation, Plenum Press, New York, pp. 367–400.

    Google Scholar 

  • González-Ferrán, O.: 1982, ‘The Antarctic Cenozoic volcanic provinces and their implications in plate tectonic processes’, in C. Craddock (ed.), Antarctic Geoscience, University of Wisconsin Press, Madison, pp. 687–694.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gordienko, P. A., and A. F. Laktionov: 1969, ‘Circulation and physics of the Arctic basin waters’, in Annals of the International Geophysical Year, Oceanography 46, Pergamon, New York, pp. 94–112.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gordon, A. L.: 1981, ‘Seasonality of southern ocean sea ice’, J. Geophys. Res. 86, 4193–4197.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gow, A. J., and S. Epstein: 1972, ‘On the use of stable isotopes to trace the origins of ice in a floating ice tongue’, J. Geophys. Res. 77, 6552–6557.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gow, A. J., W. B. Tucker, and W. F. Weeks: 1987, ‘Physical properties of summer sea ice in the Fram Strait’, June-July 1984. CRREL Rep. 87–16.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gran, H. H.: 1904, ‘Diatomacea from the ice-floes and plankton of the Arctic Ocean’, in F. Nansen (ed.), The Norwegian North Polar Expedition 1893–1896, Scientific Results 4, Oslo., pp. 3–74.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hibler, W. D. III: 1979, ‘A dynamic thermodynamic sea ice model’, J. Phys. Ocean. 9, 815–846.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Holmes, M. L., and J. S. Creager: 1974, ‘Holocene history of the Laptev Sea continental shelf’, in Y. Herman (ed.), Marine Geology and Oceanography of the Arctic Seas, Springer, New York, pp. 211–229.

    Google Scholar 

  • Horner, R. A.: 1985, ‘Ecology of sea ice microalgae’, in R. A. Horner (ed.), Sea Ice Biota, CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp 83–103.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jeffries, M. O., and H. R. Krouse: 1988, ‘Salinity and isotope analysis of some multi-year landfast sea-ice cores, northern Ellesmere Island, Canada’, Ann. Glaciol. 10, 63–67.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jeffries, M. O., H. R. Krouse, W. M. Sackinger, and H. V. Serson: 1989 ‘Stable-isotope (18O/16O) tracing of fresh, brackish, and sea ice in multi-year land-fast sea ice, Ellesmere Island, Canada’, J. Glaciol. 35, 9–16.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jones, G. A., and L. D. Keigwin: 1988, ‘Evidence from Fram Strait (78°N) for early deglaciation’, Nature 336, 56–59.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kempema, E. W., and E. Reimnitz: 1986, ‘Flume studies and field observations of the interaction of frazil ice and anchor ice with sediments’, U.S.Geol. Survey Open File Rep. 86–515, 48 p.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kempema, E. W., E. Reimnitz, and P. W. Barnes: 1989, ‘Sea ice sediment entrainment and rafting in the Arctic’, J. Sediment. Petrol. 59, 308–317.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kindle, E. M.: 1924, ‘Observations on ice-borne sediments by the Canadian and other Arctic expeditions’, Amer. J. Sci. (Ser. 5) 7, 251–286.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Koch, L.: 1945, ‘The East Greenland Ice’, Medd. Grønland 130, 354 p.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ku, T. L., and W. S. Broecker: 1967, ‘Rates of sedimentation in the Arctic Ocean’, in M. Sears (ed.), Progress in Oceanography 4, Pergamon, New York, pp. 95–104.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kulikov, N. N.: 1961, ‘Osadkoobrazovaniye v Karskon More (Sedimentation in the Kara Sea)’, Sovremennyye Osadki Morey i Okeanov, Moscow, pp. 437–447 (U.S. Naval Oceanographie Office Washington translation, J. H. Kravitz (ed.), 1967).

    Google Scholar 

  • Lange, M. A.: 1988, ‘Basic properties of Antarctic sea ice as revealed by textural analysis of ice cores’, Ann. Glaciol. 10, 95–101.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lange, M. A, S. F. Ackley, P. Wadhams, G. S. Dieckmann, and H. Eicken: 1989, ‘Development of sea ice in the Weddell Sea, Atarctica’, Ann. Glaciol. 12, 92–96.

    Google Scholar 

  • Larssen, B. B., A. Elverhøi, and P. Aagaard: 1987, ‘Study of particulate material in sea ice in the Fram Strait - a contribution to paleoclimatic research?’ Polar Res. 5, 313–315.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lorius, C., L. Merlivat, and R. Hagemann: 1969, ‘Variation in the mean deuterium content of precipitations in Antarctica’, J Geophys. Res. 74, 7027–7031.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Martin, S. A.: 1981, ‘Frazil ice in rivers and oceans’, Ann. Rev. Fluid Mech. 13, 379–397.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Martin, S. A., and P. Kauffman: 1974, ‘The evolution of under-ice melt ponds, or double diffusion at the freezing point’, J Fluid Mech. 64, 507–527.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Maykut, G. A.: 1985, ‘The ice environment’, in R. A. Horner (ed.), Sea Ice Biota, CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp. 21–82.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maykut, G. A., and N. Untersteiner: 1971, ‘Some results from a time-dependent thermodynamic model of sea ice’, J. Geophys. Res. 76, 1550–1575.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McLaren, A. S.: 1989, ‘The under-ice thickness distribution of the Arctic Basin as recorded in 1958 and 1970’, J Geophys. Res. 94, 4971–4983.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McLaren, A. S., M. C. Serreze, and R. G. Barry: 1987, ‘Seasonal variations of sea ice motion in the Canada Basin and their implications’, Geophys. Res. Lett. 14, 1123–1126.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Minicucci, D. A., and D. L. Clark: 1983, ‘Late Cenozoic stratigraphy for glacial-marine sediments of the eastern Alpha Cordillera, central Arctic Ocean’, in B. F. Molnia (ed.), Glacial-Marine Sedimentation, Plenum Press, New York, pp. 331–365.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mullen, R. E., D. A. Darby, and D. L. Clark: 1972, ‘Significance of atmospheric dust and ice rafting for Arctic Ocean sediment’, Geol. Soc. Amer. Bull. 83, 205–212.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Murozumi, M., T. J. Chow, and C. Patterson: 1969, ‘Chemical concentrations of pollutant lead aerosols, terrestrial dusts and sea salts in Greenland and Antarctic snow strata’, Geochirru Cosmochim. Acta 33, 1247–1294.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nansen, F.: 1897, Farthest North, Archibald Constable, Whitehall Gardens.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nansen, F.: 1904, ‘The bathymetrical features of the North Polar Basin’, in F. Nansen (ed.), The Norwegian North Polar Expedition 1893–2896, Scientific Results, 3(9), Longmans, Green & Comp., London, 427 p.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nansen, F.: 1906, ‘Protozoa on the ice-floes of the North Polar Sea’, in F. Nansen (ed.), The Norwegian North Polar Expedition 1893–1896, Scientific Results, 5(16), Longmans, Green & Comp., London, 22 p.

    Google Scholar 

  • Naugler, F. P., N. Silverberg, and J. S. Creager: 1974, ‘Recent sediments of the East Siberian Sea’, in Y. Herman (ed.), Marine Geology and Oceanography of the Arctic Seas, Springer, New York, pp. 191–210.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nichols, R. L.: 1964, ‘Present status of Antarctic glacial geology’, in R. J. Adie (ed.) Antarctic Geology, Proc. 1st Int. Symp. on Antarctic Geology, North-Holland, Amsterdam, pp. 123–137.

    Google Scholar 

  • Osterkamp, T. E., and J. P. Gosink: 1984, ‘Observations and analyses of sediment-laden sea ice’, in P. W. Barnes, D. M. Schell, and E. Reimnitz (eds.), The Alaskan Beaufort Sea, Ecosystems and Environments, Academic Press, London, pp. 73–93.

    Google Scholar 

  • Östlund, H. G., and G. Hut: 1984, ‘Arctic Ocean water mass balance from isotope data’, J. Geophys. Res. 89, 6373–6381.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ovenshine, A. T.: 1970, ‘Observations of iceberg rafting in Glacier Bay, Alaska, and the indentification of ancient ice-rafted deposits’, Geol. Soc. Amer. Bull. 81, 891–894.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Parkinson, C. L., J. C. Comiso, H. J. Zwally, D. J. Cavalieri, P. Gloersen, and W. J. Campbell: 1987, ‘Arctic Sea Ice, 1973 – 1976: Satellite passive-microwave observations’, NASA Spec. Publ. 489, 296 p.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pfirman, S., J.-C. Gascard, I. Wollenburg, P. J. Mudie, and A. Abelmann: 1989a, ‘Particle-laden Eurasian Arctic sea ice, observations from July and August 1987’, Polar Res. 7, 59–66.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pfirman, S., I. Wollenburg, J. Thiede, and M. A. Lange: 1989b, ‘Lithogenic sediment on Arctic pack ice: Potential aeolian flux and contribution to deep sea sediments’, in M. Sarnthein, and M. Leinen (eds.), Paleoclimatology and Paleometeorology: Modem and Past Patterns of Global Atmospheric Transport, Kluwer, Dordrecht, pp. 463–493.

    Google Scholar 

  • Polarstern Shipboard Scientific Party: 1988, ‘Breakthrough in Arctic deep-sea research: The Polarstern expedition 1987’, EOS Trans. Amer. Geophys. Union 69, 665–678.

    Google Scholar 

  • Poser, H.: 1933, ‘Über Abschmelzformen auf dem ostgrönländischen Packeise und Landeise’, Z. Gletscherk. 21, 1–20.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reimnitz, E., and P. W. Barnes: 1974, ‘Sea ice as a geological agent on the Beaufort Sea shelf of Alaska’, in J. C. Reed, and J. E. Sater (eds.), The Coast and Shelf of the Beaufort Sea, Arctic Institute of North America, Arlington, pp. 301–353.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reimnitz, E., and K. F. Bruder: 1972, ‘River discharge into an ice-covered ocean and related sediment dispersal, Beaufort Sea, coast of Alaska’, Geol Soc. Amer. Bull. 83, 861–866.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Reimnitz, E., and E. W. Kempema: 1987, ‘Field observations of slush ice generated during freeze-up in Arctic coastal waters’, Mar. Geol. 77, 219–231.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Reimnitz, E., and E. W. Kempema: 1988, ‘Ice rafting: An indication of glaciation?’, J. Glaciol. 34, 254–255.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reimnitz, E., E. W. Kempema, and P. W. Barnes: 1987, ‘Anchor ice, seabed freezing, and sediment dynamics in shallow Arctic seas’, J. Geophys. Res. 92, 14671–14678.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schwarzachen W.: 1959, ‘Pack-ice studies in the Arctic Ocean’, J. Geophys. Res. 64, 2357–2367.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • SCOR Working Group 58: 1979, ‘The Arctic Ocean heat budget’, Geophysical Institute, University of Bergen, Report No. 52, 98 p.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thiede, J. and Shipboard Scientific Party: 1988, ‘Scientific cruise report of Arctic Expedition ARK IV/3’, Ben Polarforschung 43, 237 p.

    Google Scholar 

  • Untersteiner, N.: 1986, ‘Glaciology - A primer on ice’, Oceanus 29, 18–23.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vinje, T. E.: 1985, ‘Drift, composition, morphology and distribution of the sea ice field in the Barents Sea’, Norsk Polarinst. Skr. 179C, 26 p.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vowinckel, E., and S. Orvig: 1970, ‘The climate of the North Polar Basin’, in S. Orvig (ed.), Climates of the Polar Regions, World Survey of Climatology 14, Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 129–252.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wadhams, P., M. A. Lange, and S. F. Ackley: 1987, ‘The ice thickness distribution across the Atlantic sector of the Antarctic Ocean in midwinter’, J. Geophys. Res. 92, 14535–14552.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Weeks, W. F.: 1986, ‘The physical properties of the sea ice cover’, in B. G. Hurdle (ed.), The Nordic Seas, Springer, New York, pp. 87–100.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weeks, W. F., and S. F. Ackley: 1982, ‘The growth, properties and structure of sea ice’, CRREL Monogr.82–1.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weeks, W. F., and A. J. Gow: 1978, ‘Preferred crystal orientations in the fast ice along the margins of the Arctic Ocean’, J. Geophys. Res. 83, 5105–5121.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Witte, W. K., and D. V. Kent: 1988, ‘Revised magnetostratigraphies confirm low sedimentation rates in Arctic Ocean cores’, Quat. Res. 29, 43–53.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wordie, J. M. 1921: ‘Shackleton Antarctic Expedition 1914–1917: The natural history of pack ice as observed in the Weddell Sea’, Trans. Roy. Soc. Edinburgh 52, 795–829.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zacharov, V. F.: 1976, ‘Cooling of the Arctic and the ice cover of the Arctic seas’, AANII Trudy 337, 94 p. (Russian text translated at Norsk Polarinstitutt, Oslo).

    Google Scholar 

  • Zubov, N. N.: 1945, ‘Arctic ice’, Air Force Geophysics Laboratory, Translation 108.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zwally, H. J., J. C. Comiso, C. L. Parkinson, W. J. Campbell, F. D. Carsey, and P. Gloersen: 1983, ‘Antarctic sea ice 1973–1976 from satellite passive microwave observations’, NASA Spec. Publ. 459, 224 p.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. GEOMAR, Forschungszentrum für Marine Geowissenschaften, Wischhofstraβe 1-3, D-2300, Kiel 14, F.R. Germany

    S. Pfirman & I. Wollenburg

  2. Alfred-Wegener-Institut für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Columbusstraße, D-2850, Bremerhaven, F.R. Germany

    M. A. Lange

  3. Institut für Umweltphysik, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 366, D-6900, Heidelberg, F.R. Germany

    P. Schlosser

Authors
  1. S. Pfirman
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. M. A. Lange
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. I. Wollenburg
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. P. Schlosser
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Fachbereich Geowissenschaften, Universität Bremen, Bremen, Germany

    Ulrich Bleil

  2. GEOMAR, Forschungszentrum für Marine Geowissenschaften, Universität Kiel, Kiel, Germany

    Jörn Thiede

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1990 Kluwer Academic Publishers

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Pfirman, S., Lange, M.A., Wollenburg, I., Schlosser, P. (1990). Sea Ice Characteristics and the Role of Sediment Inclusions in Deep-Sea Deposition: Arctic — Antarctic Comparisons. In: Bleil, U., Thiede, J. (eds) Geological History of the Polar Oceans: Arctic versus Antarctic. NATO ASI Series, vol 308. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-2029-3_11

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-2029-3_11

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht

  • Print ISBN: 978-94-010-7410-0

  • Online ISBN: 978-94-009-2029-3

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation