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1993 | Buch

Reliability Fundamentals Kapitel lesen Erstes Kapitel lesen

Reliability Engineering

verfasst von: K. K. Aggarwal

Verlag: Springer Netherlands

Buchreihe : Topics in Safety, Reliability and Quality

Enthalten in: Professional Book Archive

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Über dieses Buch

Modern society depends heavily upon a host of systems of varying complexity to perform the services required. The importance of reliability assumes new dimensions, primarily because of the higher cost of these highly complex machines required by mankind and the implication of their failure. This is why all industrial organizations wish to equip their scientists, engineers, managers and administrators with a knowledge of reliability concepts and applications. Based on the author's 20 years experience as reliability educator, researcher and consultant, Reliability Engineering introduces the reader systematically to reliability evaluation, prediction, allocation and optimization.
It also covers further topics, such as maintainability and availability, software reliability, economics of reliability, reliability management, reliability testing, etc. A reliability study of some typical systems has been included to introduce the reader to the practical aspects.
The book is intended for graduate students of engineering schools and also professional engineers, managers and reliability administrators as it has a wide coverage of reliability concepts.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

Frontmatter
1. Reliability Fundamentals
Abstract
In the earlier times, the problems connected with the development and operation of the systems were serious but the consequences of failures were not as dramatic or as catastrophic. From the beginning of the industrial age reliability problems had to be considered rather seriously. At first, reliability was confined to mechanical equipment. However, with the advent of electrification considerable effort went into making the supply of electric power reliable. With the use of aircraft came the reliability problems connected with airborne equipment, which were more difficult to solve than reliability problems of stationary or land-transportation equipment. Reliability entered a new era with the onset of the electronic age, the age of jet aircraft flying at sonic and supersonic speeds and the age of missiles and spacevehicles.
K. K. Aggarwal
2. Reliability Mathematics
Abstract
A set is a collection of objects viewed as a single entity. The individual objects of the set are called the elements of the set. Sets usually are denoted by capital letters: A,B,C,…….Z, and elements are designated by lowercase letters; a,b,c,….y.z. If a is an element of the set A, we write a ∈ A, and we write a ∉A for a is not an element of A. A set is called a finite set when it contains a finite number of elements and an infinite set otherwise. The null set φ is the set that contains no elements. The total or universal set ∪ is the set which contains all the elements under consideration.
K. K. Aggarwal
3. Reliability Analysis of Series Parallel Systems
Abstract
Reliability is not confined to single components. We really want to evaluate the reliabilities of the systems, simple as well as extremely complex, and to use these evaluation techniques for designing reliable systems. System reliabilities are calculated by means of the calculus of probability. To apply this calculus to systems, we must have some knowledge of the probabilities of its components, since they affect the reliability of the system.
K. K. Aggarwal
4. Reliability Analysis of Nonseries Parallel Systems
Abstract
System reliability evaluation is a basic step in all reliability studies. Therefore, derivation of the symbolic reliability expression in a simplified and compact form for a general system is very desirable.
K. K. Aggarwal
5. Reliability Prediction
Abstract
Reliability prediction is an essential function in evaluating a system design from its conceptual stage through development and manufacture and also in assisting in controlling changes during the production. Prediction provides a rational basis for design decisions, involving choice between alternative concepts, variations in part quality levels, appropriate application of derating factors and use of proven vs state-of-art methods and other related factors.
K. K. Aggarwal
6. Reliability Allocation
Abstract
In a complex system, it is necessary to translate overall system characteristics, including reliability, into detailed specifications, for the numerous units that make up the system. The process of assigning reliability requirements to individual units to attain the desired system reliability is known as reliability allocation. The allocation of system reliability involves solving the basic inequality.
K. K. Aggarwal
7. Redundancy Techniques for Reliability Optimization
Abstract
One of the major functions of a reliability engineer is to achieve the desired level of system reliability or improve the system reliability as far as possible. Several methods of improving system reliability exist.
K. K. Aggarwal
8. Maintainability and Availability
Abstract
The principal objectives of maintenance can be defined as follows:
1.
To extend the useful life of assets. This is particularly important in view of the lack of resources.
 
2.
To ensure the optimum availability of installed equipments for production (or service) and obtain the maximum possible return on investment.
 
3.
To ensure the operational readiness of all equipment required for emergency use, such as standby units, firefighting and rescue equipment, etc.
 
4.
To ensure the safety of personnel using facilities.
 
K. K. Aggarwal
9. Reliability Testing
Abstract
Reliability tests measure or demonstrate the ability of an equipment to operate satisfactorily for a prescribed period of time under specified operational conditions. The objective of a reliability test program is to gain information concerning failures, i.e., the tendency of systems to fail and the resulting effects of failure. Thus, in a sense, reliability tests are distinguished from most other types of tests, which are generally concerned with normal operation of equipment.
K. K. Aggarwal
10. Software Reliability
Abstract
Information processing is probably the most significant industry in the world economy today and in the foreseeable future. It has expanded and continues to expand at a rapid rate. This expansion is, in part, related to the increase in cost-effectiveness of computer hardware. Cost-effectiveness has increased by a factor of about 1000 every decade. As long as this rate of change continues, the range of tasks that can be handled most economically by computing is likely to grow rapidly. Since software is the major part of most computer systems, the field of software engineering is experiencing similar rapid growth.
K. K. Aggarwal
11. Reliability Analysis of Special Systems
Abstract
The reliability analysis of a computer communication network (CCN) using graph theoretic approach is based on modeling the network by a linear graph in which the nodes (vertices) correspond to computer centres (Hosts and Interface Message Processors) in the network, and edges correspond to the communication links. The terminal reliability, a commonly used measure of connectivity, is the probability of obtaining service between a pair of operative centres, called source and sink, in terms of reliability for each communication link/node in the network. This calculation obviously does not take into account the communication between any other nodes but for the source and sink. Here, we find the probability of obtaining a situation in which each node in the network communicates with all other remaining communication centres (nodes). In the event that this probability, now onwards called Network Reliability of a CCN, is to be calculated using the concepts of terminal reliability only, one can proceed by finding all possible paths between each of the n(n-1)/2 node pairs. Since this is impractical for graphs with a large number of nodes, an alternative procedure is suggested using the concept of spanning trees.
K. K. Aggarwal
12. Economics of Reliability Engineering
Abstract
Any manufacturing industry is basically a profit making organization and no organization can survive for long without minimum financial returns for its investments. There is no doubt that the expense connected with reliability procedures increases the initial cost of every device, equipment or system. However, when a manufacturer can lose important customers because his products are not reliable enough, there is no choice other than to incur this expense. How much reliability cost is worth in a particular case depends on the cost of the system and on the importance of the systenr’s failure free operation. If a component or equipment failure can cause the loss of a multimillion dollars’ system or of human lives, the worth of reliability and the corresponding incurred cost must be weighed against these factors. For the producer, it is a matter of remaining in the business. However, his business volume and profit will be substantially increased once his reliability reputation is established.
K. K. Aggarwal
13. Reliability Management
Abstract
Reliability is no more a subject of interest confined to only academicians and scientists. It has become a serious concern for practising engineers and manufacturers, sales managers and customers, economists and government leaders. The reliability of a product is directly influenced by every aspect of design and manufacturing, quality engineering and control, commissioning and subsequent maintenance, and feedback of field-performance data. The relationships between these activities are shown in Fig. 13.1
K. K. Aggarwal
14. Reliability Applications
Abstract
In this chapter, we discuss two typical applications of Reliability Engineering. The first,, Reliability analysis of instrument landing systems, concerns the application of reliability techniques to a safety system and was carried out by the author himself. The second, Reliability analysis of banking system, deals with both hardware and software reliability with emphasis on the later and has been taken from Musa’s book on Software Reliability. These two case histories are expected to clarify many of the concepts discussed in the previous chapters of the book.
K. K. Aggarwal
Backmatter
Metadaten
Titel
Reliability Engineering
verfasst von
K. K. Aggarwal
Copyright-Jahr
1993
Verlag
Springer Netherlands
Electronic ISBN
978-94-011-1928-3
Print ISBN
978-94-010-4852-1
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-1928-3