Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
Book cover

Lactic Acid Bacteria pp 303–374Cite as

Lactic Acid Bacteria in Health and Disease

  • Chapter
  • First Online:

Abstract

Probiotics are defined as “live microorganisms which when administrated in adequate amounts confer a health benefit on the host.” The consumption of probiotics or probiotics-containing products is able to relieve clinical symptoms in patients with intestinal disorders, inflammatory bowel disease, irritable bowel syndrome, type-2 diabetes, metabolic syndrome, and allergic diseases. Currently, various probiotic products are available in the market. Among these products, probiotic dairy products including pasteurized milk, fermented milks, cheeses, dairy beverages, dried products, ice-cream, and other dairy desserts account for the largest percentage of probiotic foods. Dairy products have been considered as an ideal food vehicle for delivering probiotic microorganisms to the human gastrointestinal tract. Other nondairy products including plant-based products such as cereals, fruits, and vegetables containing no cholesterol with low allergic reactions, and meat products are also being increasingly used for development of probiotic products. Probiotic microorganisms show variations in survival and growth ability in different food substrates due to different processing technologies and storage conditions. Prebiotics or plant components can be added to different types of probiotic products to improve the probiotic viability and physicochemical properties of the products. This chapter mainly provides information on the definition, the criteria of a good probiotic, and the beneficial effects upon probiotic administration, as well as presents an overview on the manufacturing technology of probiotic products, including methods of probiotic addition, effects of processing and storage conditions on probiotic viability, and functional evaluation of probiotic products.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   189.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   249.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   249.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

References

  • Abrahamsson TR, Jakobsson T, Böttcher MF, Fredrikson M, Jenmalm MC, Björkstén B, Oldaeus G. Probiotics in prevention of IgE-associated eczema: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2007;119:1174–118090.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Abrahamsson TR, Jakobsson T, Björkstén B, Oldaeus G, Jenmalm MC. No effect of probiotics on respiratory allergies: a seven-year follow-up of a randomized controlled trial in infancy. Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2013;24:556–61.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Adams CA. The probiotic paradox: live and dead cells are biological response modifiers. Nutr Res Rev. 2010;23:37–46.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Aggarwal J, Swami G, Kumar M. Probiotics and their effects on metabolic diseases: an update. J Clin Diagn Res JCDR. 2013;7:173–7.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Aguilera JM. Microstructural principles of food processing and engineering. 2nd ed. Gaithersburg, MD: Aspen Publishers; 1999.

    Google Scholar 

  • Akalın AS, Tokuşoğlu ö, Gönç S, Aycan ş. Occurrence of conjugated linoleic acid in probiotic yoghurts supplemented with fructooligosaccharide. Int Dairy J. 2007;17:1089–1095.

    Google Scholar 

  • Akalin AS, Erişir D. Effects of inulin and oligofructose on the rheological characteristics and probiotic culture survival in low-fat probiotic ice cream. J Food Sci. 2008;73:M184–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Akalın AS, Unal G, Dinkci N, Hayaloglu AA. Microstructural, textural, and sensory characteristics of probiotic yogurts fortified with sodium calcium caseinate or whey protein concentrate. J Dairy Sci. 2012;95:3617–28.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Akatsu H, Iwabuchi N, Xiao J-Z, Matsuyama Z, Kurihara R, Okuda K, Yamamoto T, Maruyama M. Clinical effects of probiotic Bifidobacterium longum BB536 on immune function and intestinal microbiota in elderly patients receiving enteral tube feeding. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 2013;37:631–40.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Alamprese C, Foschino R, Rossi M, Pompei C, Savani L. Survival of Lactobacillus johnsonii La1 and influence of its addition in retail-manufactured ice cream produced with different sugar and fat concentrations. Int Dairy J. 2002;12:201–8.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Alegre I, Viñas I, Usall J, Anguera M, Abadias M. Microbiological and physicochemical quality of fresh-cut apple enriched with the probiotic strain Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG. Food Microbiol. 2011;28:59–66.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Allen SJ, Wareham K, Wang D, et al. Lactobacilli and Bifidobacteria in the prevention of antibiotic-associated diarrhoea and Clostridium difficile diarrhoea in older inpatients (PLACIDE): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicentre trial. The Lancet. 2013;382:1249–57.

    Google Scholar 

  • Allgeyer LC, Miller MJ, Lee SY. Sensory and microbiological quality of yogurt drinks with prebiotics and probiotics. J Dairy Sci. 2010;93:4471–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Almeida KE, Tamime AY, Oliveira MN. Acidification rates of probiotic bacteria in Minas frescal cheese whey. LWT Food Sci Technol. 2008;41:311–6.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Almeida KE, Tamime AY, Oliveira MN. Influence of total solids contents of milk whey on the acidifying profile and viability of various lactic acid bacteria. LWT Food Sci Technol. 2009;42:672–8.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Amann RI, Ludwig W, Schleifer KH. Phylogenetic identification and in situ detection of individual microbial cells without cultivation. Microbiol Rev. 1995;59:143–69.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ammor MS, Mayo B. Selection criteria for lactic acid bacteria to be used as functional starter cultures in dry sausage production: an update. Meat Sci. 2007;76:138–46.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Anderson JW, Gilliland SE. Effect of fermented milk (yogurt) containing Lactobacillus acidophilus L1 on serum cholesterol in hypercholesterolemic humans. J Am Coll Nutr. 1999;18:43–50.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Angelov A, Gotcheva V, Kuncheva R, Hristozova T. Development of a new oat-based probiotic drink. Int J Food Microbiol. 2006;112:75–80.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ankolekar C, Pinto M, Greene D, Shetty K. In vitro bioassay based screening of antihyperglycemia and antihypertensive activities of Lactobacillus acidophilus fermented pear juice. Innov Food Sci Emerg Technol. 2012;13:221–30.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Araújo EA, de Carvalho AF, Leandro ES, Furtado MM, de Moraes CA. Development of a symbiotic cottage cheese added with Lactobacillus delbrueckii UFV H2b20 and inulin. J Funct Foods. 2010;2:85–9.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ardö Y. Flavour formation by amino acid catabolism. Biotechnol Adv. 2006;24:238–42.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Argyri AA, Lyra E, Panagou EZ, Tassou CC. Fate of Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella Enteritidis and Listeria monocytogenes during storage of fermented green table olives in brine. Food Microbiol. 2013;36:1–6.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Aro Aro JM, Nyam-Osor P, Tsuji K, Shimada K, Fukushima M, Sekikawa M. The effect of starter cultures on proteolytic changes and amino acid content in fermented sausages. Food Chem. 2010;119:279–85.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Asahara T, Shimizu K, Nomoto K, Hamabata T, Ozawa A, Takeda Y. Probiotic Bifidobacteria protect mice from lethal infection with Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli O157:H7. Infect Immun. 2004;72:2240–7.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Asemi Z, Zare Z, Shakeri H, Sabihi S-S, Esmaillzadeh A. Effect of multispecies probiotic supplements on metabolic profiles, hs-CRP, and oxidative stress in patients with type 2 diabetes. Ann Nutr Metab. 2013;63:1–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bäckhed F, Ding H, Wang T, Hooper LV, Koh GY, Nagy A, Semenkovich CF, Gordon JI. The gut microbiota as an environmental factor that regulates fat storage. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2004;101:15718–23.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bäckhed F, Ley RE, Sonnenburg JL, Peterson DA, Gordon JI. Host-bacterial mutualism in the human intestine. Science. 2005;307:1915–20.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bailey MT, Dowd SE, Galley JD, Hufnagle AR, Allen RG, Lyte M. Exposure to a social stressor alters the structure of the intestinal microbiota: implications for stressor-induced immunomodulation. Brain Behav Immun. 2011;25:397–407.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Balabanova T, Panayotov P. Obtaining functional fermented beverages by using the kefir grains. Procedia Food Sci. 2011;1:1653–9.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Başyiğit G, Kuleaşan H, Karahan AG. Viability of human-derived probiotic lactobacilli in ice cream produced with sucrose and aspartame. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol. 2006;33:796–800.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bedani R, Rossi EA, Isay Saad SM. Impact of inulin and okara on Lactobacillus acidophilus La-5 and Bifidobacterium animalis Bb-12 viability in a fermented soy product and probiotic survival under in vitro simulated gastrointestinal conditions. Food Microbiol. 2013;34:382–389.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ben Ounis W, Champagne CP, Makhlouf J, Bazinet L. Utilization of tofu whey pre-treated by electromembrane process as a growth medium for Lactobacillus plantarum LB17. Desalination. 2008;229:192–203.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bercik P, Verdu EF, Foster JA, et al. Chronic gastrointestinal inflammation induces anxiety-like behavior and alters central nervous system biochemistry in mice. Gastroenterology. 2010;139(2102–2112):e1.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bercik P, Park AJ, Sinclair D, et al. The anxiolytic effect of Bifidobacterium longum NCC3001 involves vagal pathways for gut-brain communication. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2011;23:1132–9.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Betoret E, Betoret N, Arilla A, Bennár M, Barrera C, Codoñer P, Fito P. No invasive methodology to produce a probiotic low humid apple snack with potential effect against Helicobacter pylori. J Food Eng. 2012;110:289–93.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blaiotta G, Di Capua M, Coppola R, Aponte M. Production of fermented chestnut purees by lactic acid bacteria. Int J Food Microbiol. 2012;158:195–202.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bosnea LA, Kourkoutas Y, Albantaki N, Tzia C, Koutinas AA, Kanellaki M. Functionality of freeze-dried L. casei cells immobilized on wheat grains. LWT - Food Sci Technol. 2009;42:1696–702.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bottazzi V, Zacconi C, Gonzaga E, Paladino M. Absorption of cholesterol by intestinal lactic acid bacteria. Ann Microbiol. 1986;36:1–5.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boyle RJ, Bath-Hextall FJ, Leonardi-Bee J, Murrell DF, Tang ML-K. Probiotics for the treatment of eczema: a systematic review. Clin Exp Allergy. 2009;39:1117–27.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Boyle RJ, Ismail IH, Kivivuori S, et al. Lactobacillus GG treatment during pregnancy for the prevention of eczema: a randomized controlled trial. Allergy. 2011;66:509–16.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Boylston TD, Vinderola CG, Ghoddusi HB, Reinheimer JA. Incorporation of Bifidobacteria into cheeses: challenges and rewards. Int Dairy J. 2004;14:375–87.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bravo JA, Forsythe P, Chew MV, Escaravage E, Savignac HM, Dinan TG, Bienenstock J, Cryan JF. Ingestion of Lactobacillus strain regulates emotional behavior and central GABA receptor expression in a mouse via the vagus nerve. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2011;108:16050–5.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Buriti FCA, Castro IA, Saad SMI. Viability of Lactobacillus acidophilus in synbiotic guava mousses and its survival under in vitro simulated gastrointestinal conditions. Int J Food Microbiol. 2010a;137:121–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Buriti FCA, Castro IA, Saad SMI. Effects of refrigeration, freezing and replacement of milk fat by inulin and whey protein concentrate on texture profile and sensory acceptance of synbiotic guava mousses. Food Chem. 2010b;123:1190–7.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Camilleri M. Probiotics and irritable bowel syndrome: rationale, putative mechanisms, and evidence of clinical efficacy. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2006;40:264–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cani PD, Delzenne NM. Interplay between obesity and associated metabolic disorders: new insights into the gut microbiota. Curr Opin Pharmacol. 2009;9:737–43.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cani PD, Neyrinck AM, Fava F, Knauf C, Burcelin RG, Tuohy KM, Gibson GR, Delzenne NM. Selective increases of Bifidobacteria in gut microflora improve high-fat-diet-induced diabetes in mice through a mechanism associated with endotoxaemia. Diabetologia. 2007;50:2374–83.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cani PD, Bibiloni R, Knauf C, Waget A, Neyrinck AM, Delzenne NM, Burcelin R. Changes in gut microbiota control metabolic endotoxemia-induced inflammation in high-fat diet-induced obesity and diabetes in mice. Diabetes. 2008;57:1470–81.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cani PD, Possemiers S, Van de Wiele T, et al. Changes in gut microbiota control inflammation in obese mice through a mechanism involving GLP-2-driven improvement of gut permeability. Gut. 2009;58:1091–103.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cardarelli HR, Buriti FCA, Castro IA, Saad SMI. Inulin and oligofructose improve sensory quality and increase the probiotic viable count in potentially synbiotic petit-suisse cheese. LWT Food Sci Technol. 2008;41:1037–46.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Castro WF, Cruz AG, Bisinotto MS, Guerreiro LMR, Faria JAF, Bolini HMA, Cunha RL, Deliza R. Development of probiotic dairy beverages: rheological properties and application of mathematical models in sensory evaluation. J Dairy Sci. 2013a;96:16–25.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Castro WF, Cruz AG, Rodrigues D, Ghiselli G, Oliveira CAF, Faria JAF, Godoy HT. Short communication: effects of different whey concentrations on physicochemical characteristics and viable counts of starter bacteria in dairy beverage supplemented with probiotics. J Dairy Sci. 2013b;96:96–100.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Champagne CP, Gardner NJ, Roy D. Challenges in the addition of probiotic cultures to foods. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2005;45:61–84.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Champagne CP, Ross RP, Saarela M, Hansen KF, Charalampopoulos D. Recommendations for the viability assessment of probiotics as concentrated cultures and in food matrices. Int J Food Microbiol. 2011;149:185–93.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Charalampopoulos D, Pandiella SS, Webb C. Evaluation of the effect of malt, wheat and barley extracts on the viability of potentially probiotic lactic acid bacteria under acidic conditions. Int J Food Microbiol. 2003;82:133–41.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chen M, Mustapha A. Survival of freeze-dried microcapsules of α-galactosidase producing probiotics in a soy bar matrix. Food Microbiol. 2012;30:68–73.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chen Y-S, Jan R-L, Lin Y-L, Chen H-H, Wang J-Y. Randomized placebo-controlled trial of Lactobacillus on asthmatic children with allergic rhinitis. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2010;45:1111–20.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cliff MA, Fan L, Sanford K, Stanich K, Doucette C, Raymond N. Descriptive analysis and early-stage consumer acceptance of yogurts fermented with carrot juice. J Dairy Sci. 2013;96:4160–72.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Collins JK, Thornton G, Sullivan GO. Selection of probiotic strains for human applications. Int Dairy J. 1998;8:487–90.

    Google Scholar 

  • Connes C, Silvestroni A, Leblanc JG, Juillard V, Savoy de Giori G, Sesma F, Piard J-C. Towards probiotic lactic acid bacteria strains to remove raffinose-type sugars present in soy-derived products. Le Lait. 2004;84:207–214.

    Google Scholar 

  • Conway PL, Gorbach SL, Goldin BR. Survival of lactic acid bacteria in the human stomach and adhesion to intestinal cells. J Dairy Sci. 1987;70:1–12.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Costa MGM, Fonteles TV, de Jesus ALT, Rodrigues S. Sonicated pineapple juice as substrate for L. casei cultivation for probiotic beverage development: process optimisation and product stability. Food Chem. 2013;139:261–6.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cruz AG, Alonso Buriti FC, Batista de Souza CH, Fonseca Faria JA, Isay Saad SM. Probiotic cheese: health benefits, technological and stability aspects. Trends Food Sci Technol. 2009a;20:344–54.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cruz AG, Antunes AEC, Sousa ALOP, Faria JAF, Saad SMI. Ice-cream as a probiotic food carrier. Food Res Int. 2009b;42:1233–9.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cruz AG, Fonseca Faria J de A, Isay Saad SM, André Bolini HM, Sant′Ana AS, Cristianini M. High pressure processing and pulsed electric fields: potential use in probiotic dairy foods processing. Trends Food Sci Technol. 2010;21:483–493.

    Google Scholar 

  • Davari S, Talaei SA, Alaei H, Salami M. Probiotics treatment improves diabetes-induced impairment of synaptic activity and cognitive function: behavioral and electrophysiological proofs for microbiome-gut-brain axis. Neuroscience. 2013;240:287–96.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dave RI, Shah NP. Viability of yoghurt and probiotic bacteria in yoghurts made from commercial starter cultures. Int Dairy J. 1997;7:31–41.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dave RI, Shah NP. Ingredient supplementation effects on viability of probiotic bacteria in yogurt. J Dairy Sci. 1998;81:2804–16.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • De Azeredo GA, Stamford TLM, Nunes PC, Gomes Neto NJ, de Oliveira MEG, de Souza EL. Combined application of essential oils from Origanum vulgare L. and Rosmarinus officinalis L. to inhibit bacteria and autochthonous microflora associated with minimally processed vegetables. Food Res Int. 2011;44:1541–1548.

    Google Scholar 

  • De Bellis P, Valerio F, Sisto A, Lonigro SL, Lavermicocca P. Probiotic table olives: microbial populations adhering on olive surface in fermentation sets inoculated with the probiotic strain Lactobacillus paracasei IMPC2.1 in an industrial plant. Int J Food Microbiol. 2010;140:6–13.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • De Castro FP, Cunha TM, Ogliari PJ, Teófilo RF, Ferreira MMC, Prudêncio ES. Influence of different content of cheese whey and oligofructose on the properties of fermented lactic beverages: study using response surface methodology. LWT Food Sci Technol. 2009;42:993–7.

    Google Scholar 

  • De Greef E, Vandenplas Y, Hauser B, Devreker T, Veereman-Wauters G. Probiotics and IBD. Acta Gastro-Enterol Belg. 2013;76:15–9.

    Google Scholar 

  • De Vrese M, Winkler P, Rautenberg P, et al. Effect of Lactobacillus gasseri PA 16/8, Bifidobacterium longum SP 07/3, B. bifidum MF 20/5 on common cold episodes: a double blind, randomized, controlled trial. Clin Nutr (Edinburgh, Scotland). 2005;24:481–91.

    Google Scholar 

  • Desbonnet L, Garrett L, Clarke G, Kiely B, Cryan JF, Dinan TG. Effects of the probiotic Bifidobacterium infantis in the maternal separation model of depression. Neuroscience. 2010;170:1179–88.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Diaz Heijtz R, Wang S, Anuar F, Qian Y, Björkholm B, Samuelsson A, Hibberd ML, Forssberg H, Pettersson S. Normal gut microbiota modulates brain development and behavior. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2011;108:3047–52.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Do Espírito Santo AP, Cartolano NS, Silva TF, Soares FASM, Gioielli LA, Perego P, Converti A, Oliveira MN. Fibers from fruit by-products enhance probiotic viability and fatty acid profile and increase CLA content in yoghurts. Int J Food Microbiol. 2012a;154:135–44.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Do Espírito Santo AP, Perego P, Converti A, Oliveira MN. Influence of milk type and addition of passion fruit peel powder on fermentation kinetics, texture profile and bacterial viability in probiotic yoghurts. LWT Food Sci Technol. 2012b;47:393–9.

    Google Scholar 

  • Donkor ON, Henriksson A, Vasiljevic T, Shah NP. Probiotic strains as starter cultures improve angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitory activity in soy yogurt. J Food Sci. 2005;70:m375–81.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Donkor ON, Henriksson A, Vasiljevic T, Shah NP. Rheological properties and sensory characteristics of set-type soy yogurt. J Agric Food Chem. 2007;55:9868–76.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dotterud CK, Storrø O, Johnsen R, Oien T. Probiotics in pregnant women to prevent allergic disease: a randomized, double-blind trial. Br J Dermatol. 2010;163:616–23.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ebel B, Martin F, Le LDT, Gervais P, Cachon R. Use of gases to improve survival of Bifidobacterium bifidum by modifying redox potential in fermented milk. J Dairy Sci. 2011;94:2185–91.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • EFSA (European Food Safety Authority). Opinion of the scientific committee on a request from EFSA on the introduction of a qualified presumption of safety (QPS) approach for assessment of selected microorganisms referred to EFSA. EFSA J. 2007;587:1–16.

    Google Scholar 

  • EFSA (European Food Safety Authority). Scientific opinion on the maintenance of the list of QPS biological agents intentionally added to food and feed (2011 update). EFSA J. 2011;9:2497.

    Google Scholar 

  • EFSA. Guidance on the assessment of bacterial susceptibility to antimicrobials of human and veterinary importance. EFSA Eur Food Saf Auth. 2012;10:2740.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ejtahed HS, Mohtadi-Nia J, Homayouni-Rad A, Niafar M, Asghari-Jafarabadi M, Mofid V, Akbarian-Moghari A. Effect of probiotic yogurt containing Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium lactis on lipid profile in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Dairy Sci. 2011;94:3288–94.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ejtahed HS, Mohtadi-Nia J, Homayouni-Rad A, Niafar M, Asghari-Jafarabadi M, Mofid V. Probiotic yogurt improves antioxidant status in type 2 diabetic patients. Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, California). 2012;28:539–43.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Elazab N, Mendy A, Gasana J, Vieira ER, Quizon A, Forno E. Probiotic administration in early life, atopy, and asthma: a meta-analysis of clinical trials. Pediatrics. 2013;132:e666–76.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Elizaquível P, Sánchez G, Salvador A, Fiszman S, Dueñas MT, López P, Fernández de Palencia P, Aznar R. Evaluation of yogurt and various beverages as carriers of lactic acid bacteria producing 2-branched (1,3)-β-D-glucan. J Dairy Sci. 2011;94:3271–3278.

    Google Scholar 

  • Escobar MC, Van Tassell ML, Martínez-Bustos F, Singh M, Castaño-Tostado E, Amaya-Llano SL, Miller MJ. Characterization of a Panela cheese with added probiotics and fava bean starch. J Dairy Sci. 2012;95:2779–87.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Espírito-Santo AP, Lagazzo A, Sousa ALOP, Perego P, Converti A, Oliveira MN. Rheology, spontaneous whey separation, microstructure and sensorial characteristics of probiotic yoghurts enriched with passion fruit fiber. Food Res Int. 2013;50:224–31.

    Google Scholar 

  • Everard A, Belzer C, Geurts L, et al. Cross-talk between Akkermansia muciniphila and intestinal epithelium controls diet-induced obesity. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2013;110:9066–71.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Farnworth ER, editor. Handbook of fermented functional foods. Boca Raton: CRC Press; 2003.

    Google Scholar 

  • Farnworth ER, Mainville I, Desjardins MP, Gardner N, Fliss I, Champagne C. Growth of probiotic bacteria and Bifidobacteria in a soy yogurt formulation. Int J Food Microbiol. 2007;116:174–81.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fiocchi A, Burks W, Bahna SL, et al. Clinical use of probiotics in pediatric allergy (CUPPA): a world allergy organization position paper. World Allergy Organ J. 2012;5:148–67.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and World Health Organization. Health and nutritional properties of probiotics in food including powder milk with live lactic acid bacteria. Report of a joint FAO/WHO expert consultation on evaluation of health and nutritional properties of probiotics in food including powder milk with live lactic acid, 2001 bacteria. http://www.fao.org/es/ESN/food/food_probio_en.stm

  • Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and World Health Organization. Guidelines for the evaluation of probiotics in food. Joint FAO/WHO working group report on drafting guidelines for the evaluation of probiotics in food, 2002.

    Google Scholar 

  • Freiding S, Ehrmann MA, Vogel RF. Comparison of different IlvE aminotransferases in Lactobacillus sakei and investigation of their contribution to aroma formation from branched chain amino acids. Food Microbiol. 2012;29:205–14.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fu N, Chen XD. Towards a maximal cell survival in convective thermal drying processes. Food Res Int. 2011;44:1127–49.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fukuda S, Toh H, Hase K, et al. Bifidobacteria can protect from enteropathogenic infection through production of acetate. Nature. 2011;469:543–7.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fuller R. Probiotics in man and animals. J Appl Bacteriol. 1989;66:365–78.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fung WY, Liong MT. Evaluation of proteolytic and ACE-inhibitory activity of Lactobacillus acidophilus in soy whey growth medium via response surface methodology. LWT Food Sci Technol. 2010;43:563–7.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gangadharan D, Nampoothiri KM. Folate production using Lactococcus lactis ssp cremoris with implications for fortification of skim milk and fruit juices. LWT Food Sci Technol. 2011;44:1859–64.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gauffin Cano P, Santacruz A, Moya Á, Sanz Y. Bacteroides uniformis CECT 7771 ameliorates metabolic and immunological dysfunction in mice with high-fat-diet induced obesity. PLoS ONE. 2012;7:e41079.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gill HS, Rutherfurd KJ, Cross ML, Gopal PK. Enhancement of immunity in the elderly by dietary supplementation with the probiotic Bifidobacterium lactis HN019. Am J Clin Nutr. 2001;74:833–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Giovannini M, Agostoni C, Riva E, Salvini F, Ruscitto A, Zuccotti GV, Radaelli G, Felicita Study Group. A randomized prospective double blind controlled trial on effects of long-term consumption of fermented milk containing Lactobacillus casei in pre-school children with allergic asthma and/or rhinitis. Pediatr Res. 2007;62:215–220.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gobbetti M, Corsetti A, Smacchi E, Zocchetti A, De Angelis M. Production of Crescenza Cheese by incorporation of Bifidobacteria. J Dairy Sci. 1998;81:37–47.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Grundy SM. Treatment of hypercholesterolemia by interference with bile acid metabolism. Arch Intern Med. 1972;130:638–48.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Guergoletto KB, Magnani M, Martin JS, Andrade CGT de J, Garcia S. Survival of Lactobacillus casei (LC-1) adhered to prebiotic vegetal fibers. Innov Food Sci Emerg Technol. 2010;11:415–421.

    Google Scholar 

  • Guo M (2003) Goat’s milk encyclopedia of food sciences and nutrition. Oxford: Elsevier; 2003, pp. 2944–2949.

    Google Scholar 

  • Guo Z, Liu XM, Zhang QX, Shen Z, Tian FW, Zhang H, Sun ZH, Zhang HP, Chen W. Influence of consumption of probiotics on the plasma lipid profile: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis NMCD. 2011;21:844–50.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gupta P, Andrew H, Kirschner BS, Guandalini S. Is Lactobacillus GG helpful in children with Crohn’s disease? Results of a preliminary, open-label study. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2000;31:453–7.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hara H, Haga S, Kasai T, Kiriyama S. Fermentation products of sugar-beet fiber by cecal bacteria lower plasma cholesterol concentration in rats. J Nutr. 1998;128:688–93.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hazebrouck S, Pothelune L, Azevedo V, Corthier G, Wal J-M, Langella P. Efficient production and secretion of bovine beta-lactoglobulin by Lactobacillus casei. Microb Cell Factories. 2007;6:12.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hedin C, Whelan K, Lindsay JO. Evidence for the use of probiotics and prebiotics in inflammatory bowel disease: a review of clinical trials. Proc Nutr Soc. 2007;66:307–15.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Heidebach T, Först P, Kulozik U. Influence of casein-based microencapsulation on freeze-drying and storage of probiotic cells. J Food Eng. 2010;98:309–16.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hekmat S, Soltani H, Reid G. Growth and survival of Lactobacillus reuteri RC-14 and Lactobacillus rhamnosus GR-1 in yogurt for use as a functional food. Innov Food Sci Emerg Technol. 2009;10:293–6.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hemsworth J, Hekmat S, Reid G. The development of micronutrient supplemented probiotic yogurt for people living with HIV: laboratory testing and sensory evaluation. Innov Food Sci Emerg Technol. 2011;12:79–84.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hill MJ. Intestinal flora and endogenous vitamin synthesis. Eur J Cancer Prev. 1997;6(Suppl 1):S43–5.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hol J, van Leer EHG, Elink Schuurman BEE, de Ruiter LF, Samsom JN, Hop W, Neijens HJ, de Jongste JC, Nieuwenhuis EES, Cow’s Milk Allergy Modified by Elimination and Lactobacilli study group. The acquisition of tolerance toward cow’s milk through probiotic supplementation: a randomized, controlled trial. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2008;121:1448–1454.

    Google Scholar 

  • Holko I, Hrabě J, Šalaková A, Rada V. The substitution of a traditional starter culture in mutton fermented sausages by Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium animalis. Meat Sci. 2013;94:275–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Homayouni A, Azizi A, Ehsani MR, Yarmand MS, Razavi SH. Effect of microencapsulation and resistant starch on the probiotic survival and sensory properties of synbiotic ice cream. Food Chem. 2008;111:50–5.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hosono A, Tono-oka T. Binding of cholesterol with lactic acid bacterial cells. Milchwissenschaft. 1995;50:556–60.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hsieh F-C, Lee C-L, Chai C-Y, Chen W-T, Lu Y-C, Wu C-S. Oral administration of Lactobacillus reuteri GMNL-263 improves insulin resistance and ameliorates hepatic steatosis in high fructose-fed rats. Nutr Metab. 2013;10:35.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Huang JS, Bousvaros A, Lee JW, Diaz A, Davidson EJ. Efficacy of probiotic use in acute diarrhea in children: a meta-analysis. Dig Dis Sci. 2002;47:2625–34.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • IDF Diabetes Atlas, Fifth Edition.

    Google Scholar 

  • Isolauri E, Arvola T, Sütas Y, Moilanen E, Salminen S. Probiotics in the management of atopic eczema. Clin Exp Allergy. 2000;30:1604–10.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jankovic M, Robbiani DF, Dorsett Y, Eisenreich T, Xu Y, Tarakhovsky A, Nussenzweig A, Nussenzweig MC. Role of the translocation partner in protection against AID-dependent chromosomal translocations. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2010;107:187–92.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jansen SC, van Dusseldorp M, Bottema KC, Dubois AEJ. Intolerance to dietary biogenic amines: a review. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol.2003;91:233–240; quiz 241–242, 296.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jaworska D, Neffe K, Kołożyn-Krajewska D, Dolatowski Z. Survival during storage and sensory effect of potential probiotic lactic acid bacteria Lactobacillus acidophilus Bauer and Lactobacillus casei Bif3′/ IV in dry fermented pork loins: probiotics in the dry fermented loins. Int J Food Sci Technol. 2011;46:2491–7.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jayamanne VS, Adams MR. Determination of survival, identity and stress resistance of probiotic Bifidobacteria in bio-yoghurts. Lett Appl Microbiol. 2006;42:189–94.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jin J-S, Kitahara M, Sakamoto M, Hattori M, Benno Y. Slackia equolifaciens sp. nov., a human intestinal bacterium capable of producing equol. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol. 2010;60:1721–4.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Johnston BC, Ma SSY, Goldenberg JZ, Thorlund K, Vandvik PO, Loeb M, Guyatt GH. Probiotics for the prevention of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med. 2012;157:878–88.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jood S, Khetarpaul N, Goyal R. Efficacy of barley based probiotic food mixture in treatment of pathogenic E.coli induced diarrhoea in mice. J Food Sci Technol. 2012;49:200–6.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kabeerdoss J, Devi RS, Mary RR, Prabhavathi D, Vidya R, Mechenro J, Mahendri NV, Pugazhendhi S, Ramakrishna BS. Effect of yoghurt containing Bifidobacterium lactis Bb12® on faecal excretion of secretory immunoglobulin A and human beta-defensin 2 in healthy adult volunteers. Nutr J. 2011;10:138.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kadooka Y, Sato M, Imaizumi K, Ogawa A, Ikuyama K, Akai Y, Okano M, Kagoshima M, Tsuchida T. Regulation of abdominal adiposity by probiotics (Lactobacillus gasseri SBT2055) in adults with obese tendencies in a randomized controlled trial. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2010;64:636–43.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kadooka Y, Sato M, Ogawa A, Miyoshi M, Uenishi H, Ogawa H, Ikuyama K, Kagoshima M, Tsuchida T. Effect of Lactobacillus gasseri SBT2055 in fermented milk on abdominal adiposity in adults in a randomised controlled trial. Br J Nutr. 2013;110:1696–703.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kailasapathy K, Harmstorf I, Phillips M. Survival of Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium animalis ssp. lactis in stirred fruit yogurts. LWT Food Sci Technol. 2008;41:1317–22.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kaisho T, Akira S. Toll-like receptor function and signaling. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2006;117:979–987; quiz 988.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kalliomäki M, Salminen S, Arvilommi H, Kero P, Koskinen P, Isolauri E. Probiotics in primary prevention of atopic disease: a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2001;357:1076–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kalliomäki M, Collado MC, Salminen S, Isolauri E. Early differences in fecal microbiota composition in children may predict overweight. Am J Clin Nutr. 2008;87:534–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kalui CM, Mathara JM, Kutima PM. Probiotic potential of spontaneously fermented cereal based foods-A review. Afr J Biotechnol. 2010;9:2490–8.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kang E-J, Kim SY, Hwang I-H, Ji Y-J. The effect of probiotics on prevention of common cold: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trial studies. Korean J Fam Med. 2013;34:2–10.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Karimi R, Mortazavian AM, Karami M. Incorporation of Lactobacillus casei in Iranian ultrafiltered Feta cheese made by partial replacement of NaCl with KCl. J Dairy Sci. 2012;95:4209–22.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Karlsson FH, Tremaroli V, Nookaew I, Bergström G, Behre CJ, Fagerberg B, Nielsen J, Bäckhed F. Gut metagenome in European women with normal, impaired and diabetic glucose control. Nature. 2013;498:99–103.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kato K, Mizuno S, Umesaki Y, et al. Randomized placebo-controlled trial assessing the effect of Bifidobacteria-fermented milk on active ulcerative colitis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2004;20:1133–41.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kau AL, Ahern PP, Griffin NW, Goodman AL, Gordon JI. Human nutrition, the gut microbiome and the immune system. Nature. 2011;474:327–36.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kebary KMK, Hussen SA, Badawi RM. Improving viability of Bifidobacterium and their effect on frozen ice milk. Egypt J Dairy Sci. 1998;26:319–37.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kedia G, Vázquez JA, Pandiella SS. Fermentability of whole oat flour, PeriTec flour and bran by Lactobacillus plantarum. J Food Eng. 2008;89:246–9.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kim HJ, Camilleri M, McKinzie S, Lempke MB, Burton DD, Thomforde GM, Zinsmeister AR. A randomized controlled trial of a probiotic, VSL#3, on gut transit and symptoms in diarrhoea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2003;17:895–904.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kim T-W, Song H-S, Kim H-Y. Distribution of dominant Bifidobacteria in the intestinal microflora of Korean adults and seniors, identified by SDS-PAGE of whole cell proteins and 16S rDNA sequence analysis. J Microbiol Biotechnol. 2005;15:388–94.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Klingberg TD, Budde BB. The survival and persistence in the human gastrointestinal tract of five potential probiotic lactobacilli consumed as freeze-dried cultures or as probiotic sausage. Int J Food Microbiol. 2006;109:157–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Klingberg TD, Axelsson L, Naterstad K, Elsser D, Budde BB. Identification of potential probiotic starter cultures for Scandinavian-type fermented sausages. Int J Food Microbiol. 2005;105:419–31.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kondo S, Xiao J-Z, Satoh T, Odamaki T, Takahashi S, Sugahara H, Yaeshima T, Iwatsuki K, Kamei A, Abe K. Antiobesity effects of Bifidobacterium breve strain B-3 supplementation in a mouse model with high-fat diet-induced obesity. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 2010;74:1656–61.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kondo S, Kamei A, Xiao JZ, Iwatsuki K, Abe K. Bifidobacterium breve B-3 exerts metabolic syndrome-suppressing effects in the liver of diet-induced obese mice: a DNA microarray analysis. Benef Microbes. 2013a;4:247–51.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kondo J, Xiao J-Z, Shirahata A, Baba M, Abe A, Ogawa K, Shimoda T. Modulatory effects of Bifidobacterium longum BB536 on defecation in elderly patients receiving enteral feeding. World J Gastroenterol. 2013b;19:2162–70.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kotani Y, Shinkai S, Okamatsu H, et al. Oral intake of Lactobacillus pentosus strain b240 accelerates salivary immunoglobulin A secretion in the elderly: a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial. Immun Ageing. 2010;7:11.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Krishan P, Kumar R, Kumar R. Effect of Lactobacillus rhamnosus on anthropometric parameters in obese hyperlipidemic patients. Int J Pharma Recent Res. 2011;3:44–50.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kukkonen K, Savilahti E, Haahtela T, Juntunen-Backman K, Korpela R, Poussa T, Tuure T, Kuitunen M. Probiotics and prebiotic galacto-oligosaccharides in the prevention of allergic diseases: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2007;119:192–19889.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kun S, Rezessy-Szabó JM, Nguyen QD, Hoschke Á. Changes of microbial population and some components in carrot juice during fermentation with selected Bifidobacterium strains. Process Biochem. 2008;43:816–21.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kwon H-S, Yang E-H, Lee S-H, Yeon S-W, Kang B-H, Kim T-Y. Rapid identification of potentially probiotic Bifidobacterium species by multiplex PCR using species-specific primers based on the region extending from 16S rRNA through 23S rRNA. FEMS Microbiol Lett. 2005;250:55–62.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Land MH, Rouster-Stevens K, Woods CR, Cannon ML, Cnota J, Shetty AK. Lactobacillus sepsis associated with probiotic therapy. Pediatrics. 2005;115:178–81.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lavermicocca P. Highlights on new food research. Dig Liver Dis. 2006;38:S295–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lavermicocca P, Lonigro SL, Visconti A, De Angelis M, Valerio F, Morelli L. Table olives containing probiotic microorganisms. Priority date: 5.12.2003 no MI2003A002391. European Patent EP1843664 (granted 8.7.09); 2003.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lê NT, Champagne CP, Lee BH, Goulet J. Growth of Lactobacillus paracasei ssp. paracasei on tofu whey. Int J Food Microbiol. 2003;89:67–75.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lee H-Y, Park J-H, Seok S-H, Baek M-W, Kim D-J, Lee K-E, Paek K-S, Lee Y, Park J-H. Human originated bacteria, Lactobacillus rhamnosus PL60, produce conjugated linoleic acid and show anti-obesity effects in diet-induced obese mice. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2006;1761:736–44.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ley RE, Bäckhed F, Turnbaugh P, Lozupone CA, Knight RD, Gordon JI. Obesity alters gut microbial ecology. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2005;102:11070–5.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ley RE, Peterson DA, Gordon JI. Ecological and evolutionary forces shaping microbial diversity in the human intestine. Cell. 2006;124:837–48.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Leyer GJ, Li S, Mubasher ME, Reifer C, Ouwehand AC. Probiotic effects on cold and influenza-like symptom incidence and duration in children. Pediatrics. 2009;124:e172–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Li B, Tian F, Liu X, Zhao J, Zhang H, Chen W. Effects of cryoprotectants on viability of Lactobacillus reuteri CICC6226. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2011;92:609–16.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lilly DM, Stillwell RH. Probiotics: growth-promoting factors produced by microorganisms. Science. 1965;147:747–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lollo PCB, de Moura CS, Morato PN, et al. Probiotic yogurt offers higher immune-protection than probiotic whey beverage. Food Res Int. 2013;54:118–24.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lomax AR, Calder PC. Probiotics, immune function, infection and inflammation: a review of the evidence from studies conducted in humans. Curr Pharm Des. 2009;15:1428–518.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mackay AD, Taylor MB, Kibbler CC, Hamilton-Miller JMT. Lactobacillus endocarditis caused by a probiotic organism. Clin Microbiol Infect. 1999;5:290–2.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Macpherson AJ, McCoy KD, Johansen F-E, Brandtzaeg P. The immune geography of IgA induction and function. Mucosal Immunol. 2008;1:11–22.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Madureira AR, Amorim M, Gomes AM, Pintado ME, Malcata FX. Protective effect of whey cheese matrix on probiotic strains exposed to simulated gastrointestinal conditions. Food Res Int. 2011;44:465–70.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mahdi HA, Tamime AY, Davies G. Some aspects of the production of “Labneh” by ultrafiltration using cow’s, sheep’s and goat’s milk. Egypt J Dairy Sci. 1990;18:345–67.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mahoney M, Henriksson A. The effect of processed meat and meat starter cultures on gastrointestinal colonization and virulence of Listeria monocytogenes in mice. Int J Food Microbiol. 2003;84:255–61.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Majamaa H, Isolauri E. Probiotics: a novel approach in the management of food allergy. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1997;99:179–85.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mann GV. Studies of a surfactant and cholesteremia in the Maasai. Am J Clin Nutr. 1974;27:464–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Marafon AP, Sumi A, Alcântara MR, Tamime AY, Nogueira de Oliveira M. Optimization of the rheological properties of probiotic yoghurts supplemented with milk proteins. LWT Food Sci Technol. 2011a;44:511–519.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marafon AP, Sumi A, Granato D, Alcântara MR, Tamime AY, Nogueira de Oliveira M. Effects of partially replacing skimmed milk powder with dairy ingredients on rheology, sensory profiling, and microstructure of probiotic stirred-type yogurt during cold storage. J Dairy Sci. 2011b;94:5330–5340.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maragkoudakis P, Nardi T, Bovo B, Corich V, Giacomini A. Valorisation of a milk industry by-product as substrate for microbial growth. J Biotechnol. 2010;150:340.

    Google Scholar 

  • Martins EMF, Ramos AM, Vanzela ESL, Stringheta PC, de Oliveira Pinto CL, Martins JM. Products of vegetable origin: a new alternative for the consumption of probiotic bacteria. Food Res Int. 2013;51:764–770.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maruo T, Sakamoto M, Ito C, Toda T, Benno Y. Adlercreutzia equolifaciens gen. nov., sp. nov., an equol-producing bacterium isolated from human faeces, and emended description of the genus Eggerthella. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol. 2008;58:1221–7.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Masotti AI, Buckley N, Champagne CP, Green-Johnson J. Immunomodulatory bioactivity of soy and milk ferments on monocyte and macrophage models. Food Res Int. 2011;44:2475–81.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Masson LMP, Rosenthal A, Calado VMA, Deliza R, Tashima L. Effect of ultra-high pressure homogenization on viscosity and shear stress of fermented dairy beverage. LWT Food Sci Technol. 2011;44:495–501.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Matthews DM, Jenks SM. Ingestion of Mycobacterium vaccae decreases anxiety-related behavior and improves learning in mice. Behav Processes. 2013;96:27–35.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Matthies A, Loh G, Blaut M, Braune A. Daidzein and genistein are converted to equol and 5-hydroxy-equol by human intestinal Slackia isoflavoniconvertens in gnotobiotic rats. J Nutr. 2012;142:40–6.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mattila-Sandholm T, Myllärinen P, Crittenden R, Mogensen G, Fondén R, Saarela M. Technological challenges for future probiotic foods. Int Dairy J. 2002;12:173–82.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Maukonen J, Mättö J, Kajander K, Mattila-Sandholm T, Saarela M. Diversity and temporal stability of fecal bacterial populations in elderly subjects consuming galacto-oligosaccharide containing probiotic yoghurt. Int Dairy J. 2008;18:386–95.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Messaoudi M, Lalonde R, Violle N, et al. Assessment of psychotropic-like properties of a probiotic formulation (Lactobacillus helveticus R0052 and Bifidobacterium longum R0175) in rats and human subjects. Br J Nutr. 2011;105:755–64.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Metchnikoff E. The prolongation of life. New York: Arna Press; 1907.

    Google Scholar 

  • Michail SK, Stolfi A, Johnson T, Onady GM. Efficacy of probiotics in the treatment of pediatric atopic dermatitis: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2008;101:508–16.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mimura T, Rizzello F, Helwig U, Poggioli G, Schreiber S, Talbot IC, Nicholls RJ, Gionchetti P, Campieri M, Kamm MA. Once daily high dose probiotic therapy (VSL#3) for maintaining remission in recurrent or refractory pouchitis. Gut. 2004;53:108–14.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Momose Y, Hirayama K, Itoh K. Antagonism of intestinal bacteria isolated from human infants against Escherichia coli O157:H7 infection in gnotobiotic mice. Microb Ecol Heal Dis. 2005;17:9–14.

    Google Scholar 

  • Montalto M, D’Onofrio F, Gallo A, Cazzato A, Gasbarrini G. Intestinal microbiota and its functions. Dig Liver Dis Suppl. 2009;3:30–4.

    Google Scholar 

  • Morelli L. In vitro selection of probiotic lactobacilli: a critical appraisal. Curr Issues Intest Microbiol. 2000;1:59–67.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mousavi ZE, Mousavi SM, Razavi SH, Emam-Djomeh Z, Kiani H. Fermentation of pomegranate juice by probiotic lactic acid bacteria. World J Microbiol Biotechnol. 2010;27:123–8.

    Google Scholar 

  • N’guessan KF, Brou K, Jacques N, Casaregola S, Dje KM. Identification of yeasts during alcoholic fermentation of tchapalo, a traditional sorghum beer from Côte d’Ivoire. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek. 2011;99:855–64.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Namba K, Yaeshima T, Ishibashi N, Hayasawa H, Yamazaki S. Inhibitory effects of Bifidobacterium longum on enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7. Biosci Microflora. 2003;22:85–91.

    Google Scholar 

  • Namba K, Hatano M, Yaeshima T, Takase M, Suzuki K. Effects of Bifidobacterium longum BB536 administration on influenza infection, influenza vaccine antibody titer, and cell-mediated immunity in the elderly. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 2010;74:939–45.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Neufeld KM, Kang N, Bienenstock J, Foster JA. Reduced anxiety-like behavior and central neurochemical change in germ-free mice. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2011;23(255–264):e119.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nicolesco CL, Buruleanu LC. Correlation of some substrate parameters in growing Lactobacillus acidophilus on vegetable and fruit cocktail juices. Bull UASVM Agric. 2010;67:352–9.

    Google Scholar 

  • Noorbakhsh R, Yaghmaee P, Durance T. Radiant energy under vacuum (REV) technology: a novel approach for producing probiotic enriched apple snacks. J Funct Foods. 2013;5:1049–56.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nour M. 16S-23S and 23S-5S intergenic spacer regions of lactobacilli: nucleotide sequence, secondary structure and comparative analysis. Res Microbiol. 1998;149:433–48.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nualkaekul S, Salmeron I, Charalampopoulos D. Investigation of the factors influencing the survival of Bifidobacterium longum in model acidic solutions and fruit juices. Food Chem. 2011;129:1037–44.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nualkaekul S, Deepika G, Charalampopoulos D. Survival of freeze dried Lactobacillus plantarum in instant fruit powders and reconstituted fruit juices. Food Res Int. 2012a;48:627–33.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nualkaekul S, Lenton D, Cook MT, Khutoryanskiy VV, Charalampopoulos D. Chitosan coated alginate beads for the survival of microencapsulated Lactobacillus plantarum in pomegranate juice. Carbohydr Polym. 2012b;90:1281–7.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • O’Mahony L, McCarthy J, Kelly P, et al. Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium in irritable bowel syndrome: symptom responses and relationship to cytokine profiles. Gastroenterology. 2005;128:541–51.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Odamaki T, Yonezawa S, Kitahara M, Sugahara Y, Xiao J-Z, Yaeshima T, Iwatsuki K, Ohkuma M. Novel multiplex polymerase chain reaction primer set for identification of Lactococcus species. Lett Appl Microbiol. 2011a;52:491–6.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Odamaki T, Yonezawa S, Sugahara H, Xiao J, Yaeshima T, Iwatsuki K. A one step genotypic identification of Lactococcus lactis subspecies at the species/strain levels. Syst Appl Microbiol. 2011b;34:429–34.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Odamaki T, Sugahara H, Yonezawa S, Yaeshima T, Iwatsuki K, Tanabe S, Tominaga T, Togashi H, Benno Y, Xiao J. Effect of the oral intake of yogurt containing Bifidobacterium longum BB536 on the cell numbers of enterotoxigenic Bacteroides fragilis in microbiota. Anaerobe. 2012;18:14–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ogata T, Nakamura T, Yaeshima T, Takahashi S, Fukuwatari Y, Ishibashi N, et al. Effect of Bifidobacterium longum BB536 administration on the intestinal environment, defecation frequency and fecal characteristics of human volunteers. Biosci Microflora. 1997;16:53–8.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ogawa M, Shimizu K, Nomoto K, Takahashi M, Watanuki M, Tanaka R, Tanaka T, Hamabata T, Yamasaki S, Takeda Y. Protective effect of Lactobacillus casei strain Shirota on Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli O157:H7 infection in infant rabbits. Infect Immun. 2001;69:1101–8.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ohishi A, Takahashi S, Ito Y, et al. Bifidobacterium septicemia associated with postoperative probiotic therapy in a neonate with omphalocele. J Pediatr. 2010;156:679–81.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Olivares C, Solano F. New insights into the active site structure and catalytic mechanism of tyrosinase and its related proteins. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res. 2009;22:750–60.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Olivares M, Díaz-Ropero MP, Sierra S, Lara-Villoslada F, Fonollá J, Navas M, Rodríguez JM, Xaus J. Oral intake of Lactobacillus fermentum CECT5716 enhances the effects of influenza vaccination. Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, California). 2007;23:254–60.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Oliveira RPDS, Perego P, Converti A, De Oliveira MN. Effect of inulin on growth and acidification performance of different probiotic bacteria in co-cultures and mixed culture with Streptococcus thermophilus. J Food Eng. 2009;91:133–9.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Oliveira RP de S, Perego P, Oliveira MN de, Converti A. Effect of inulin as prebiotic and synbiotic interactions between probiotics to improve fermented milk firmness. J Food Eng. 2011;107:36–40.

    Google Scholar 

  • Olson DW, Aryana KJ. An excessively high Lactobacillus acidophilus inoculation level in yogurt lowers product quality during storage. LWT Food Sci Technol. 2008;41:911–8.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ortiz-Lucas M, Tobías A, Saz P, Sebastián JJ. Effect of probiotic species on irritable bowel syndrome symptoms: a bring up to date meta-analysis. Rev Espanola Enfermedades Dig Organo Soc Espanola Patol Dig. 2013;105:19–36.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ou C, Kuo H, Wang L, Hsu T, Chuang H, Liu C, Chang J, Yu H, Yang KD. Prenatal and postnatal probiotics reduces maternal but not childhood allergic diseases: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Clin Exp Allergy. 2012;42:1386–96.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ouchi N, Parker JL, Lugus JJ, Walsh K. Adipokines in inflammation and metabolic disease. Nat Rev Immunol. 2011;11:85–97.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ouwehand AC, Ten Bruggencate SJM, Schonewille AJ, Alhoniemi E, Forssten SD, Bovee-Oudenhoven IMJ. Lactobacillus acidophilus supplementation in human subjects and their resistance to enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli infection. Br J Nutr. 2013; 12:1–9.

    Google Scholar 

  • Park Y, Albright KJ, Liu W, Storkson JM, Cook ME, Pariza MW. Effect of conjugated linoleic acid on body composition in mice. Lipids. 1997;32:853–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Park MS, Kim MJ, Ji GE. Assessment of lipopolysaccharide-binding activity of Bifidobacterium and its relationship with cell surface hydrophobicity, autoaggregation, and inhibition of interleukin-8 production. J Microbiol Biotechnol. 2007;17:1120–6.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Parker RB. Probiotics, the other half of the antibiotic story. Anim Nutr Heal. 1974;29:4–8.

    Google Scholar 

  • Patel HM, Wang R, Chandrashekar O, Pandiella SS, Webb C. Proliferation of Lactobacillus plantarum in solid-state fermentation of oats. Biotechnol Prog. 2004;20:110–6.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pelucchi C, Chatenoud L, Turati F, Galeone C, Moja L, Bach J-F, La Vecchia C. Probiotics supplementation during pregnancy or infancy for the prevention of atopic dermatitis: a meta-analysis. Epidemiol Camb Mass. 2012;23:402–14.

    Google Scholar 

  • Peng G-C, Hsu C-H. The efficacy and safety of heat-killed Lactobacillus paracasei for treatment of perennial allergic rhinitis induced by house-dust mite. Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2005;16:433–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pennacchia C, Vaughan EE, Villani F. Potential probiotic Lactobacillus strains from fermented sausages: further investigations on their probiotic properties. Meat Sci. 2006;73:90–101.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pereira ALF, Maciel TC, Rodrigues S. Probiotic beverage from cashew apple juice fermented with Lactobacillus casei. Food Res Int. 2011;44:1276–83.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pompei A, Cordisco L, Amaretti A, Zanoni S, Matteuzzi D, Rossi M. Folate production by Bifidobacteria as a potential probiotic property. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2007;73:179–85.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Possemiers S, Marzorati M, Verstraete W, Van de Wiele T. Bacteria and chocolate: a successful combination for probiotic delivery. Int J Food Microbiol. 2010;141:97–103.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Prantera C, Scribano ML, Falasco G, Andreoli A, Luzi C. Ineffectiveness of probiotics in preventing recurrence after curative resection for Crohn’s disease: a randomised controlled trial with Lactobacillus GG. Gut. 2002;51:405–9.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Prescott SL, Wiltschut J, Taylor A, Westcott L, Jung W, Currie H, Dunstan JA. Early markers of allergic disease in a primary prevention study using probiotics: 2.5-year follow-up phase. Allergy. 2008;63:1481–90.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pyar H, Peh K-K. Effect of cryoprotective agents on survival and stability of Lactobacillus acidophilus cultured in food-grade medium. Int J Dairy Technol. 2011;64:578–84.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Radulović Z, Živković D, Mirković N, Petrušić M, Stajić S, Perunović M, Paunović D. Effect of probiotic bacteria on chemical composition and sensory quality of fermented sausages. Procedia Food Sci. 2011;1:1516–22.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ranadheera RDCS, Baines SK, Adams MC. Importance of food in probiotic efficacy. Food Res Int. 2010;43:1–7.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rathore S, Salmerón I, Pandiella SS. Production of potentially probiotic beverages using single and mixed cereal substrates fermented with lactic acid bacteria cultures. Food Microbiol. 2012;30:239–44.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rautava S, Kainonen E, Salminen S, Isolauri E. Maternal probiotic supplementation during pregnancy and breast-feeding reduces the risk of eczema in the infant. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2012;130:1355–60.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rautio M, Jousimies-Somer H, Kauma H, Pietarinen I, Saxelin M, Tynkkynen S, Koskela M. Liver abscess due to a Lactobacillus rhamnosus strain indistinguishable from L. rhamnosus strain GG. Clin Infect Dis. 1999;28:1159–60.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rivera-Espinoza Y, Gallardo-Navarro Y. Non-dairy probiotic products. Food Microbiol. 2010;27:1–11.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rodrigues D, Rocha-Santos TAP, Pereira CI, Gomes AM, Malcata FX, Freitas AC. The potential effect of FOS and inulin upon probiotic bacterium performance in curdled milk matrices. LWT - Food Sci Technol. 2011;44:100–8.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rose MA, Stieglitz F, Köksal A, Schubert R, Schulze J, Zielen S. Efficacy of probiotic Lactobacillus GG on allergic sensitization and asthma in infants at risk. Clin Exp Allergy. 2010;40:1398–405.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rossi M, Amaretti A, Raimondi S. Folate production by probiotic bacteria. Nutrients. 2011;3:118–34.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rößle C, Auty MAE, Brunton N, Gormley RT, Butler F. Evaluation of fresh-cut apple slices enriched with probiotic bacteria. Innov Food Sci Emerg Technol. 2010a;11:203–9.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rößle C, Brunton N, Gormley RT, Ross PR, Butler F. Development of potentially synbiotic fresh-cut apple slices. J Funct Foods. 2010b;2:245–54.

    Google Scholar 

  • Roy D. Technological aspects related to the use of Bifidobacteria in dairy products. Le Lait. 2005;85:39–56.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rubio R, Aymerich T, Bover-Cid S, Guàrdia MD, Arnau J, Garriga M. Probiotic strains Lactobacillus plantarum 299 V and Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG as starter cultures for fermented sausages. LWT - Food Sci Technol. 2013;54:51–6.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ruiz-Moyano S, Martín A, Benito MJ, Nevado FP, de Guía Córdoba M. Screening of lactic acid bacteria and Bifidobacteria for potential probiotic use in Iberian dry fermented sausages. Meat Sci. 2008;80:715–721.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ruiz-Moyano S, Martín A, Benito MJ, Hernández A, Casquete R, de Guia Córdoba M. Application of Lactobacillus fermentum HL57 and Pediococcus acidilactici SP979 as potential probiotics in the manufacture of traditional Iberian dry-fermented sausages. Food Microbiol. 2011;28:839–847.

    Google Scholar 

  • Saarela M, Virkajärvi I, Nohynek L, Vaari A, Mättö J. Fibres as carriers for Lactobacillus rhamnosus during freeze-drying and storage in apple juice and chocolate-coated breakfast cereals. Int J Food Microbiol. 2006;112:171–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Saarela M, Alakomi HL, Mättö J, Ahonen AM, Puhakka A, Tynkkynen S. Improving the storage stability of Bifidobacterium breve in low pH fruit juice. Int J Food Microbiol. 2011;149:106–10.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Said HM, Mohammed ZM. Intestinal absorption of water-soluble vitamins: an update. Curr Opin Gastroenterol. 2006;22:140–6.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Salminen S, von Wright A, Morelli L, et al. Demonstration of safety of probiotics: a review. Int J Food Microbiol. 1998;44:93–106.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sánchez B, de los Reyes-Gavilán CG, Margolles A, Gueimonde M. Probiotic fermented milks: Present and future. Int J Dairy Technol. 2009;62:472–483.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sartor RB. Therapeutic manipulation of the enteric microflora in inflammatory bowel diseases: antibiotics, probiotics, and prebiotics. Gastroenterology. 2004;126:1620–33.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sarvan I, Valerio F, Lonigro SL, de Candia S, Verkerk R, Dekker M, Lavermicocca P. Glucosinolate content of blanched cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata) fermented by the probiotic strain Lactobacillus paracasei LMG-P22043. Food Res Int. 2013;54:706–10.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Savard P, Lamarche B, Paradis M-E, Thiboutot H, Laurin É, Roy D. Impact of Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis BB-12 and, Lactobacillus acidophilus LA-5-containing yoghurt, on fecal bacterial counts of healthy adults. Int J Food Microbiol. 2011;149:50–7.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • SCAN. Opinion of the scientific committee on animal nutrition on the safety of use of Bacillus species in animal nutrition. European Commission, health and consumer protection directorate-general (SCAN) scientific committee on animal nutrition. 2000; http://ec.europa.eu/food/fs/sc/scan/out41_en.pdf

  • Schillinger U, Guigas C, Heinrich Holzapfel W. In vitro adherence and other properties of lactobacilli used in probiotic yoghurt-like products. Int Dairy J. 2005;15:1289–1297.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schultz M, Timmer A, Herfarth HH, Sartor RB, Vanderhoof JA, Rath HC. Lactobacillus GG in inducing and maintaining remission of Crohn’s disease. BMC Gastroenterol. 2004;4:5.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sekirov I, Russell SL, Antunes LCM, Finlay BB. Gut microbiota in health and disease. Physiol Rev. 2010;90:859–904.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Senaka Ranadheera C, Evans CA, Adams MC, Baines SK. Probiotic viability and physico-chemical and sensory properties of plain and stirred fruit yogurts made from goat’s milk. Food Chem. 2012;135:1411–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sendra E, Fayos P, Lario Y, Fernández-López J, Sayas-Barberá E, Pérez-Alvarez JA. Incorporation of citrus fibers in fermented milk containing probiotic bacteria. Food Microbiol. 2008;25:13–21.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Serrano-Niño JC, Cavazos-Garduño A, Hernandez-Mendoza A, Applegate B, Ferruzzi MG, San Martin-González MF, García HS. Assessment of probiotic strains ability to reduce the bioaccessibility of aflatoxin M1 in artificially contaminated milk using an in vitro digestive model. Food Control. 2013;31:202–207.

    Google Scholar 

  • Settanni L, van Sinderen D, Rossi J, Corsetti A. Rapid differentiation and in situ detection of 16 sourdough Lactobacillus species by multiplex PCR. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2005;71:3049–59.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shah NP. Functional foods from probiotics and prebiotics. Food Technol. 2001;55:46–53.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shah NP, Ravula RR. Influence of water activity on fermentation, organic acids production and viability of yogurt and probiotic bacteria. Aust J Dairy Technol. 2000a;55:127–31.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shah NP, Ravula RR. Microencapsulation of probiotic bacteria and their survival in frozen fermented dairy desserts. Aust J Dairy Technol. 2000b;55:139–44.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sharp MD, McMahon DJ, Broadbent JR. Comparative Evaluation of Yogurt and Low-Fat Cheddar Cheese as Delivery Media for Probiotic Lactobacillus casei. J Food Sci. 2008;73:M375–7.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sheehan VM, Ross P, Fitzgerald GF. Assessing the acid tolerance and the technological robustness of probiotic cultures for fortification in fruit juices. Innov Food Sci Emerg Technol. 2007;8:279–84.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shin NR, Lee JC, Lee HY, Kim MS, Whon TW, Lee MS, Bae JW. An increase in the Akkermansia spp. population induced by metformin treatment improves glucose homeostasis in diet-induced obese mice. Gut. 2013. doi: 10.1136/gutjnl-2012-303839

  • Sidira M, Saxami G, Dimitrellou D, Santarmaki V, Galanis A, Kourkoutas Y. Monitoring survival of Lactobacillus casei ATCC 393 in probiotic yogurts using an efficient molecular tool. J Dairy Sci. 2013;96:3369–77.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Siener R, Bangen U, Sidhu H, Hönow R, von Unruh G, Hesse A. The role of Oxalobacter formigenes colonization in calcium oxalate stone disease. Kidney Int. 2013;83:1144–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Simpson PJ, Stanton C, Fitzgerald GF, Ross RP. Intrinsic tolerance of Bifidobacterium species to heat and oxygen and survival following spray drying and storage. J Appl Microbiol. 2005;99:493–501.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sokol H, Pigneur B, Watterlot L, et al. Faecalibacterium prausnitzii is an anti-inflammatory commensal bacterium identified by gut microbiota analysis of Crohn disease patients. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2008;105:16731–6.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Srisuvor N, Chinprahast N, Prakitchaiwattana C, Subhimaros S. Effects of inulin and polydextrose on physicochemical and sensory properties of low-fat set yoghurt with probiotic-cultured banana purée. LWT Food Sci Technol. 2013;51:30–6.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stadnik J, Dolatowski ZJ. Biogenic amines content during extended ageing of dry-cured pork loins inoculated with probiotics. Meat Sci. 2012;91:374–7.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stadnik J, Dolatowski ZJ. Changes in selected parameters related to proteolysis during ageing of dry-cured pork loins inoculated with probiotics. Food Chem. 2013;139:67–71.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stanton C, Fitzgerald G, Paul Ross R, Desmond C, Coakley M, Kevin Collins J. Challenges facing development of probiotic-containing functional foods. In: Farnworth E, editor. Handbook of fermented functional foods. England: CRC Press; 2003. pp. 27–58.

    Google Scholar 

  • Strachan DP. Hay fever, hygiene, and household size. BMJ. 1989;299:1259–60.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sul SY, Kim HJ, Kim TW, Kim HY. Rapid identification of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium in probiotic products using multiplex PCR. J Microbiol Biotechnol. 2007;17:490–5.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Szajewska H, Mrukowicz JZ. Probiotics in the treatment and prevention of acute infectious diarrhea in infants and children: a systematic review of published randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2001;33(Suppl 2):S17–25.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Takahashi T, Nakagawa E, Nara T, Yajima T, Kuwata T. Effects of orally ingested Bifidobacterium longum on the mucosal IgA response of mice to dietary antigens. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 1998;62:10–5.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Takeda K, Okumura K. Effects of a fermented milk drink containing Lactobacillus casei strain Shirota on the human NK-cell activity. J Nutr. 2007;137:791S–3S.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Takeda Y, Nakase H, Namba K, Inoue S, Ueno S, Uza N, Chiba T. Upregulation of T-bet and tight junction molecules by Bifidobacterium longum improves colonic inflammation of ulcerative colitis. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2009;15:1617–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Talwalkar A, Kailasapathy K. A review of oxygen toxicity in probiotic yogurts: influence on the survival of probiotic bacteria and protective techniques. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf. 2004;3:117–24.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tamime AY. Yoghurt: science and technology. 2nd ed. Boca Raton, Cambridge: CRC Press, Woodhead Pub; 1999.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tamime AY, Wszolek M, Božanić R, Özer B. Popular ovine and caprine fermented milks. Small Rumin Res. 2011;101:2–16.

    Google Scholar 

  • Taverniti V, Guglielmetti S. The immunomodulatory properties of probiotic microorganisms beyond their viability (ghost probiotics: proposal of paraprobiotic concept). Genes Nutr. 2011;6:261–74.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Taylor AL, Dunstan JA, Prescott SL. Probiotic supplementation for the first 6 months of life fails to reduce the risk of atopic dermatitis and increases the risk of allergen sensitization in high-risk children: a randomized controlled trial. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2007;119:184–91.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tejada-Simon MV, Lee JH, Ustunol Z, Pestka JJ. Ingestion of yogurt containing Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium to potentiate immunoglobulin A responses to cholera toxin in mice. J Dairy Sci. 1999;82:649–60.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tillisch K, Labus JS, Ebrat B, Stains J, Naliboff B, Guyonnet D, Legrain-Raspaud S, Trotin B, Mayer EA. Modulation of the brain-gut axis after 4-week intervention with a probiotic fermented dairy product. Gastroenterology. 2012;142:S–115.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tillisch K, Labus J, Kilpatrick L, et al. Consumption of fermented milk product with probiotic modulates brain activity. Gastroenterology. 2013;144:1394–1401, 1401.e1–4.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tilsala-Timisjärvi A, Alatossava T. Development of oligonucleotide primers from the 16S-23S rRNA intergenic sequences for identifying different dairy and probiotic lactic acid bacteria by PCR. Int J Food Microbiol. 1997;35:49–56.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tissier H. Repartition des microbes dans l’intestin du nourisson. Ann Inst Pasteur Paris. 1905;19:109–23.

    Google Scholar 

  • Toprak NU, Yagci A, Gulluoglu BM, Akin ML, Demirkalem P, Celenk T, Soyletir G. A possible role of Bacteroides fragilis enterotoxin in the aetiology of colorectal cancer. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2006;12:782–6.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tripolt NJ, Leber B, Blattl D, et al. Short communication: effect of supplementation with Lactobacillus casei Shirota on insulin sensitivity, β-cell function, and markers of endothelial function and inflammation in subjects with metabolic syndrome a pilot study. J Dairy Sci. 2013;96:89–95.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tsai JS, Lin YS, Pan BS, Chen TJ. Antihypertensive peptides and γ-aminobutyric acid from prozyme 6 facilitated lactic acid bacteria fermentation of soymilk. Process Biochem. 2006;41:1282–8.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Turnbaugh PJ, Ley RE, Mahowald MA, Magrini V, Mardis ER, Gordon JI. An obesity-associated gut microbiome with increased capacity for energy harvest. Nature. 2006;444:1027–31.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Uysal-Pala C, Karagul-Yuceer Y, Pala A, Savas T. Sensory properties of drinkable yogurt made from milk of different goat breeds. J Sens Stud. 2006;21:520–33.

    Google Scholar 

  • Van der Aa LB, van Aalderen WMC, Heymans HSA, Henk Sillevis Smitt J, Nauta AJ, Knippels LMJ, Ben Amor K, Sprikkelman AB, Synbad Study Group. Synbiotics prevent asthma-like symptoms in infants with atopic dermatitis. Allergy. 2011;66:170–177.

    Google Scholar 

  • Van Tongeren SP, Slaets JPJ, Harmsen HJM, Welling GW. Fecal microbiota composition and frailty. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2005;71:6438–42.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Verdú EF, Bercik P, Verma-Gandhu M, Huang XX, Blennerhassett P, Jackson W, Mao Y, Wang L, Rochat F, Collins SM. Specific probiotic therapy attenuates antibiotic induced visceral hypersensitivity in mice. Gut. 2006;55:182–90.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vesterlund S, Salminen K, Salminen S. Water activity in dry foods containing live probiotic bacteria should be carefully considered: a case study with Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG in flaxseed. Int J Food Microbiol. 2012;157:319–21.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vinderola G, Prosello W, Molinari F, Ghiberto D, Reinheimer J. Growth of Lactobacillus paracasei A13 in Argentinian probiotic cheese and its impact on the characteristics of the product. Int J Food Microbiol. 2009;135:171–4.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vliagoftis H, Kouranos VD, Betsi GI, Falagas ME. Probiotics for the treatment of allergic rhinitis and asthma: systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2008;101:570–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wang X, Brown IL, Evans AJ, Conway PL. The protective effects of high amylose maize (amylomaize) starch granules on the survival of Bifidobacterium spp. in the mouse intestinal tract. J Appl Microbiol. 1999;87:631–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wang MF, Lin HC, Wang YY, Hsu CH. Treatment of perennial allergic rhinitis with lactic acid bacteria. Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2004;15:152–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wang XL, Shin KH, Hur HG, Kim SI. Enhanced biosynthesis of dihydrodaidzein and dihydrogenistein by a newly isolated bovine rumen anaerobic bacterium. J Biotechnol. 2005;115:261–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wang J, Guo Z, Zhang Q, Yan L, Chen W, Liu XM, Zhang HP. Fermentation characteristics and transit tolerance of probiotic Lactobacillus casei Zhang in soymilk and bovine milk during storage. J Dairy Sci. 2009;92:2468–76.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wang W, Bao Y, Hendricks GM, Guo M. Consistency, microstructure and probiotic survivability of goats’ milk yoghurt using polymerized whey protein as a co-thickening agent. Int Dairy J. 2012a;24:113–9.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wang Y, Xie J, Wang N, Li Y, Sun X, Zhang Y, Zhang H. Lactobacillus casei Zhang modulate cytokine and toll-like receptor expression and beneficially regulate PolyI:C-induced immune responses in RAW264.7 macrophages. Microbiol Immunol. 2012b. doi: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.2012.00516.x

  • Wang Y, Li Y, Xie J, Zhang Y, Wang J, Sun X, Zhang H. Protective effects of probiotic Lactobacillus casei Zhang against endotoxin- and d-galactosamine-induced liver injury in rats via anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory capacities. Int Immunopharmacol. 2013;15:30–7.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ward LJ, Timmins MJ. Differentiation of Lactobacillus casei, Lactobacillus paracasei and Lactobacillus rhamnosus by polymerase chain reaction. Lett Appl Microbiol. 1999;29:90–2.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wei YX, Zhang ZY, Liu C, Malakar PK, Guo XK. Safety assessment of Bifidobacterium longum JDM301 based on complete genome sequences. World J Gastroenterol. 2012;18:479–88.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • West CE, Hammarström M-L, Hernell O. Probiotics during weaning reduce the incidence of eczema. Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2009;20:430–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • West CE, Hammarström ML, Hernell O. Probiotics in primary prevention of allergic disease: follow-up at 8–9 years of age. Allergy. 2013;68:1015–20.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wickens K, Black P, Stanley TV, Mitchell E, Barthow C, Fitzharris P, Purdie G, Crane J. A protective effect of Lactobacillus rhamnosus HN001 against eczema in the first 2 years of life persists to age 4 years. Clin Exp Allergy. 2012;42:1071–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wickens K, Stanley TV, Mitchell EA, Barthow C, Fitzharris P, Purdie G, Siebers R, Black PN, Crane J. Early supplementation with Lactobacillus rhamnosus HN001 reduces eczema prevalence to 6 years: does it also reduce atopic sensitization? Clin Exp Allergy. 2013;43:1048–57.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wu S, Rhee K-J, Albesiano E, et al. A human colonic commensal promotes colon tumorigenesis via activation of T helper type 17 T cell responses. Nat Med. 2009a;15:1016–22.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wu R, Wang L, Wang J, Li H, Menghe B, Wu J, Guo M, Zhang H. Isolation and preliminary probiotic selection of lactobacilli from koumiss in Inner Mongolia. J Basic Microbiol. 2009b;49:318–26.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Xiao JZ, Kondo S, Takahashi N, Miyaji K, Oshida K, Hiramatsu A, Iwatsuki K, Kokubo S, Hosono A. Effects of milk products fermented by Bifidobacterium longum on blood lipids in rats and healthy adult male volunteers. J Dairy Sci. 2003;86:2452–61.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Xiao JZ, Kondo S, Yanagisawa N, et al. Probiotics in the treatment of Japanese cedar pollinosis: a double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Clin Exp Allergy. 2006;36:1425–35.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Xiao JZ, Kondo S, Yanagisawa N, Miyaji K, Enomoto K, Sakoda T, Iwatsuki K, Enomoto T. Clinical efficacy of probiotic Bifidobacterium longum for the treatment of symptoms of Japanese cedar pollen allergy in subjects evaluated in an environmental exposure unit. Allergol Int. 2007;56:67–75.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ya T, Zhang Q, Chu F, Merritt J, Bilige M, Sun T, Du R, Zhang H. Immunological evaluation of Lactobacillus casei Zhang: a newly isolated strain from koumiss in Inner Mongolia. China. BMC Immunol. 2008;9:68.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yaeshima T, Takahashi S, Matsumoto N, Ishibashi N, Hayasawa H, Iino H. Effect of yogurt containing Bifidobacterium longum BB536 on the intestinal environment, fecal characteristics and defecation frequency: a comparison with standard yogurt. Biosci Microflora. 1997;16:73–7.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yeon SW, You YS, Kwon HS, Yang EH, Ryu JS, Kang BH, Kang JH. Fermented milk of Lactobacillus helveticus IDCC3801 reduces beta-amyloid and attenuates memory deficit. J Funct Foods. 2010;2:143–52.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yoshimura K, Matsui T, Itoh K. Prevention of Escherichia coli O157:H7 infection in gnotobiotic mice associated with Bifidobacterium strains. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek. 2010;97:107–17.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zare F, Champagne CP, Simpson BK, Orsat V, Boye JI. Effect of the addition of pulse ingredients to milk on acid production by probiotic and yoghurt starter cultures. LWT Food Sci Technol. 2012;45:155–60.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang Y, Wang L, Zhang J, Li Y, He Q, Li H, Guo X, Guo J, Zhang H. Probiotic Lactobacillus casei Zhang ameliorates high-fructose-induced impaired glucose tolerance in hyperinsulinemia rats. Eur J Nutr. 2013;. doi:10.1007/s00394-013-0519-5

    PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Zhong Z, Zhang W, Du R, Meng H, Zhang H. Lactobacillus casei Zhang stimulates lipid metabolism in hypercholesterolemic rats by affecting gene expression in the liver. Eur J Lipid Sci Technol. 2012;114:244–52.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zubaidah E, Nurcholis M, Wulan SN, Kusuma A. Comparative study on synbiotic effect of fermented rice bran by probiotic lactic acid bacteria Lactobacillus casei and newly isolated Lactobacillus plantarum B2 in wistar rats. APCBEE Procedia. 2012;2:170–7.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Food Science and Technology Institute, Morinaga Milk Industry Co. Ltd, Tokyo, Japan

    Jinzhong Xiao

  2. Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China

    Zhennai Yang

  3. Research Center for Nutrition and Food Safety, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China

    Yong Zhang

Authors
  1. Jinzhong Xiao
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Yong Zhang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Zhennai Yang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Jinzhong Xiao .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Huhhot, Inner Mongolia, China

    Heping Zhang

  2. Crop, Livestock and Environment Division, Japan International Research Center for Agricultural Sciences (JIRCAS), Tsukuba, Japan

    Yimin Cai

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2014 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Xiao, J., Zhang, Y., Yang, Z. (2014). Lactic Acid Bacteria in Health and Disease. In: Zhang, H., Cai, Y. (eds) Lactic Acid Bacteria. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-8841-0_5

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation