New Aspects of Quantum Electrodynamics

Basic physics of quantum electrodynamics (QED) is reviewed in comparison with quantum mechanics. Under external source of electromagnetic fields, charged particles can be accelerated by the Lorentz force. The Lorentz force is compensated by tension at any point of the Minkowski space-time. The tension is given by the divergence of internal self-stress tensor. The antisymmetric component of the stress tensor leads to spin torque and drives time evolution of electron spin. This is called the quantum electron spin vorticity principle. The spin torque can be compensated by a force called zeta force.

In Sect. 1.2.7, Chap. 1, it is found that the electron spin torque is counterbalanced by the chiral electron density. In Sect. 1.2.8, Chap. 1, it is found that the spin vorticity of electron contributes to the kinetic momentum of electron, which raises a simple but “odd” question: what is momentum of electron spin? In this Chapter, we shall show that the origin of both the chiral nature and the kinetic nature is manifest in the principle of equivalence in general relativity.

In Chap. 1, we have studied the symmetry-polarized internal self-stress tensor of electron. In Chap. 2, we have studied the antisymmetric component of the stress tensor of electron in detail. It remains a simple question: for what does the symmetric component work? The answer is first chemical idea of QED is the spindle structure of covalency predicted by the symmetric component of the stress tensor of electron. We have so long considered relativistic theory as merely a slight correction for the interpretation in chemical phenomena. However, we shall clarify that the Hamiltonian of QED, derived from the picture of “action through medium” based on the relativistic theory, gives a novel image of the chemical interaction even in the nonrelativistic limit. Actually, we shall use the primary Rigged QED theory for our purpose. As a result, conventional images of the chemical interaction based on “action at a distance” are replaced with the new images of them given by the picture of “action through medium” without exception. We shall visualize not only the spindle structure but also various basic chemical concepts in chemical reaction systems in real three-dimensional space. Shape volume discriminates the region of classical atoms and molecules. The regional chemical potential inequality principle gives the electron transferability from one region to another.

Canonical quantization of QED in finite systems is performed in terms of new b-photon, f-electron, and f ^c -positron, which are called alpha-oscillators. The alpha-oscillator algebra is useful for non-perturbationally space-time resolved simulation solving the dual Cauchy problems of the time-dependent QED Hamiltonian \( {\widehat{H}}_{\mathrm{QED}}(t) \). Time-dependent renormalization of QED is performed by using q-number renormalization constants over and above alpha-resonance and thermalization of alpha-oscillators. Quantum mechanics 100 years of mystery on the measurement problem of the Minkowski space-time coordinates is solved.