Abstract
A young Israeli scholar Yuval Noah Harari wrote in his very influential book entitled Sapiens: A Brief History of Humankind, “…the voyages of Admiral Zheng He of the Chinese Ming dynasty heralded and eclipsed the European voyages of discovery.
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Notes
- 1.
Harari (2014).
- 2.
According to the World Bank report (2000/2001), China’s GDP per capita is US$780 if it is calculated by the current exchange rate, and US $3,291 if by purchasing power parity. If calculated by the current exchange rate, China’s GDP ranks No. 7 in the world; but if calculated by purchasing power parity, China ranks No. 2 (U.S. GDP is roughly 8.4 trillion dollars) in the world with its GDP (exceeding 4.1 trillion dollars) much higher than that of Japan (3 trillion dollars).
- 3.
Marx and Engels (1848).
- 4.
Karl Marx pointed out in his speech “On the Question of Free Trade ”, “To sum up, what is Free Trade under the present conditions of society? Freedom of Capital. When you have torn down the few national barriers which still restrict the free development of capital, you will merely have given it complete freedom of action.” Marx (1848).
- 5.
The Group of Lisbon (1995).
- 6.
Fromm (2002).
- 7.
Marx (1853).
- 8.
Mackinder (2004).
- 9.
Cao and Gao (2015).
- 10.
Wiener (2004).
- 11.
Chen (2015).
- 12.
Hobsbawm (1987).
- 13.
Mackinder (1996a).
- 14.
Mackinder (1996b).
- 15.
Cui (2014).
- 16.
Mahan (1910).
- 17.
Kagen (2013).
- 18.
After the Thirty Years’ War, European countries signed a series of peace treaties in 1648, the so-called “Peace of Westphalia”. The equilibrium established in Europe as a result of “Peace of Westphalia is called the Westphalia system. Although the balance of power was then not stable, it did establish the norms of international relations based on equality and sovereignty. Peace of Westphalia remained the basic way to solve conflicts and tensions between European countries in next several hundred years.
- 19.
Kissinger (2015a).
- 20.
Brzezinski (1997).
- 21.
Kissinger (2015b).
- 22.
No country with a population of larger than 100 million has ever adopted the policy of opening-up in such an all-round way and so completely in such poor economic conditions as China, especially its high tolerance for foreign direct investment and its completely open policy.
- 23.
Jin (2015a).
- 24.
The slicing up of high-tech supply chain is more common. Take computer industry as an example, in 1981, IBM corporation made a decision of outsourcing two major PC components, namely, the operating system and the processor to Microsoft Corporation and Intel Corporation respectively, which is a milestone in the history of Information technology development, heralding the beginning of slicing up of computer supply chain. Since then, the supply chain of computer is sliced up, involving more and more countries entering the international division of labor .
- 25.
Jin (2015b).
- 26.
Naisbitt and Naisbitt (2016).
- 27.
Phelps (2013a).
- 28.
Phelps (2013b).
- 29.
Pritchett and Summers (2014).
- 30.
Qiu (2015).
- 31.
Zeng (2016).
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Jin, B. (2020). An Inclusive World: Entering a New Era of Economic Globalization. In: China's Path of Industrialization. China Insights. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-1506-4_8
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