Abstract
Succinic acid has been extensively used as a precursor for the synthesis of various pharmaceutical- and food-grade chemicals of industrial significance. In general, succinic acid is synthesised through chemical methods such as electroreduction or catalytic hydrogenation of maleic acid or paraffin oxidation. However, these chemical routes suffer from various limitations, e.g. poor purity and yield of the organic acid, complexity in their operation and expensive and possible environmental implications. Further, in view of the exponential decay in crude oil reserve and demand for sustainable development, there has been a paradigm shift in succinic acid production through microbial transformation of renewable feedstock. While substantial advancement has been achieved in the area of biotechnological production of succinic acid, much efforts need to be made to achieve economic viability. This chapter sheds light on current state of the art of biological production of succinic acid including metabolic pathway, microorganisms, metabolic engineering of potential strains, renewable feedstock, bioprocess development and downstream processing. Based on the existing technological challenges, future research perspective is also discussed.
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Abbreviations
- 𝛼-KG:
-
𝛼-ketoglutarate
- AcCoA:
-
Acetyl-CoA
- aceA:
-
Isocitrate lyase
- aceB:
-
Malate synthase
- Acetyl-P:
-
Acetyl-phosphate
- ack:
-
Acetate kinase
- ackA :
-
Acetate kinase
- acn:
-
Aconitate hydratase
- aco:
-
Aconitate hydratase
- acs:
-
Acetate-CoA ligase
- acsA:
-
Bacillus subtilis acetyl-CoA synthase
- adh:
-
Alcohol dehydrogenase
- ald:
-
Aldehyde dehydrogenase
- cat :
-
Acetyl-CoA: CoA transferase
- CIT:
-
Citrate
- cit:
-
citrate lyase
- DHAP:
-
Dihydroxyacetone phosphate
- fdh:
-
Mycobacterium vaccae Formate dehydrogenase
- frd:
-
Fumarate reductase
- fruA:
-
Fructose phosphotransferase gene
- fum:
-
Fumarase
- FUM:
-
Fumarate
- fum:
-
Fumarate hydratase
- G-3-P:
-
Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate
- gapA:
-
Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase
- glk:
-
Glucose kinase
- gltA:
-
Citrate synthase
- GOX:
-
Glyoxylate
- icd:
-
Isocitrate dehydrogenase
- icl:
-
Isocitrate lyase
- ICT:
-
Isocitrate
- idh:
-
Isocitrate dehydrogenase
- kdh:
-
𝛼-KG dehydrogenase
- ldh:
-
Lactate dehydrogenase
- maeB:
-
Malic enzyme
- MAL:
-
Malate
- mdh:
-
Malate dehydrogenase
- mgsA:
-
Methylglyoxal synthase
- mls:
-
Malate synthase
- OAA:
-
Oxaloacetate
- oad:
-
Oxaloacetate decarboxylase
- pck:
-
PEP carboxykinase
- PEP:
-
Phosphoenolpyruvate
- pfl:
-
Pyruvate formate lyase
- pflB:
-
Pyruvate formate lyase
- pfo:
-
Pyruvate-ferredoxin oxidoreductase
- poxB:
-
Pyruvate dehydrogenase
- pqo:
-
pyruvate:menaquinone oxidoreductase
- pta:
-
Phosphate acetyltransferase
- pta :
-
phosphotransacetylase
- PTS:
-
Phosphotransferase system
- pyc:
-
Pyruvate carboxylase
- pyk:
-
Pyruvate kinase
- pykF:
-
Pyruvate kinase
- PYR:
-
Pyruvate
- QOH:
-
Menaquinol
- sdh:
-
Succinate dehydrogenase
- Suc-CoA:
-
Succinyl-CoA
- TCA:
-
Tricarboxylic acid
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Acknowledgement
Gargi Goswami is thankful to her mentor, Prof. Debasish Das, Department of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, for his constant guidance and support.
Competing Interests
The authors state that the work was carried out without the existence of any financial or commercial associations that could be interpreted as a probable conflict of interest.
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Sahoo, K.K., Datta, S., Nayak, A., Pranaw, K., Dutta, D., Goswami, G. (2022). Biological Production of Succinic Acid: State of the Art and Future Perspectives. In: Verma, P. (eds) Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-5214-1_15
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