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2017 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

5. Tax Incentives, Harmful Tax Competition and State Aid Considerations in the EU

verfasst von : Raymond Luja

Erschienen in: Tax Incentives for the Creative Industries

Verlag: Springer Singapore

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Abstract

The creative sector is affected, like any other industry, by measures to avoid harmful tax competition when shifting taxable profits between countries. While those measures ought to be aimed at curtailing tax avoidance practices, they may also affect genuine business activities to some extent. Because research and development may play an important role in the creative process, special attention should be given to proposed OECD/G20 regulation concerning taxation of royalties. Within the European Union, state aid rules restrict the options of EU Member States with respect to providing aid to culture or to the creative industry at large. Certain incentives may require approval from the European Commission.

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Vorheriges Kapitel Tax Incentives as a Creative Industries Policy Instrument

Nächstes Kapitel Tax Incentives Crossing Borders

This chapter was last updated on 6 January 2016. National (and possibly constitutional) restraints on tax incentives are not addressed here, nor are restraints imposed by bilateral or multilateral trade agreements.

This code of conduct is more of a gentlemen’s agreement amongst EU Member States and not an official legal instrument of the EU that can be enforced by its institutions.

Amounts are based on a five-year average.

Case 30/59, De Gezamenlijke Steenkolenmijnen in Limburg v. High Authority of the European Coal and Steel Community [1961] European Court Recordings, p. 3.

Similar provisions apply to the countries of the European Economic Area (EEA).

Article 311, annex IX A and annex X B VAT Directive, OJ L 347/1 of 11 December 2006.

Case C-460/07, Puffer, [2009] European Court Recordings I-3251, para. 70.

If an entity has been tasked with performing services of general economic interest (discussed later), then this limit will be €500 000 (European Commission 2012).

Commission Decision C (2010) 1247 final of 24 March 2010, State Aid N 33/2010, para 22.

Reasonable is defined as the normal return of capital pursued by a typical undertaking, taking the level of risk into account (which will depend on the sector of industry and the type of service, among other considerations; normally, the relevant swap rate + 100 basis points would be acceptable). Alternative profit level indicators may be acceptable as well. See European Commission (2012), Article 5.

Also see European Commission (2011).

For an overview of the entire procedure, see the procedural regulation (EU Council 2015).

The actual recovery period may be longer than 10 years as it may be interrupted or suspended.

Article 167 TFEU.

Article 107(3)(d) TFEU.

Commission Decision C(2014) 3910 final of 24 March 2010, SA.38122(2014/N).

This may be part of the compensation mechanism for SGEIs, addressed above in Sect. 3.2.3.

Article 53(2) GBER.

Article 53(4) GBER.

Article 53(5) GBER.

Article 53(9) GBER.

Article 9 GBER; ranges will be in millions of EUR: 0.5-1, 1-2, 2-5, 5-10, 10-30, 30 and over.

Article 7(2) GBER. For tax benefits that are granted on a periodic basis, such as annually, discount rates will have to be determined per year, in accordance with commission rules (Article 7(4) GBER).

Article 8 GBER.

Reliable and reasonable projections of next year’s profits may be used as an ex ante alternative for cultural aid, which is hard to put in a tax scheme.

Article 6(5)(h) GBER in reference to Article 6(4) GBER.

Aid for film studio infrastructure is not covered (Article 54(9) GBER).

Article 54(2) GBER.

Article 54(4) GBER.

Article 54(5) GBER.

See Chap. 8, Sect. 2.3 for a discussion of these various phases in the realization of a film.

Article 54(6) GBER.

Article 54(7) GBER.

Article 54(8) GBER.

Article 54(9) GBER.

Article 54(10) GBER.

European Commission (2009) Communication from the Commission on the application of State aid rules to public service broadcasting, OJ C 257/1 of 27 October 2009

European Commission (2011) Commission Decision of 20 December 2011 on the application of Article 106(2) of the TFEU to State aid in the form of public service compensation granted to certain undertakings entrusted with the operation of services of general economic interest, OJ L7/3 of 11 January 2012

European Commission (2012) Commission Regulation (EU) 360/2012 of 25 April 2012 on the application of Articles 107 and 108 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union to de minimis aid granted to undertakings providing services of general economic interest, OJ L114/8 of 26 April 2012

European Commission (2013a) Commission Regulation (EU) 1407/2013 of 18 December 2013 on the application of Articles 107 and 108 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union to de minimis aid. OJ L 352/1 of 24 December 2013

European Commission (2013b) Communication from the Commission on State aid for films and other audiovisual works. OJ C 332/1 of 15 November 2013

European Commission (2013c) MEMO/13/993 of 14 November 2013, State aid: Commission adopts new film support rules—frequently asked questions

European Commission (2014) Commission Regulation (EU) No 651/2014 of 17 June 2014 declaring certain categories of aid compatible with the internal market in application of Articles 107 and 108 of the Treaty, OJ L 187/1 of 26 June 2014

EU Council (1997) Code of Conduct for Business Taxation of 1 December 1997. OJ C 2/1 of 6 January 1998

EU Council (2015) Council Regulation (EU) 2015/1589 of 13 July 2015 laying down detailed rules for the application of Article 108 TFEU, OJ C L248/9 of 24 September 2015

G20 (2015) Leader’s Communiqué, Antalya Summit, 15–16 November 2015

OECD/G20 (2015) Base Erosion and Profit Shifting Project, Action 5—Final report: countering harmful tax practices more effectively, taking into account transparency and substance

Titel: Tax Incentives, Harmful Tax Competition and State Aid Considerations in the EU
verfasst von: Raymond Luja
Verlag: Springer Singapore
Buch: Tax Incentives for the Creative Industries
Print ISBN: 978-981-287-831-1

Electronic ISBN: 978-981-287-832-8

Copyright-Jahr: 2017
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-287-832-8_5