Ground water flow paths in relation to nitrogen chemistry in the near-stream zone

Abstract

Interactions between ground water flow paths and water chemistry were studied in the riparian zone of a small headwater catchment near Toronto, Ontario. Significant variations in oxygen — 18 and chloride indicated the presence of distinct sources of water in the ground water flow system entering the near-stream zone. Shallow ground water at the upland perimeter of the riparian zone had nitrate-N, chloride and dissolved oxygen concentrations which ranged between 100–180 µg L⁻¹, 1.2–1.8 mg L⁻¹ and 4.6–9.1 mg L⁻¹ respectively. Concentrations of nitrate — N in deep ground water flowing upward beneath the riparian wetland were < 10 µg L⁻¹, whereas chloride and dissolved oxygen ranged between 0.6–0.9 mg L⁻¹ and 0.4–2.2 mg L⁻¹ respectively. Ammonium — N concentrations (20–60 µg L⁻¹) were similar in shallow and deep ground water. Ground water was transported through the wetland to the stream by three hydrologic pathways. 1) Shallow ground water emerged as springs near the base of the hillslope producing surface rivulets which crossed the riparian zone to the stream. 2) Deep ground water flowed upward through organic soils and entered the rivulets within the wetland. 3) Deep ground water reached the stream as bed and bank seepage. Springs were higher in nitrate and chloride than rivulets entering the stream, whereas bank seeps had lower concentrations of nitrate and chloride and considerably higher ammonium concentrations than the rivulets. These contrasts in nitrate and chloride concentrations were related to initial differences in the ion chemistry of shallow and deep ground water rather than to element transformations within the riparian wetland. Differences in ammonium concentration between seeps and rivulets were caused by immobilization of ammonium in the substrates of aerobic rivulets, whereas little ammonium depletion probably occurred in deep ground water flowing upward through reduced subsurface organic soils around the stream perimeter.