Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

The ultrastructure of cellulose from wood

Part 2: Problems of the isolation of cellulose

  • Published:
Wood Science and Technology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Summary

During the delignification of wood several processes overlap one another. One of these is the penetration of the wood samples by the delignifying solution. Penetration tests under different conditions show that there is almost no difference in the penetration depth of wood samples penetrated by diffusion only and of wood samples treated with pressure. In both cases the pits are closed during the flow of fluids. Vacuum treated samples show better penetration and most of the pits in these samples remain open. The distribution of fluids within the cell walls takes place in the intercellular spaces, in small openings in the compound middle lamella and in the secondary wall 1 as well as in very fine pores in the secondary wall 2. The penetration of a wood sample is greatly facilitated if the sample is mechanically injured. A slowly proceeding delignification with ethylene sulphite shows that the delignification obviously starts in the S 1 layer and proceeds from there towards the compound middle lamella and the S 2 layer. In the first stages of lignin removal the compound middle lamella is also attacked, the attack beginning at the border of the pit chambers.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Asunmaa, S.: A Note on the Electron Microscope Study of Cellulose Fibres in Ultrathin Sections after Treatment with Thallous Ethylate. Svensk Papperstidn. 57 (1954) 367–368.

    Google Scholar 

  • —: Electron Microscope Studies on Sections of Aspen Sulphite Pulp Fibres. Svensk Papperstidn. 58 (1955) 33–34.

    Google Scholar 

  • Back, E. L.: Intercellular Spaces Along the Ray Parenchyma—The Gas Canal System of Living Wood? Wood Sci. 2 (1969) 31–34.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bailey, I. W.: The Structure of the Pit Membrane in the Tracheids of Conifers and its Relation to the Penetration of Gases, Liquids and Finely Divided Solids into Green and Seasoned Wood. For. Quart. 11 (1913) 12–20.

    Google Scholar 

  • —: The Structure of the Bordered Pits of Conifers and its Bearing Upon the Tension Hypothesis of the Ascent of Sap in Plants. Bot. Gaz. 62 (1916) 133–142.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bailey, P. J., and R. D. Preston: Some Aspects of Softwood Permeability. I. Structural Studies with Douglas Fir Sapwood and Heartwood. Holzforsch. 23 (1969) 113–120.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boutelje, J. B., and B. H. Hollmark: Studies on the Distribution of Components in Fiber Walls. Paper presented at the International Wood Chemistry Symposium, Seattle, Wash., USA. Sept. 1–4, 1969.

  • Bucher, H.: Der Aufschluß von Holz zu Zellstoff als topochemische Reaktion. Chimia 13 (1959) 397–412.

    Google Scholar 

  • —: Zur Topochemie des Holzaufschlusses. Papier 14 (1960) 542–549.

    Google Scholar 

  • —: Mikroskopische Untersuchungen über die Struktur natürlicher Cellulosefasern. Textil-Rdsch. 19 (1964) 119–132.

    Google Scholar 

  • —: Der mikroskopische Nachweis von Lignin in verholzten Fasern durch Jodmalachitgrün. Papier 22 (1968) 390–396.

    Google Scholar 

  • Buro, A., and E. A. Buro: Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Eindringwege für Flüssigkeiten in Kiefernholz. Holzforsch. 13 (1959) 71–77.

    Google Scholar 

  • Casperson, G., V. Jacopian, and B. Philipp: Zur Veränderung der Ultrastruktur von Pappelholz im Verlaufe verschiedenartiger Aufschlußprozesse. Svensk Papperstidn. 70 (1967) 702–710.

    Google Scholar 

  • —, V. Jacopian, and B. Philipp: Zum Einfluß verschiedenartiger Aufschlußprozesse auf die Ultrastruktur des Reaktionsholzes der Pappel. Svensk Papperstidn. 71 (1968) 482–487.

    Google Scholar 

  • Christensen, G. N., and H. F. A. Hergt: The Apparent Density of Wood in Non-Swelling Liquids. Holzforsch. 22 (1968) 165–170.

    Google Scholar 

  • Davies, G. W.: Microscopic Observations of Wood Fracture. Holzforsch. 22 (1968a) 177–180.

    Google Scholar 

  • —: A Microscopic Study of Paper Made from Pinus radiata. Tappi 51 (1968b) 454–461.

    Google Scholar 

  • Debaise, G. R., A. W. Porter, and R. E. Pentoney: Morphology and Mechanics of Wood Fracture. ASTM Materials 6 (1966) 493–499.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fengel, D.: Über die Veränderungen des Holzes und seiner Komponenten im Temperaturbereich bis 200°C. Dritte Mitteilung: Thermisch und mechanisch bedingte Strukturveränderungen bei Fichtenholz. Holz Roh-Werkstoff 24 (1966) 529–536.

    Google Scholar 

  • —: Ultramicrotomy, Its Application in Wood Research. Wood Sci. Technol. 1 (1967) 191–204.

    Google Scholar 

  • —: The Ultrastructure of Cellulose from Wood. Part 1: Wood as the Basic Material for the Isolation of Cellulose. Wood Sci. Technol. 3 (1969a) 203–217.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fengel, D. Ultrastructural Changes During Aging of Wood Cells. Paper presented at the International Wood Chemistry Symposium, Seattle, Wash., USA, Sept. 1–4, 1969b. Wood Sci. Technol.

  • Fengel, D. The Ultrastructural Behavior of Cell Wall Polysaccharides. Paper presented at the International Tappi Seminar “Physical and Chemical Properties of Pulp Wood Fibers”, Appleton, Wis., USA, May 12–15, 1969c. Tappi in press.

  • — and E. Bednar-Baldermann: Polymerisierbare Verbindungen als einbettungsmittel für die Ultramikrotomie. Teil 2: Anwendung und Vergleich bekannter und neuer Einbettungsgemische. Mikroskopie 23 (1968) 220–237.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fergus, B. J., A. R. Procter, J. A. N. Scott, and D. A. I. Goring: The Distribution of Lignin in Sprucewood as Determined by Ultraviolet Microscopy. Wood Sci. Technol. 3 (1969) 117–138.

    Google Scholar 

  • Frenzel, P.: Über die Porengröße einiger pflanzlicher Zellmembranen. Planta 8 (1929) 642–665.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hamilton, J. K.: The Behaviour of Wood Carbohydrates in Technical Pulping Processes. Pure Appl. Chem. 5 (1962) 197–217.

    Google Scholar 

  • Huber, B., and W. Merz: Über die Bedeutung des Hoftüpfelverschlusses für die axiale Wasserleitfähigkeit von Nadelhölzern. Planta 51 (1958) 645–672.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jacopian, V., and G. Casperson: Über Veränderungen der Ultrastruktur von Pappelholz durch verschiedene Aufschlußbedingungen. Faserforsch. Textiltechn. 17 (1966) 267–275.

    Google Scholar 

  • —, G. Casperson, and B. Philipp: Elektronenmikroskopische Untersuchungen an verschiedenartig aufgeschlossenem Pappelholz. Cell. Chem. Technol. 2 (1968) 631–653.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jayme, G., and A. Von Köppen: Strukturelle und chemische Unterschiede zwischen Sulfitund Sulfatzellstoffen. Papier 4 (1950) 373–378, 415–420, 455–462.

    Google Scholar 

  • — and H. F. Torgersen: Topochemie der Delignifizierung beim Aufschluß von Fichtenholz nach dem Sulfit- und Sulfatverfahren. Teil I: Ultraviolett-mikroskopische Untersuchungen an teilweise delignifiziertem Fichtenholz. Holzforsch. 21 (1967) 110–116.

    Google Scholar 

  • Koran, Z.: Electron Microscopy of Radial Tracheid Surfaces of Black Spruce Separated by Tensile Failure at Various Temperatures. Tappi 50 (1967) 60–67.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lange, P. W.: Some Views on the Lignin in the Woody Fiber during the Sulfite Cook. Svensk Papperstidn. 50 (1947) 130–134.

    Google Scholar 

  • —: Mass Distribution in the Cell Walls of Swedish Spruce and Birch. Svensk Papperstidn. 57 (1954) 533–537.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mark, R.: Tensile Stress Analysis of Cell Walls of Coniferous Tracheids. In: Cellular Ultrastructure of Woody Plants (W. A. Côté, Ed.), pp. 493–533, Syracuse, N. Y., 1965: Syracuse University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Meier, H.: On the Behaviour of Wood Hemicelluloses under Different Pulping Conditions. Part 1. Birch Hemicellulose. Svensk Papperstidn. 65 (1962a) 299–306.

    Google Scholar 

  • —: On the Behaviour of Wood Hemicelluloses under Different Pulping Conditions. Part 2. Spruce Hemicellulose. Svensk Papperstidn. 65 (1962b) 589–594.

    Google Scholar 

  • Procter, A. R., W. Q. Yean, and D. A. I. Goring: The Topochemistry of Delignificatio in Kraft and Sulphite Pulping of Spruce Wood. Pulp Paper Mag. Can. 68 (1967) T 445-T 453.

    Google Scholar 

  • Russow, E.: Zur Kenntnis des Holzes, in Besonderheit des Koniferenholzes. Bot. Zentralbl. 13 (1883) 29, 60, 95, 134, 166.

    Google Scholar 

  • Seifert, J.: Unpublished results, personal communication (1969).

  • Stamm, A. J.: Correlation of Structural Variations of Lignin with Their Specific Gravities. Tappi 52 (1969) 1498–1502.

    Google Scholar 

  • — and L. A. Hansen: The Bonding Force of Cellulose Materials for Water. J. Phys. Chem. 41 (1937) 1007.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stone, J. E., and A. M. Scallan: A Study of Cell Wall Structure by Nitrogen Adsorption. Pulp Paper Mag. Can. 66 (1965a) T 407-T 414.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stone, J. E., and A. M. Scallan The Influence of Drying on the Pore Structure of the Cell Wall. In: Consolidation of the Paper Web (F. Bolam, ed.), pp. 145ff., Vol. 1, London 1965b: Techn. Sect. BPBMA.

  • Stone, J. E., and A. M. Scallan Effect of Component Removal upon the Porous Structure of the Cell Wall of Wood. J. Polymer Sci., Pt. C, No. 11 (1965c) 13–25.

  • —, A. M. Scallan and G. M. A. Aberson: The Wall Density of Native Cellulose Fibres. Pulp Paper Mag. Can. 67 (1966) T 263-T 268.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wardrop, A. B.: Fundamental Studies in Wood and Fibre Structure Relating to Pulping Processes. Appita 16 No. 3 (1962) XV-XXX.

    Google Scholar 

  • —: Morphological Factors Involved in the Pulping and Beating of Wood Fibres. Svensk Papperstidn. 66 (1963) 231–247.

    Google Scholar 

  • —: Fiber Morphology and Papermaking. Tappi 52 (1969) 396–408.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wardrop, A. B. and F. W. Addo-Ashong: The Anatomy and Fine Structure of Wood in Relation to its Mechanical Failure. Proc. Melbourne Univ. Engng. Dept. Symposium on Fracture, 1963.

  • — and G. W. Davies: Morphological Factors Relating to the Penetration of Liquids into Wood. Holzforsch. 15 (1961) 127–141.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institut für Holzforschung und Holztechnik der Universität München, Muchen, Germany

    Dietrich Fengel

Authors
  1. Dietrich Fengel
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Fengel, D. The ultrastructure of cellulose from wood. Wood Science and Technology 4, 15–35 (1970). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00356234

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00356234

Keywords

Search

Navigation