Skip to main content
Log in

A model of decision-making incorporating ethical values

  • Published:
Journal of Business Ethics Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

A model is presented which describes the process decision-makers follow when faced with problems containing ethical dimensions. The model, based upon the empirical literature, is designed to provide guidance to researchers studying ethical behavior in business. The model portrays the decision-maker with a set of personal values which are mediated by elements of the organization's culture. The combination of personal values and organizational influences yields decisions which may be significantly different from those made based upon personal values alone. Inclusion of the personal values of the decision-maker as the dominant individual input and an explicit discussion of the ethical decision process make this model more comprehensive than other recent ethics models.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Allport, G. W.: 1981, Pattern and Growth in Personality (Holt, Rinehart & Winston, New York).

    Google Scholar 

  • Ashforth, B. E.: 1985, ‘Climate Formation: Issues and Extensions’, Academy of Management Review 10 (October), pp. 837–847.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bartels, R.: 1967, ‘A Model for Ethics in Marketing’, Journal of Marketing 31 (January), pp. 20–26.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bartels, R.: 1963, Ethics in Business (Columbus, Ohio: Bureau of Business Research, Ohio State University).

    Google Scholar 

  • Baumhart, R. C.: 1961, ‘How Ethical Are Businessmen?’, Harvard Business Review 39 (July–August), pp. 6–19, 156–176.

    Google Scholar 

  • Becker, H. and Fritzsche, D. J.: 1988, ‘A Comparison of the Ethical Behavior of American, French and German Managers’, Columbia Journal of World Business 22 (Winter).

  • Becker, H. and Fritzsche, D. J.: 1987, ‘Business Ethics: A Cross-cultural Comparison of Managers' Attitudes’, Journal of Business Ethics 6, pp. 123–129.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bettman, J. R.: 1979, An Information Processing Theory of Consumer Choice. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley Publishing Company.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brenner, S. N. and Molander, E. A.: 1977, ‘Is the Ethics of Business Changing?’ Harvard Business Review 55 (January–February), pp. 57–71.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cavanagh, G. F., Moberg, D. J., and Velasquez, M.: 1981, ‘The Ethics of Organizational Politics’, Academy of Management Review 6 (July), pp. 363–374.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chonko, L. B. and Burnett, J. J.: 1983, ‘Measuring the Importance of Ethical Situations As a Source of Role Conflict: A Survey of Salespeople, Sales Managers, and Sales Support Personnel’, Journal of Personal Selling and Sales Management (May), pp. 41–47.

  • Chonko, L. B. and Hunt, S. D.: 1985, ‘Ethics and Marketing Management: An Empirical Examination’, Journal of Business Research 13, pp. 339–359.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Connor, P. E. and Becker, B. W.: 1979, ‘Values and the Organization: Suggestions for Research’, in M. Rokeach, Ed., Understanding Human Values: Individual and Societal (New York: The Free Press).

    Google Scholar 

  • England, G. W.: 1967, ‘Organizational Goals and Expected Behavior of American Managers’, Academy of Management Journal 10 (June), pp. 107–117.

    Google Scholar 

  • England, G. W.: 1967, ‘Personal Value Systems of American Managers,’ Academy of Management Journal 10 (March), pp. 53–68.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ferrell, O. C. and Gresham, L. G.: 1985, ‘A Contingency Framework for Understanding Ethical Decision Making in Marketing’, Journal of Marketing 49 (Summer), pp. 87–96.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ferrell, O. C. and Weaver, K. N.: 1978, ‘Ethical Beliefs of Marketing Managers’, Journal of Marketing 42 (July), pp. 69–73.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fritzsche, D. J.: 1988, ‘An Examination of Marketing Ethics: Role of the Decision Maker, Consequences of the Decision, Management Position and Sex of Respondent’, Journal of Macromarketing 8 (Winter), pp. 29–39.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fritzsche, D. J.: 1985, ‘Ethical Issues in Multinational Marketing’ in Laczniak, G. R. and P. E. Murphy, Eds., Marketing Ethics: Guidelines for Managers (Lexington, MA: D. C. Heath and Company).

    Google Scholar 

  • Fritzsche, D. J. and Becker, H.: 1983, ‘Ethical Behavior of Marketing Managers’, Journal of Business Ethics 2 pp. 291–299.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fritzsche, D. J. and Becker, H.: 1984, ‘Linking Management Behavior to Ethical Philosophy — An Empirical Investigation’, Academy of Management Journal 27 (March), pp. 166–175.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hegarty, W. H. and Sims, H. P. Jr.: 1978, ‘Some Determinants of Unethical Decision Behavior: An Experiment’, Journal of Applied Psychology 63, pp. 451–457.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hunt, S. D., Chonko, L. B., and Wilcox, J. B.: 1984, ‘Ethical Problems of Marketing Researchers’, Journal of Marketing Research 21 (August), pp. 309–324.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hunt, S. D. and Vitell, S.: 1986, ‘A General Theory of Marketing Ethics.’, Journal of Macromarketing 6 (Spring), pp. 5–16.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jones, D. G. (ed.): 1978, Private and Public Ethics. New York: The Edwin Mellen Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kohlberg, L.: 1978, ‘The Cognitive-Developmental Approach to Moral Education’, in P. Scharf, Ed., Readings in Moral Education. Minneapolis: Winston Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kahle, L. R. (ed.): 1983, Social Values and Social Change: Adaptation to Life in America. New York: Prager Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Krugman, D. M. and Ferrell, O. C.: 1981, ‘The Organizational Ethics of Advertising: Corporate and Agency Views’, Journal of Advertising 10, pp. 21–30, 48.

    Google Scholar 

  • Merton, R. K.: 1957, ‘The Role-Set’, British Journal of Sociology 8, pp. 106–120.

    Google Scholar 

  • Murphy, P. E. and Laczniak, G. R.: 1981, ‘Marketing Ethics: A Review with Implications for Managers, Educators and Researchers’, in B. M. Enis and K. J. Roering, Eds., Review of Marketing (Chicago: American Marketing Association).

    Google Scholar 

  • Niebuhr, R.: 1932, Moral Man and Immoral Society (New York: Scribner & Sons).

    Google Scholar 

  • Posner, B. Z. and Schmidt, W. H.: 1978, ’Ethics in American Companies: A Managerial Perspective’, Journal of Business Ethics 6, pp. 383–391.

    Google Scholar 

  • Posner, B. Z. and Schmidt, W. H.: 1984, ‘Values and the American Manager: An Update’, California Management Review 26 (Spring), pp. 202–216.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rokeach, M.: 1979, ‘From Individual to Institutional Values: With Special Reference to the Values of Science’, in M. Rokeach, Ed., Understanding Human Values: Individual and Societal (New York: The Free Press).

    Google Scholar 

  • Rokeach, M.: 1973, The Nature of Human Values (New York: The Free Press).

    Google Scholar 

  • Rosenberg, R. D.: 1987, ‘Managerial Morality and Behavior: The Questionable Payments Issue’, Journal of Business Ethics 6, pp. 23–35.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schein, E. H.: 1984, ‘Coming to a New Awareness of Organizational Culture’, Sloan Management Review 25 (Winter), pp. 3–16.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schmidt, W. H. and Posner, B. Z.: 1982, ‘Managerial Values and Expectations: The Silent Power in Personal and Organizational Life. An AMA Survey Report’, New York: American Management Association.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schmidt, W. H. and Posner, B. Z.: 1983, ‘Managerial Values in Perspective’, An AMA Survey Report. New York: American Management Association.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smircich, L.: 1983, ‘Concepts of Culture and Organizational Analysis’, Administrative Science Quarterly 28 (September), pp. 339–358.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sutherland, E. and Cressey, D. R.: 1970, Principles of Criminology, 8th ed. Chicago: Lippincott.

    Google Scholar 

  • Trevino, L. K.: 1986, Ethical Decision Making in Organizations: A Person-situation Interactionist Model’, Academy of Management Review 11 (July), pp. 601–617.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weaver, K. M. and Ferrell, O. C.: 1977, ‘The Impact of Corporate Policy on Reported Ethical Beliefs and Behavior of Marketing Practitioners’, In Greenburg, B. A. and Bellenger, D. N., Eds., Contemporary Marketing Thought '77 Educators' Proceedings, #41 Chicago: American Marketing Association, pp. 477–481.

    Google Scholar 

  • Velasquez, M. G.: 1982, Business Ethics: Cases and Concepts. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vitel, S. J. and Festervand, T. A.: 1987, ‘Business Ethics: Conflicts, Practices and Beliefs of Industrial Executives’, Journal of Business Ethics 6, pp. 111–122.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zey-Ferrell, M., Weaver, K. M. and Ferrell, O. C.: 1979, ‘Predicting Unethical Behavior Among Marketing Practitioners’, Human Relations 32, pp. 557–569.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zey-Ferrell, M. and Ferrell, O. C.: 1982, ‘Role-Set Configuration and Opportunity as Predictors of Unethical Behavior in Organizations’, Human Relations 35, pp. 587–604.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Additional information

David J. Fritzsche is Visiting Professor in the Department of Managing and Organization at the University of Washington. His articles have appeared in numerous journals and books. He is also a co-author of the Business Policy Game, a strategic management simulation.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Fritzsche, D.J. A model of decision-making incorporating ethical values. J Bus Ethics 10, 841–852 (1991). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00383700

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00383700

Keywords

Navigation