Abstract
The wettability of alumina by ternary alloys of copper, titanium and aluminium, gallium gold, indium, nickel or silver has been investigated using sessile drop tests conducted in vacuum at 1050–1250° C. Substantial additions of titanium are known to induce copper to wet alumina due to the formation of a titanium rich reaction product at the alloy/ ceramic interface, but the present work has shown that the concentration of titanium can be reduced by the addition of ternary alloying elements. Additions of indium are very beneficial, of aluminium, gold or silver are moderately beneficial, and of gallium or nickel are of negligible benefit or detrimental. These observations, and previous work with copper-tin-titanium alloys [1] can be interpreted in terms of effects on the activity of titanium which it is argued will be enhanced if the ternary alloying element has a low surface energy and is readily saturated by titanium. The correlation of the experimental wetting observations with the surface energy and titanium solubility data for the ternary alloying elements provides a basis for the rational development of reactive metal brazes for joining unmetallized ceramics.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
R. Standing andM. G. Nicholas,J. Mater. Sci. 13 (1978) 1509.
Yu. Naidich andG. A. Kolesnichenko,Russian Metallurgy 4 (1968) 141.
Idem, Izvest. Akad. Nauk. SSr., Neorg. Mat. 5 (1969) 2066.
J. E. McDonald andJ. G. Eberhardt,Trans. Met. Soc. AIME 233 (1965) 512.
UK Patent 808658.
″Handbook of Chemistry and Physics″ edited by R. C. Weast (CRC Press, Cleveland, Ohio, 1977) p. F25.
M. H. Hansen, ″Constitution of Binary Alloys″ First supplement by R. Elliott, second supplement by F. A. Shunk, (McGraw-Hill, New York, 1958).
M. J. Waite, T. M. Valentine andM. G. Nicholas,AERE R9253 (1978).
F. D. Richardson, ″Physical Chemistry of Melts in Metallurgy″ (Academic Press, London 1974) p. 143.
Y. Kawai, M. Kishimoto andT. Tsuru,Jap. J. Inst. Met. 37 (1973) 668.
E. K. Storms, ″Refractory Carbides″, (Academic Press, New York, 1967) p. 128.
H. Goretskii, H. E. Exner andW. Scheuermann, ″Fundamentals of Sintering″4 (1971) 327.
L. Ramqvist,Internat. J. Powder Metals 1 (1965) 2.
D. A. Mortimer,AERE-R7942 (1975).
Yu. Naidich, V. S. Zhuravlev, V. G. Chuprina andI. V. Strashinskaya,Sov. Powder Metal. 12 (1973) 895.
Yu. Naidich andV. S. Zhuralev,Refractories 15 (1974) 55.
G. Geirndert,Bull. Acc. Fr. Ceram. 106 (1975) 7.
D. Evens, P. M. Scott andM. G. Nicholas,Industrial Diamond Review (1977) 306.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Nicholas, M.G., Valentine, T.M. & Waite, M.J. The wetting of alumina by copper alloyed with titanium and other elements. J Mater Sci 15, 2197–2206 (1980). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00552307
Received:
Accepted:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00552307