Skip to main content
Log in

Anodic oxidation of titanium and its alloys

  • Review
  • Published:
Journal of Materials Science Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

This review deals with the procedures used in the anodic oxidation of titanium and its alloys, the nature and properties of the oxide films, their uses, and the trends in research and development.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. P. Pascal, “Nouveau Traité de Chimie Minerale”,14 (Massen & Cie, Paris 1963).

    Google Scholar 

  2. J. Mellor, “A Comprehensive Treatise on Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry”,7 (Longmans, London 1960).

    Google Scholar 

  3. V. Andreeva andV. Kazarin, “Proc. III Internat. Conf. Met. Corrosion. 1966” (“Mir”, Moscow, 1969) pp. 464–472.

    Google Scholar 

  4. V. Andreeva andN. Shishakov,Z. Fiz. Khim. 32 (1958) 1671.

    Google Scholar 

  5. S. Morioka andA. Umezono,Nippon Kinzoku Gakkaishi 20 (1956) 403.

    Google Scholar 

  6. E. Botts andF. Krasnkopf,J. Phys. Chem. 31 (1927) 1404.

    Google Scholar 

  7. M. Nagayama,Boshuko Gijutsu 19 (1970) 490.

    Google Scholar 

  8. N. Watanabe andY. Kanaya,Denki Kagaku,39 (1971) 139.

    Google Scholar 

  9. D. Vadachkoriya andA. Shoniya, “Avtomat. i Mekhan. Prots. Naneseniya Pokrytii” (TNIIITEI, Moscow, 1969).

    Google Scholar 

  10. C. Dell'oca, D. Pulfrey, andL. Young,Physics of Thin Films 6 (1971).

  11. L. Young, “Anodic Oxide Films” (Academic Press, New York, 1961).

    Google Scholar 

  12. H. Richaud,Corrosion et Anticorrosion,4 (1957) 400.

    Google Scholar 

  13. T. Neumann, “Passivierende Filme u. Deckschichten Anlaufschichten” (Vortrage, Frankfurt-am-Main, 1955).

    Google Scholar 

  14. F. Orlova andN. Shkatova, Proceedings Sixth Conf. on Chem., Metallurgy and Uses of Titanium [In Russian] 19–24, Moscow, 1965.

  15. G. Bianchi, F. Mazza, andS. Trasatti,Z. Physik. Chem. (Leipzig) 226 (1–2) (1964) 40.

    Google Scholar 

  16. British Pat. 1062026 (1966) to Standard Teleph. & Cables Ltd.

  17. A. Johnson andL. Shreir,Corrosion Science 5(4) (1965) 269.

    Google Scholar 

  18. B. Rivolta,Met. Ital. 50 (1958) 173.

    Google Scholar 

  19. L. Zhilina,Zh. Priklad, Khim. 33 (1960) 2526.

    Google Scholar 

  20. P. Jaquet,Metal Treatment 18 (1951) 176.

    Google Scholar 

  21. F. Faizullin andD. Baitalov,Zashchita Metallov 4(1) (1968) 11.

    Google Scholar 

  22. T. Shimoze, A. Takamura, andH. Hirose,Boshoku Gijutsu 14(2) (1965) 60.

    Google Scholar 

  23. A. Brynza, L. Gerasyutina, andT. Kryachek,Ukr. Khim. Zhurnal 28 (1962) 396.

    Google Scholar 

  24. R. Lamoureux, AD 266358 (1961).

  25. E. Chernenko, L. Yanov, andV. Chernenko,Elektrokhimiya 7(9) (1971) 1374.

    Google Scholar 

  26. M. Fokin andV. Timonin,Zashchita Metallov 4(2) (1968) 185.

    Google Scholar 

  27. A. Vijh,Electrochimica Acta 14 (1969) 921.

    Google Scholar 

  28. D. Franz andH. Goehr,Ber. Binsenges. Physik. Chem. 67(7) (1963) 680.

    Google Scholar 

  29. N. Tomashov andN. Strukov,Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR 152 (1963) 1177.

    Google Scholar 

  30. G. Kossyi, V. Nivakoyskii, andYa. Kolotyrkin,Zashchita Metallov 5(2) (1969) 210.

    Google Scholar 

  31. T. P. Hoar, “Proc. III Internat. Conf. Met. Corrosion 1966” (“Mir”, Moscow, 1969) pp. 88–98.

    Google Scholar 

  32. S. Akulinin andM. Shchevelev, “Diffuz. Poluprov.”, 1967, 196–200 (Publ. 1969). (Ca 75: 102444.)

  33. E. Khairy andM. El-Khatib,J. Chem. United Arab Rep. 4(1) (1961) 13.

    Google Scholar 

  34. A. Aladjem, M. Aucouturier, andP. Lacombe, to appear inJ. Mater. Sci. 8 (1973).

  35. M. Stern,J. Electrochem. Soc. 105 (1958) 638.

    Google Scholar 

  36. K. Nakata andY. Iida,Denki Kagaku Oyobi Kogyo Bulsuri Kagaku 37(5) (1969) 366.

    Google Scholar 

  37. A. Güntherschnize andH. Betz,Z. Phys. 92 (1934) 367.

    Google Scholar 

  38. C. Hall andN. Hackerman,J. Phys. Chem. 57 (1953) 262.

    Google Scholar 

  39. F. Cover andM. Musselin,Thin Solid Films 2(3) (1968) 211.

    Google Scholar 

  40. A. Krasil'shchikov, “Proc. III Inter. Conf. Met. Corrosion 1966” (“Mir”, Moscow, 1968) pp. 327–335.

    Google Scholar 

  41. W. Dornelas, Thesis, University of Paris,21 December, 1967.

  42. R. Tylecote, CNRS Symp. No. 122 (1963). Publ. Paris 1965, pp. 241-7.

  43. V. Novakovskii andV. Ovcharenko,Zaschita Metallov 4(6) (1968) 656.

    Google Scholar 

  44. N. Tomashov, V. Modestova, L. Plavich, andA. Averbukh, “Korroziya Metallov i Splavov 1965”, (“Metallurgiya,” Moscow, 1965) pp. 80–102.

    Google Scholar 

  45. A. Sukhotin andL. Tungusova,Zashchita Metallov 4(1) (1968) 8.

    Google Scholar 

  46. A. Bogoyavlenskii andV. Gorbacheva,Tr. Kazan. Aviats. Inst. 108 (1969) 80.

    Google Scholar 

  47. N. Tomashov, Yu. Ruskol, andG. Ayuyan,Zashchita Metallov 7 (1971) 272.

    Google Scholar 

  48. A. Bogoyavlenskii,Tr. Kaz. Aviats. Inst. 90 (1966) 3.

    Google Scholar 

  49. I. Tomashov andT. Matveeva,Zashchita Metallov 7 (5) (1971) 189.

    Google Scholar 

  50. D. Cheseldine,J. Electrochem. Soc. 111(8) (1964) 1005.

    Google Scholar 

  51. J. Cotton, “Proc. III Internat. Conf. Met. Corrosion, 1966” (“Mir”, Moscow, 1969) pp. 334–5.

    Google Scholar 

  52. E. Letskikh, A. Komornikova, V. Kuyazheva andYa. Kolotyrkin,Zashchita Metallov 6(6) (1970) 635.

    Google Scholar 

  53. A. Tsunesaburo andH. Ito,Mem. Inst. Sci. Ind. Res. Osaka Univ. 22 (1965) 77.

    Google Scholar 

  54. T. Matveeva andV. Pavlova, “Korroziya Metallov i Splavov 1963”, (Metallurgizdat, Moscow, 1963) pp. 208–11.

    Google Scholar 

  55. N. Tomashov andT. Matveeva, “Anod. Zashchita Metallov” (Kazan. Aviats. Inst, Kazan, 1964) pp. 544.

    Google Scholar 

  56. A. Bogoyavlensii andS. Borodina,ibid“, pp. 440.

    Google Scholar 

  57. V. Andreeva,Corrosion 20(2) (1964) 35t.

    Google Scholar 

  58. P. Hayfield andG. White,Nat. Bur. Stand. Misc. Publ. No. 256, (1963) 157.

    Google Scholar 

  59. A. Aladjem, D. Brandon, J. Yahalom, andJ. Zahavi, Internat. Conf. Electron Microsc., Rome 1968.

  60. A. Aladjem andD. Brandon,J. Vac. Sci. Technol. 6 (1969) 635.

    Google Scholar 

  61. G. Amsel andD. Samuel,J. Phys. Chem. Solids 23 (1962) 1707.

    Google Scholar 

  62. F. Kover, Thesis, University of Paris (1967).

  63. J. Green andA. Sedricks,Met. Trans. 2(7) (1971) 1807.

    Google Scholar 

  64. N. Tomashov, R. Al'tovskii, andM. Kush-nerev,Zavod. Lab. 26 (1960) 298.

    Google Scholar 

  65. D. Lainer andM. Tsypin,Zavodsk. Lab. 25 (1959) 1209.

    Google Scholar 

  66. G. Hass,Vacuum 11 (1952) 331.

    Google Scholar 

  67. S. Khoo, G. Wood, andD. Whittle,Electrochimica Acta 16 (1971) 1703.

    Google Scholar 

  68. N. Palkina andA. Shatalov,Elektrokhimiya 7(1) (1971) 96.

    Google Scholar 

  69. I. Ammar andI. Kamal,Electrochimica Acta 16 (1971) 1555.

    Google Scholar 

  70. M. Koyama,Rikagaku Kenkyusho Hokoku,38(5) (1962) 546.

    Google Scholar 

  71. Idem, ibid 38(5) (1962) 645.

    Google Scholar 

  72. I. Flis andI. Vorob'ev, “Zashchita Metallov i Oksid. Pokr.” (AN SSSR, Moscow, 1965) pp. 312–16.

    Google Scholar 

  73. P. Brouillet, I. Epelboin, andM. Froment,J. Electrochem. Soc. 106 (1959) 534.

    Google Scholar 

  74. R. Armstrong, J. Harrison, H. Thirsk, andR. Whitfield,ibid 117 (8) (1970) 1003.

    Google Scholar 

  75. Ya. Kolotyrkin andV. Strunkin,Zashchita Metallov 6 (1970) 511.

    Google Scholar 

  76. A. Aladjem, D. Brandon, J. Yahalom, andJ. Zahavi,Electrochimica Acta 15(5) (1970) 663.

    Google Scholar 

  77. J. Yahalom andJ. Zahavi,ibid 15(9) (1970) 1429.

    Google Scholar 

  78. L. Dzhaparidze, D. Otiashvili, A. Shakarishvili, V. Pruidze, andR. Chagunava,Pererabotka Margan. Polimet. Rud. Gruz. (1970) 130.

  79. I. Dugdale andJ. Cotton,Corrosion Science 4 (1964) 397.

    Google Scholar 

  80. N. Tomashov, G. Chernova, andR. Al'tovskii,Zh. Fiz. Khim. 35 (1971) 1068.

    Google Scholar 

  81. M. Breiter,Electrochimica Acta 15(7) (1970) 1195.

    Google Scholar 

  82. M. Levy andG. Sklover,J. Electrochem. Soc. 116(3) (1969) 323.

    Google Scholar 

  83. S. Yoshizawa, F. Hine, andS. Shibamore,Denki Kagaku 35(1) (1967) 54.

    Google Scholar 

  84. N. Tomashov, G. Chernova, andR. Al'tovskii,Z. Physik. Chemie 214 (1960) 312.

    Google Scholar 

  85. I. Ammar andI. Kamal,Electrochimica Acta 16 (1971) 1539.

    Google Scholar 

  86. D. Husted, L. Gruss, andT. Mackus,J. Electrochem. Soc. 118 (1971) 1989.

    Google Scholar 

  87. R. Misch andW. Ruther,ibid 100 (1953) 531.

    Google Scholar 

  88. G. Klein,ibid 113 (1966) 345.

    Google Scholar 

  89. D. McLean, N. Schwartz, J. Werner, andM. Gresh, Bell Telephone Lab. AD 232690 (1960) pp. 14–15.

  90. T. Rupprecht,Naturwiss. 47 (1960) 127.

    Google Scholar 

  91. W. Burgers, A. Claasen, andI. Zernike,Z. Physik 74 (1932) 593.

    Google Scholar 

  92. G. Wood andC. Pearson,Corrosion Science 7(2) (1967) 119.

    Google Scholar 

  93. N. Sato,Electrochimica Acta 16 (1971) 1683.

    Google Scholar 

  94. N. Sato,Nippon Kinzoku Gakkaishi 34 (6) (1970) 105.

    Google Scholar 

  95. A. Sukhotin andL. Tungusova,Zashchita Metallov 7 (1971) 259.

    Google Scholar 

  96. D. Baitalov andV. Faizulin,Issled. Elektrokhim. Magnetokhim. i Elektrokhim. Metody Analiza 2 (1969) 121.

    Google Scholar 

  97. F. Huber,Solid State Electronics 5 (1962) 410.

    Google Scholar 

  98. Idem, J. Electrochem. Soc. 110(7) (1963) 846.

    Google Scholar 

  99. R. Harrington andH. Nelson, Tech. Publ. 1158 (AIMME, Inst. of Metals) 1940.

  100. E. Khairy andM. El-Khatib,Egypt J. Chem. 1 (1958) 47.

    Google Scholar 

  101. M. Stern andH. Wissenberg,J. Electrochem. Soc. 106 (1959) 755.

    Google Scholar 

  102. J. Callahan, U.S. Pat. 3262867 (1966).

  103. A. De Rudnay, U.S. Pat. 2960642 (1960).

  104. F. Huber andM. Rottersman,J. Applied Phys. 33 (1962) 3385.

    Google Scholar 

  105. V. Lavrenko andA. Chekhovskii,Ukr. Khim. Zhurnal 30(8) (1964) 788.

    Google Scholar 

  106. A. Brynza andV. Fedash,Zashchita Metallov 4(3) (1968) 252.

    Google Scholar 

  107. V. Veselovskii, T. Borisova, A. Yakovleva, andS. Izidonov,Electrochim. Acta 10(3) (1965) 325.

    Google Scholar 

  108. G. Kossyi, V. Novakovskii, andYa. Kolotyrkin,Zashchita Metallov 6(3) (1970) 317.

    Google Scholar 

  109. P. Boddy,J. Electrochem. Soc. 115 (1968) 199.

    Google Scholar 

  110. E. Sato,Denki Kagaku 35(11) (1967) 831.

    Google Scholar 

  111. R. Otsuka,Kolloid Z. 153 (1967) 59.

    Google Scholar 

  112. T. Marcovic andJ. Jovic,Werkstoffe Corros. 18(7) (1967) 582.

    Google Scholar 

  113. G. Slomin, U.S. Pat. 2934480 (1960).

  114. H. Isaacs andJ. Llewelyn Leach,J. Electro-chem. Soc. 110 (1963) 680.

    Google Scholar 

  115. I. Menzies andA. Averill,Electrochimica Acta 13(4) (1968) 807.

    Google Scholar 

  116. M. Sibert, AD 262706 (1961).

  117. A. Vijh,Electrochimica Acta 16 (1971) 1427.

    Google Scholar 

  118. H. Johansen, G. Adams, andP. Van Ryssel-Berghe,J. Electrochem. Soc. 104 (1957) 339.

    Google Scholar 

  119. H. Isaacs andJ. Leach,J. Inst. Metals 91 (1962) 80.

    Google Scholar 

  120. A. Hultquist andM. Sibert, NASA CR 364 (1966).

  121. I. Ozeryanaya, T. Manukhina, andM. Smirnov,Zashchita Metallov 8(1) (1972) 128.

    Google Scholar 

  122. M. Yamazaki andH. Nozaki,Kogyo Kagaku Zasshi 74(6) (1971) 1265.

    Google Scholar 

  123. M. Tecotzky, AD 265215 (1961).

  124. I. Rozenfel'd, A. Akimov, andE. Oshe, “Korroz.Zashch. Metallov” (Metallurgiya, Moscow, 1970), 202–6.

    Google Scholar 

  125. R. Harrington andH. Nelson,Trans. AIME 137 (1940) 62.

    Google Scholar 

  126. S. Fisheleva andP. Mel'nikov, “Sbornik Nauch Trud.” (Mekh.-Tekh. Fak., Sverdlovsk, 1969) 54.

    Google Scholar 

  127. A. Frova, P. Boddy, andY. Chen,Phys. Rev. 157 (1967) 100.

    Google Scholar 

  128. A. Akimov andI. Rozenfel'd,Zaschita Metallov 6(6) (1970) 640.

    Google Scholar 

  129. I. Rozenfel'd, A. Akimov, andE. Oshe,ibid 5(2) (1969) 217.

    Google Scholar 

  130. D. Brandon, J. Zahavi, A. Aladjem, andJ. Yahalom,J. Vacuum Sci. Techn.(6) (1969) 783–7.

  131. A. Aladjem, D. Brandon, J. Yahalom, andJ. Zahavi, IAEC Report (1969) 1189.

  132. E. Wainer, U.S. Pat. 2943031 (1960).

  133. S. Hirota, H. Chiba, T. Tanaka, andH. Noake,Oyo Butsuri 26 (1957) 651.

    Google Scholar 

  134. H. Chiba,Denki Kagaku 28(1) (1960) 5.

    Google Scholar 

  135. Masashi Koyama,Rikagaku Kenkyusho Hokoku 39(1) (1963) 21.

    Google Scholar 

  136. S. Yamaguchi,J. Electrochem. Soc. 108 (1961) 302.

    Google Scholar 

  137. T. Koizumi andT. Nakayama, “Proc. III Internat. Conf. Metallic Corrosion (1966)”(“Mir”, Moscow, 1968) pp. 454–68.

    Google Scholar 

  138. M. Fox, R. Hanson, andB. Munro,Brit. J. Appl. Phys. 16(8) (1965) 1213.

    Google Scholar 

  139. N. Tomashov, R. Al'tovskii, andM. Kush-nerev,Doklady AN SSSR,141 (1961) 913.

    Google Scholar 

  140. L. Shreir andR. Piggot, Brit. Pat. 962904 (1964).

  141. A. R. Pigott andL. L. Shreir,Nature 189 (1961) 216.

    Google Scholar 

  142. N. Tomashov andF. Zalivalov,Zh. Priklad. Khim. 42(11) (1970) 2474.

    Google Scholar 

  143. M. Sibert,J. Electrochem. Soc. 110 (1963) 65.

    Google Scholar 

  144. I. Kramer andC. Burrows, U.S. Pat. 3510411 (1970).

  145. D. Baitalov, V. Makarov, andF. Faizulin,Issled. Elektrokhim., Magnetokhim. i Elektrokhim. Metody Analiza 2 (1969) 127.

    Google Scholar 

  146. F. Manton andM. Turner, In: “The Science, Technology and Applications of Titanium” (Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1970).

    Google Scholar 

  147. G. Chernenko, N. Marchenko, andA. Romanov, Societ Pat. 197540 (1968).

  148. S. Borodina andD. Evseeva,Trudy Kazan. Aviats. Inst. 96 (1966) 56.

    Google Scholar 

  149. D. Vermilyea,J. Electrochem. Soc. 110 (1963) 345.

    Google Scholar 

  150. N. Baba, K. Fujiwara, andS. Tajimi,Denki Kagaku 39 (1971) 42.

    Google Scholar 

  151. G. Wood andC. Pearson,Nature 208 (5010) (1965) 547.

    Google Scholar 

  152. A. Yamashita andH. Hagiwara,J. Electrochem. Soc. 112(3) (1965) 279.

    Google Scholar 

  153. V. Savoshchenko,Radiotekhnika, No. 6, (1968) 84.

    Google Scholar 

  154. S. Tajima andT. Mori,J. Electrochem. Soc. Japan 22 (1954) 174.

    Google Scholar 

  155. K. Nagasaki andH. Ishida,Keikinzoku 8 (1958) 60.

    Google Scholar 

  156. A. Fujishima, K. Honda, andS. Kikuchi,Kogyo Kagaku Zasshi 72(1) (1969) 108.

    Google Scholar 

  157. E. Khairy andM. El-Khatib,Egypt. J. Chem. 1 (1958) 75.

    Google Scholar 

  158. K. Schwabbe, “Proc. III Internat. Conf. Metallic Corrosion, 1966” (“Mir”, Moscow, 1969) pp. 52–72.

    Google Scholar 

  159. J. Cotton andA. Wood,Trans. Inst. Chem. Eng. 41(11) (1963) 354.

    Google Scholar 

  160. D. Baitalov, T. Gorbunova, andF. Faizullin,Issled. Elektrokhim., Magnetokhim., Elektrokhim. Metody Analiza 3 (1970) 132.

    Google Scholar 

  161. A. Aladjem,J. Radiation Eng. 3, (1973).

  162. F. Huber,J. Electrochem. Soc. 115(2) (1968) 203.

    Google Scholar 

  163. P. Schmidt, F. Huber, andR. Schwartz,Phys. Chem. Solids 15 (1960) 270.

    Google Scholar 

  164. V. Ovcharenko andV. Novakovskii,Zashcita Metallov 6(2) (1970) 201.

    Google Scholar 

  165. P. Van Rysselberghe andH. Johansen,J. Electrochem. Soc. 106 (1959) 355.

    Google Scholar 

  166. E. Kendall, U.S. Pat. 3616279 (1971).

  167. C. Phillippi andS. Lyon,Phys. Rev. B 3(6) [3], (1971) 2086.

    Google Scholar 

  168. H. Hagiwara, A. Yamashita, A. Matsuda, andT. Suzuki,Matsushita Tech. Rep. (Osaka) 8 (1962) 251.

    Google Scholar 

  169. French Pat. 1310006 (1962) [To Thomson-Houston France Co.]

  170. Philco Corp. Report AD 231587 (1959).

  171. H. Rudenberg, J. Hohnson, andL. White, Proc. Electronic Comp. Conf. (1962) p. 90.

  172. R. Martin, German Pat. 1205192 (1964).

  173. S. Minami, W. Neyagamashi, andA. Nomura, U.S. Pat. 3359191 (1967).

  174. A. Miyata andM. Koyama,Rikagaku Kenkyusho Hokoku 37 (1961) 290.

    Google Scholar 

  175. I. Sato, Jap. Pat. 4438 (1959).

  176. M. Sibert, U.S. Pat. 3085052 (1963).

  177. French Patent (Demande) 2022610 (1970), to Matsushita Co, Japan.

  178. H. Hagiwara andA. Yamashita, U.S. Pat. 3239436 (1966).

  179. Y. Ishikawa, Y. Sazaki, and. Okamoto, Jap. Pat. 8384 (1958).

  180. A. Salomon andJ. Carson, U.S. Pat. 3255389 (1966).

  181. P. Schmidt, U.S. Pat. 3410776 (1968).

  182. A. Miyata andM. Koyama,Rikagaku Kenkyusho Hokoku 38 (1962) 152.

    Google Scholar 

  183. S. Miyata andM. Koyama, Jap. Pat. 5816 (1958).

  184. M. Bubenicek, Czech. Pat. 115823 (1965).

  185. I. Sato, Jap. Pat. 5029 (1959).

  186. A. Miyata andA. Furnichi,Scientific Papers,Inst. Phys. Chem. Res. Tokyo 54 (1960) 184.

    Google Scholar 

  187. K. Nakata andS. Minami,Denki Kagaku 34(7) (1966) 511.

    Google Scholar 

  188. F. Huber, Symp. Elec. Rectif. Cond. Mech. Anodic Films (Dallas 1967), pp. 162-77.

  189. R. Quinn, U.S. Pat. 3180807 (1965).

  190. Chuk Ching-Ma andE. Peres,Ind. Eng. Chemistry 43 (1951) 675.

    Google Scholar 

  191. H. Bomberger, F. Beek, andM. Fontana,J. Electrochem. Soc. 102 (1955) 53.

    Google Scholar 

  192. V. Kazarin andV. Andreeva, Korroz iya Metallov i Splavov 1963, pp. 156–66.

  193. N. Tomashov andG. Chernova,Khim. Mashino-stroenie, No. 3 (1961) 30.

    Google Scholar 

  194. J. Cotton,Chem. Eng. Progress 66(10) (1970) 57.

    Google Scholar 

  195. A. Brynza, L. Gerasyutina, andV. Fedash,Ukr. Khim. Zhurnal 36(4) (1970) 397.

    Google Scholar 

  196. M. Souffrant,Corrosion (France) 19(6) (1971) 353.

    Google Scholar 

  197. N. Feige andR. Kane,Chem. Eng. Progress 66(10) (1970) 53.

    Google Scholar 

  198. N. Tomashov, R. Al'tovskii, andA. Arakelov,Doklady AN SSSR,121 (1958) 885.

    Google Scholar 

  199. K. Beck, U.S. Pat. 294911 (1960).

  200. H. Böhm,Metalloberfläche 11 (1957) 197.

    Google Scholar 

  201. L. McGraw andJ. Stockdale, U.S. Pat. 3075896 (1963).

  202. A. Vassel, Private Communication (From Ph.D. Thesis) University of Paris, 1972.

  203. M. Blackburn, J. Feeney, andT. Beck, Boeing Research Lab., D1-82-1054 (1970).

  204. French Pat. 1521286 (1968) [to ICI. Ltd.]

  205. Yu. Zvezdin andYu. Belyakov,Optimizarsiya Met. Protesssov 4 (1970) 394.

    Google Scholar 

  206. T. Pochily andW. Parker, U.S. Pat. 3338805 (1967).

  207. I. Murgulescu, O. Radovici, andS. Ciolac, “Proc. III Internat. Conf. Metallic Corrosion, 1966”, (“Mir”, Moscow, 1968) pp. 440–7.

    Google Scholar 

  208. N. Hackerman,Z. Electrochem. 62 (1958) 632.

    Google Scholar 

  209. M. Chevalier, J. Moissan, andR. Molinier,Surfaces 10(59) (1971) 90.

    Google Scholar 

  210. P. Miller, andH. Pray,Metal Progress 69 (1956) 61.

    Google Scholar 

  211. T. Pochily, AD 633986 (1966).

  212. H. Pray, P. Miller, andR. Jeffreys, PB Rep. 147158 (1961).

  213. R. Chevigny andH. Richaud, French Pat. 1117264 (1956).

  214. J. Weigel, French Pat. 1398453 (1965).

  215. R. Piontelli andP. Pedeferri,J. Electrochem. Soc. 115(10) (1968) 1046.

    Google Scholar 

  216. F. Schmidt, U.S. Pat. 3207679 (1965).

  217. Ya. Aleksandrov,Trudy Kaz. Aviats. Inst. No. 108 (1969) 70.

    Google Scholar 

  218. M. Validov andA. Maslovets, Soviet Pat. 161482 (1964).

  219. S. Raether, German Pat. 1165407 (1964).

  220. Z. W. Gomes andF. Cardon,J. Solid State Chem. 3(1) (1971) 125.

    Google Scholar 

  221. R. Pawel, J. Pemsler, andC. Evans Jun.,J. Electrochem. Soc. 119 (1972) 24.

    Google Scholar 

  222. C. Shenberg, private communication (1971).

  223. F. Wormwell andJ. Thomas,Soc. Chem. Industry, No. 28, (1968) 365.

    Google Scholar 

  224. R. Greef,Review Sci. Instr. 41 (1970) 532.

    Google Scholar 

  225. K. Mueller,Microchimica Acta Suppl. 4 (1969) 1.

    Google Scholar 

  226. F. Bozon-Verduraz,J. Catal. 18(1) (1970) 12.

    Google Scholar 

  227. W. Franz,Z. Naturforsch 13 (1918) 484.

    Google Scholar 

  228. German Offen 1938608 (1971) [to Electrochem. Engineering GmbH].

  229. A. Makrides,J. Electrochem. Soc. 111 187C (Meeting Abstract) (1964).

    Google Scholar 

  230. J. Dewald,J. E1ectrochem. Soc. 102 (1955) 1.

    Google Scholar 

  231. G. Tibol andR. Hull,ibid 111 (1964) 1368.

    Google Scholar 

  232. J. O'Hanlon,J. Vacuum Sci. Tech. 7 (1970) 330.

    Google Scholar 

  233. I. Dirmeik,Corrosion 25(4) (1969) 180.

    Google Scholar 

  234. I. Menzies, G. Marshall, andG. Griffin,Corrosion Sci 9(4) (1969) 287.

    Google Scholar 

  235. M. Turpin andM. Testerman,J. Electrochem. Soc. 109 (1962) 168.

    Google Scholar 

  236. K. Masashi,Rikagaku Kenkyusho Hokoku 38 (1962) 321.

    Google Scholar 

  237. A. Tsinman, E. Kovsman, andV. Kuzub,Ukr. Khim. Zhurnal 31(9) (1965) 923.

    Google Scholar 

  238. E. Kuznetsova, T. Borisova, andV. Veselovskii,Elektrokhimiya 4(2) (1968) 167.

    Google Scholar 

  239. D. Vermilyea,J. Phys. Chem. Solids 26(1) (1965) 133.

    Google Scholar 

  240. J. Draley, F. Deboer, andC. Youngdahl,J. Electrochem. Soc. 108 (1961) 622.

    Google Scholar 

  241. N. Tomashov, V. Modestova, L. Plavich, andA. Averbukh, Proceedings Sixth Conf. on Chem., Metallurgy and Uses of Titanium (In Russian), Moscow 1965 p. 130.

  242. I. Anoschenko, A. Zorchenko, andG. Luk'yanova,Zashchita Metallov,6 (1970) 443.

    Google Scholar 

  243. G. Dummer andH. Nordenberg, In: “Fixed and Variable Capacitors”, (McGraw-Hill, New York, 1960).

    Google Scholar 

  244. E. Ence andJ. Margolin,J. Metals 6 (1954) 346.

    Google Scholar 

  245. I. Flis andV. Zolotukhin,Trudy Leningrad. Tekh. Inst. Tsellyuloz. Bumazh. Prom. No. 13 (1964) 78.

    Google Scholar 

  246. W. Mizushima andY. Iida, U.S. Pat. 3502552 (1970).

  247. V. Ovcharenko andV. Novakovskii,Zashchita Metallov 6(3) (1970) 320.

    Google Scholar 

  248. H. Togako, H. Sasaki, andYu. Kanda,Nippon Kinzoku Gakkaishi 33(11) (1969) 1280.

    Google Scholar 

  249. V. Grigor'ev andI. Gershanova.Zh. Prikland. Khim. 42(9) (1969) 2135.

    Google Scholar 

  250. A. Morris, U.S. Pat. 3488269 (1970).

  251. A. Bogoyavlenskii, V. Gorbacheva, andP. Lantsman,Tr. Kazan. Aviats. Inst. 108 (1969) 75.

    Google Scholar 

  252. R. Piontelli, French Pat. 1522637 (1968).

  253. O. Radovici andS. Ciolac,Rev. Roum. Chim. 13(1) (1968) 31.

    Google Scholar 

  254. A. Brynza, V. Fedash, andV. Sotnikova,Zashchita Metallov 4(2) (1968) 189.

    Google Scholar 

  255. J. Peters, AD 639419 (1966).

  256. F. Kover andM. Musselin,Rev. Gen. Electricite 76(6) (1969) 793.

    Google Scholar 

  257. M. Levy,Corrosion 23(8) (1967) 236.

    Google Scholar 

  258. F. Mazza,ibid,23(8) (1967) 223.

    Google Scholar 

  259. L. Covington, German Pat. 1187884 (1965).

  260. O. Rudiger, W. Fischer, andW. Knorr,Z. Metallk. 47(11) (1956) 599.

    Google Scholar 

  261. A. Murtazaev andL. Kim,Doklady Akad. Nauk. Uzbek SSR 22(2) (1965) 35.

    Google Scholar 

  262. J. Janssen, ASD-TR-61-147 (1961).

  263. W. Richeson andM. Eisenberg,J. Electrochem. Soc. 107 (1960) 642.

    Google Scholar 

  264. M. Mizushima,ibid 108 (1961) 825.

    Google Scholar 

  265. T. Matveeva, M. Tyukina, V. Pavlova, andN. Tomashov,Titan i ego Splavy, No. 6 (1961), 211.

    Google Scholar 

  266. H. Richaud,Rev. Mét. 54 (1957) 787.

    Google Scholar 

  267. H. Richaud, Sixieme Congress Internat. de Fabric. Mech., Paris 1956.

  268. H. Chiba, Jap. Pat. 9556 (Nov 9, 1956).

  269. B. Rivolta,Met. Ital. 50 (1958) 255.

    Google Scholar 

  270. L. Stolbikov andG. Turchaninov,Elektro-khimiya 7(6) (1971) 899.

    Google Scholar 

  271. I. Ozeryanaya, T. Manukhina, andI. Smirnov,Fizi-Khim. Elektrokhim. Rasplav. Solei Shlakov 2 (1969) 245.

    Google Scholar 

  272. E. Wainer, U.S. Pat. 2874102 (1959).

  273. V. Kucera, P. Novak, F. Franz, andJ. Koritta,Collection Czech. Chem. Commun. 32(6) (1967) 2049.

    Google Scholar 

  274. S. Minami andJ. Oagawa, U.S.Pat.3454473 (1969).

  275. E. Ross andB. Chambers, U.S. Pat. 3400058 (1968).

  276. M. Mandry andG. Rosenblatt,J. Electrochem. Soc. 119 (1972) 29.

    Google Scholar 

  277. F. Huber andJ. Bloxon, IRE Trans. Components Parts, June 1961.

  278. K. Hirata, H. Yoneyama, andH. Tamura,Electrochim. Acta 17(5) (1972) 793.

    Google Scholar 

  279. Idem, ibid 17(5) (1972) 805.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Aladjem, A. Anodic oxidation of titanium and its alloys. J Mater Sci 8, 688–704 (1973). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00561225

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00561225

Keywords

Navigation