Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Synthesis and material and electronic properties of conjugated polymers

  • Review
  • Published:
Journal of Materials Science Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Conjugated polymers such as polyacetylene are semiconductors, and can be chemically doped to give very high values of conductivity (up to 150 000 S cm−1). The semiconducting properties are due to delocalization of the π electron system formed along the polymer chain, and this general class of materials shows many desirable semiconductor properties for electrical and optical applications. There are considerable challenges to find synthetic routes to allow processing of the polymer to the forms required for applications, and many of the recent important advances in the field are due to improvements in this area.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. J. F. Lennard-Jones,Proc. R. Soc. A158, (1937) 280.

    Google Scholar 

  2. H. C. Longuet-Higgins andL. Salem,ibid. A251 (1959) 172.

    Google Scholar 

  3. G. Natta, G. Mazzanti andP. Corrandini,Rend. Accad. Naz. Lincei CI Sc. fis. mat. e nat. 25 (1958) 3.

    Google Scholar 

  4. D. J. Berets andD. S. Smith,Trans. Faraday Soc. (1968) 823.

  5. T. Ito, H. Shirakawa andS. Ikeda,J. Polym. Sci. Polym. Chem. Edn 12 (1974) 11.

    Google Scholar 

  6. G. Wegner,Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 20 (1981) 361.

    Google Scholar 

  7. “Handbook of Conducting Polymers”, edited by T. J. Skotheim (Marcel Dekker, New York, 1986).

    Google Scholar 

  8. H. Naarman andN. Theophilou, in “Electroresponsive Molecular and Polymeric Systems”, edited by T. J. Skotheim (Marcel Dekker, New York, 1988).

    Google Scholar 

  9. C. K. Chiang, C. R. Fincher, Y. W. Park, A. J. Heeger, H. Shirakawa, E. J. Louis, S. C. Gau andA. G. MacDiarmid,Phys. Rev. Lett. 39 (1977) 1098.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Y. W. Park, A. Denenstien, C. K. Chiang, A. J. Heeger andA. G. MacDiarmid,Solid State Commun. 29 (1979) 747.

    Google Scholar 

  11. M. S. Dresselhaus andG. Dresselhaus,Adv. Phys. 30 (1981) 139.

    Google Scholar 

  12. R. H. Friend andA. D. Yoffe,Adv. Phys. 36 (1987) 1.

    Google Scholar 

  13. R. H. Baughman, N. S. Murphy, G. G. Miller andL. W. Shacklette,J. Chem. Phys. 79 (1983) 1065.

    Google Scholar 

  14. M. Winokur, Y. B. Moon, A. J. Heeger, J. Barker, D. C. Bott andH. Shirakawa,Phys. Rev. Lett. 58 (1987) 2329.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. I. Murase, T. Ohnishi, T. Noguchi andM. Hirooka,Synthetic Met. 17 (1987) 639.

    Google Scholar 

  16. M. Kobayashi, N. Colaneri, M. Boysel, F. Wudl andA. J. Heeger,J. Chem. Phys. 82 (1985) 5717.

    Google Scholar 

  17. W. J. Feast, in “Handbook of Conducting Polymers”, edited by T. J. Skotheim (Marcel Dekker, New York, 1986) Chap. 1.

    Google Scholar 

  18. J. H. Edwards andW. J. Feast,Polymer 21 (1980) 595.

    Google Scholar 

  19. J. H. Edwards, W. J. Feast andD. C. Bott,ibid. 25 (1984) 395.

    Google Scholar 

  20. W. J. Feast andJ. N. Winter,J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun. 202 (1985).

  21. K. Knoll, S. A. Krouse andR. R. Schrock,J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 110 (1988) 4424.

    Google Scholar 

  22. S. A. Krouse andR. R. Schrock,Macromolecules 21 (1988) 1885.

    Google Scholar 

  23. D. C. Bott, C. S. Brown, C. K. Chai, N. S. Walker, W. J. Feast, P. J. S. Foot, P. D. Calvert, N. C. Billingham andR. H. Friend,Synthetic Met. 14 (1986) 245.

    Google Scholar 

  24. D. White andD. C. Bott,Polym. Commun. 25 (1984) 98.

    Google Scholar 

  25. G. Leising,ibid. 25 (1984) 201.

    Google Scholar 

  26. M. Sokolowski, E. A. Marseglia andR. H. Friend,Polymer 27 (1986) 1714.

    Google Scholar 

  27. P. C. Allen, D. C. Bott, C. S. Brown, L. M. Connors, S. Gray, N. S. Walker, P. I. Clemenson andW. J. Feast, “Electronic Properties of Conducting Polymers”, edited by E. H. Kusmanyet al, Springer Series on Solid State Sciences (Springer, Berlin, 1989).

    Google Scholar 

  28. D. G. H. Ballard, A. Courtis, I. M. Shirley andS. C. Taylor,Chem. Commun. (1983) 954.

  29. Idem., Macromolecules 21 (1988) 294.

    Google Scholar 

  30. D. R. McKean andJ. K. Stille,Macromolecules 20 (1987) 1787.

    Google Scholar 

  31. M. Rehahn, A.-D. Schlüter, G. Wegner andW. J. Feast,Polymer 30 (1989) 1054, 1060.

    Google Scholar 

  32. G. B. Street, in “Handbook of Conducting Polymers”, edited by T. J. Skotheim (Marcel Dekker, New York, 1986).

    Google Scholar 

  33. G. Tourillon, in “Handbook of Conducting Polymers”, edited by T. J. Skotheim (Marcel Dekker, New York, 1986).

    Google Scholar 

  34. L. W. Shacklette, M. Maxfield, S. Gould, J. F. Wolf, T. R. Tow andR. H. Baughman,Synthetic Met. 18 (1987) 611.

    Google Scholar 

  35. C. Lowe, “Electronic Properties of Conducting Polymers”, edited by E. H. Kusmany, Springer Series on Solid State Sciences (Springer, Berlin, 1989).

    Google Scholar 

  36. I. Murase, T. Ohnishi, T. Noguchi andM. Hirooka,Polym. Commun. 25 (1984) 327.

    Google Scholar 

  37. F. E. Karasz, J. D. Capistran, D. R. Gagnon andR. W. Lenz,Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst. 118 (1985) 327.

    Google Scholar 

  38. D. D. C. Bradley,J. Phys. D. 20 (1987) 1387.

    Google Scholar 

  39. S. Hotta, S. D. D. V. Rughooputh, A. J. Heeger andF. Wudl,Macromolecules 20 (1987) 212.

    Google Scholar 

  40. W. R. Salanek, O. Infganäs, J.-O. Nilsson, J.-E. Österholm, B. Thémans andJ.-L. Brédas,Synthetic Met. 28 (1989) 451.

    Google Scholar 

  41. D. Bloor,Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A314 (1985) 50.

    Google Scholar 

  42. R. E. Peierls, “Quantum Theory of Solids”, (Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1955) p. 108.

    Google Scholar 

  43. M. J. Rice,Phys. Lett. 71A (1979) 152.

    Google Scholar 

  44. W. P. Su, J. R. Schrieffer andA. J. Heeger:Phys. Rev. Lett. 42 (1979) 1698.

    Google Scholar 

  45. Idem., Phys. Rev. B22 (1980) 2099 (Err.B28, (1983) 1138).

    Google Scholar 

  46. J. Orenstein in “Handbook on Conducting Polymers”, edited by T. J. Skotheim (Marcel Dekker, New York, 1986). pp 1297–1396.

    Google Scholar 

  47. D. Baeriswyl andK. Maki,Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst. 118 (1985) 1.

    Google Scholar 

  48. S. Kivelson andD. E. Heim,Phys. Rev. B26 (1982) 4278.

    Google Scholar 

  49. J. E. Hirsch andM. Grabowski,Phys. Rev. Lett. 52 (1984) 1713.

    Google Scholar 

  50. D. K. Campbell, T. A. DeGrand andS. Mazumdar,ibid. 52 (1984) 1717.

    Google Scholar 

  51. P. Vogl andD. K. Campbell,ibid. 62 (1989) 2012.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. R. H. Friend D. D. C. Bradley andP. D. Townsend,J. Phys. D. Physics 20 (1987) 1367.

    Google Scholar 

  53. P. M. Grant, T. Tani, W. D. Gill, M. Krounbi andT. C. Clarke,J. Appl. Phys. 52 (1980) 869.

    Google Scholar 

  54. J. Kanicki in “Handbook on Conducting Polymers”, edited by T. J. Skotheim (Marcel Dekker, New York, 1986), pp. 544–660.

    Google Scholar 

  55. F. Garnier andG. Horowitz,Synthetic Met. 18 (1987) 693.

    Google Scholar 

  56. H. Tomozawa, D. Braun, S. Phillips, A. J. Heeger andH. Kroemer,Synthetic Met. 22 (1987) 63.

    Google Scholar 

  57. Idem, ibid. 28 (1989) 687.

    Google Scholar 

  58. F. Garnier, G. Horovitz andD. Fichou,Synthetic Met. 28 (1989) 705.

    Google Scholar 

  59. E. Ebisawa, T. Kurokawa andS. Nara,J. Appl. Phys. 54 (1983) 3255.

    Google Scholar 

  60. H. Koezuka, A. Tsumura andT. Ando,Synthetic Met. 18 (1987) 699.

    Google Scholar 

  61. H. Koezuka andA. Tsumara,ibid. 28 (1989) 753.

    Google Scholar 

  62. A. Assadi, C. Svensson, M. Willander andO. Inganäs,Appl. Phys. Lett. 53 (1988) 195.

    Google Scholar 

  63. J. H. Burroughes, C. A. Jones andR. H. Friend,Nature 335 (1988) 137.

    Google Scholar 

  64. Idem., Synthetic Met. 28 (1989) 735.

    Google Scholar 

  65. P. D. Townsend andR. H. Friend,Phys. Rev. B 40 (1989) 3112.

    Google Scholar 

  66. H. Naarman, ACS Meeting, Denver, Colorado, USA, April 1987 (see N. Basescu, Z. X. Liu, D. Moses, A. J. Heeger, H. Naarman and N. Theophilou,Nature 327 (1987) 403. (Note added in Proof.)

  67. S. Kivelson andA. J. Heeger,Synthetic Met. 22 (1988) 371.

    Google Scholar 

  68. A. J. Heeger, in “Handbook of Conducting Polymers”, edited by T. J. Skotheim (Marcel Dekker, New York, 1986).

    Google Scholar 

  69. E. J. Mele andM. J. Rice,Phys. Rev. B25 (1981) 5397.

    Google Scholar 

  70. S. Brazovskii andN. Kirova,Pis'ma Zh. Eksp. Teor. Fiz. 33 (1981) 6 [JEPT Lett.33 (1981) 4].

    Google Scholar 

  71. K. Fesser, A. R. Bishop andD. K. Campbell,Phys. Rev. B27 (1983) 4804.

    Google Scholar 

  72. J. L. Bredas, R. R. Chance andR. Silbey,ibid. B26 (1982) 5843.

    Google Scholar 

  73. D. D. C. Bradley, N. F. Colaneri andR. H. Friend,Synthetic Met. 29 (1989) 121.

    Google Scholar 

  74. T.-C. Chung, J. H. Kaufman, A. J. Heeger andF. Wudl,Phys. Rev. B30 (1984) 702.

    Google Scholar 

  75. Z. Vardeny, E. Ehrenfreund, O. Brafman, M. Nowak, H. E. Schaffer, A. J. Heeger andF. Wudl:Phys. Rev. Lett. 56 (1986) 671.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. N. F. Colaneri, D. D. C. Bradley, R. H. Friend andC. W. Spangler, Springer Series in Solid State Sciences,91 (Springer, Berlin 1989) 91.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Chemistry, University of Durham, DH1 3LE, Durham, UK

    W. James Feast

  2. Cavendish Laboratory, Madingley Road, CB3 0HE, Cambridge, UK

    Richard H. Friend

Authors
  1. W. James Feast
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Richard H. Friend
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Feast, W.J., Friend, R.H. Synthesis and material and electronic properties of conjugated polymers. J Mater Sci 25, 3796–3805 (1990). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00582445

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00582445

Keywords

Search

Navigation